𒀝𒅗𒁺𒌝
Kiakadi
Kiafro-Asia (Kisemiti, Mashariki) · aina ya kihistoria / iliyofichwa
Kiakadi (𒅖 lišānum akkadītum) kilikuwa lugha ya mawasiliano ya Mashariki ya Karibu ya kale kwa milenia mbili (takriban 2500 KK - 100 BK): lugha ya Milki ya Akadi chini ya Sargon (takriban 2334 KK), ya Milki ya Babeli yenye Sheria za Hammurabi (takriban 1754 KK), na ya Milki ya Ashuru. Kilirekodiwa kwa hati ya kabari iliyokopwa kutoka Kisumeri, na kimehifadhi sheria nyingi mno, kumbukumbu za wafalme, maandiko ya kisayansi (hisabati, elimu ya anga, tiba), na kazi za kifasihi ikiwemo Utenzi wa Gilgamesh katika toleo sanifu la Kibabeli (takriban 1200 KK). Kinajumuisha lahaja za Kibabeli na Kiashuru. Kama lugha ya Kisemiti cha Mashariki, ndicho mwanachama pekee wa tawi hilo aliye na ushahidi wa kutosha — lugha nyingine zote kubwa za Kisemiti (Kiarabu, Kiebrania, Kiaramu, Kigeez) ni za Kisemiti cha Magharibi.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kiakadi
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kiafro-Asia (Kisemiti, Mashariki)
| Maana | Kiakadi | Kiugarit | Kifoinike | Kipuniki | Kiaramu cha Kale | Kimanda | Proto-Semiti |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | 𒀀 /muː/ | 𐎎𐎊 /maju/ | 𐤌𐤌 /meːm/ | 𐤌𐤌 /meːm/ | מין /majin/ | ࡌࡉࡀ /mia/ | *māʔ- /māʔ/ |
| Moto | 𒉈𒌋 /iʃaːtu/ | 𐎛𐎌𐎚 /ʔiʃt/ | 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ | 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ | נור /nuːr/ | ࡍࡅࡓࡀ /nura/ | *ʔiš- /ʔiš/ |
| Jua | 𒀭𒌓 /ʃamʃu/ | 𐎌𐎔𐎌 /ʃapʃ/ | 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃameʃ/ | 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃamʃ/ | שמש /ʃamʃ/ | ࡔࡀࡌࡔࡀ /ʃamʃa/ | *šamš- /šamš/ |
| Mwezi | 𒌗 /warχu/ | 𐎊𐎗𐎈 /jaːriχ/ | 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jaraħ/ | 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jiraħ/ | שהר /sahr/ | ࡎࡉࡓࡀ /sira/ | *warḫ- /warḫ/ |
| Nyota | 𒀯 /kakːabu/ | 𐎋𐎁𐎋𐎁 /kabkabu/ | 𐤊𐤊𐤁 /koːkab/ | 𐤊𐤊𐤁 /koːkab/ | כוכב /kawkab/ | ࡊࡅࡊࡁࡀ /ˈkukba/ | *kawkab- /kawkab/ |
| Usiku | 𒈬𒋗 /muːʃu/ | 𐎍𐎍 /lajlu/ | 𐤋𐤋 /lajl/ | 𐤋𐤋 /lajl/ | לליא /leːljaː/ | ࡋࡉࡋࡉࡀ /lilja/ | *layl- /lajl/ |
| Mvua | 𒍪𒌦𒉡 /ˈzunnu/ | 𐎎𐎉𐎗 /maːˈtˤaru/ | 𐤌𐤈𐤓 /maˈtˤar/ | 𐤌𐤈𐤓 /maˈtˤar/ | 𐡌𐡈𐡓 /maːtˤar/ | — | *maṭar- /maṭar/ |
| Theluji | 𒊭𒀠𒄖 /ʃalɡu/ | 𐎂𐎍𐎘 /ɡalθu/ | — | — | 𐡕𐡋𐡂 /talɡ/ | ࡕࡀࡋࡂࡀ /talɡa/ | *ṯalg- /θalɡ/ |
| Upepo | 𒊭𒀀𒊒 /ʃaːru/ | 𐎗𐎈 /riːħu/ | 𐤓𐤇 /riːħ/ | 𐤓𐤅𐤇 /ruːħ/ | 𐡓𐡅𐡇 /riːħ/ | — | *rīḥ- /riːħ/ |
| Udongo | 𒅕𒍢𒌅 /ˈersˤetu/ | 𐎀𐎗𐎕 /ʔarsˤu/ | 𐤀𐤓𐤑 /ʔarsˤ/ | 𐤀𐤓𐤑 /ʔarsˤ/ | 𐡀𐡓𐡒 /ʔarq/ | ࡀࡓࡒࡀ /arqa/ | *ʔarṣ̂- /ʔarsˤ/ |
| Jiwe | 𒀊𒉡 /abnu/ | 𐎀𐎁𐎐 /ʔabnu/ | 𐤀𐤁𐤍 /ʔaben/ | 𐤀𐤁𐤍 /ʔaben/ | אבן /ʔaben/ | ࡂࡋࡀࡋࡀ /ɡlala/ | *ʔabn- /ʔabn/ |
| Mlima | 𒆳 /ʃaduː/ | 𐎅𐎗 /harru/ | 𐤄𐤓 /har/ | — | — | ࡈࡅࡓࡀ /tˤura/ | — |
| Bahari | 𒀀𒀊𒁀 /tiaːmtu/ | 𐎊𐎎 /jammu/ | 𐤉𐤌 /jamm/ | — | — | — | *tihām- /tihaːm/ |
| Mama | 𒌝𒈬 /umːu/ | 𐎜𐎎 /ʔumm/ | 𐤀𐤌 /ʔem/ | 𐤀𐤌 /ʔem/ | אמ /ʔem/ | ࡀࡌࡀ /ama/ | *ʔimm- /ʔimm/ |
| Baba | 𒀊 /abu/ | 𐎜𐎁 /ʔabu/ | 𐤀𐤁 /ʔab/ | 𐤀𐤁 /ʔab/ | אב /ʔab/ | ࡀࡁࡀ /aba/ | *ʔab- /ʔab/ |
| Binti | 𒈥𒌅 /maːrtu/ | 𐎁𐎚 /bittu/ | 𐤁𐤕 /bat/ | 𐤁𐤕 /bat/ | ברת /bart/ | ࡁࡓࡀࡕࡀ /brata/ | *bint- /bint/ |
| Mimi | 𒀀𒈾𒆪 /anaːku/ | 𐎀𐎐𐎋 /ʔanaːku/ | 𐤀𐤍𐤊 /ʔanoːkiː/ | 𐤀𐤍𐤊 /ʔanoːk/ | אנה /ʔanaː/ | ࡀࡍࡀ /ˈana/ | *ʔanāku /ʔanāku/ |
| Wewe | 𒀜𒋫 /atːa/ | 𐎀𐎚 /ʔatta/ | 𐤀𐤕 /ʔatta/ | 𐤀𐤕 /ʔatta/ | אנת /ʔantaː/ | ࡀࡍࡀࡕ /at/ | *ʔanta /ʔanta/ |
| Sisi | 𒉌𒉡 /niːnu/ | — /—/ | 𐤀𐤍𐤇𐤍 /ʔanaħnu/ | 𐤀𐤍𐤇𐤍 /ʔanaħnu/ | אנחנא /ʔanaħnaː/ | ࡀࡍࡉࡍ /ˈanin/ | *niḥnu /niħnu/ |
| Jina | 𒈬 /ʃumu/ | 𐎌𐎎 /ʃumu/ | 𐤔𐤌 /ʃem/ | 𐤔𐤌 /ʃim/ | שם /ʃum/ | ࡔࡅࡌࡀ /ˈʃuma/ | *šim- /šim/ |
| Mtu | 𒀀𒉿𒈝 /awiːlu/ | 𐎎𐎚 /mutu/ | 𐤀𐤃𐤌 /ʔadam/ | 𐤀𐤔 /ʔiːʃ/ | אנש /ʔenaːʃ/ | ࡀࡍࡀࡔࡀ /anaʃa/ | *ʔināš- /ʔinaːʃ/ |
| Kichwa | 𒊕𒆕 /qaqːadu/ | 𐎗𐎛𐎌 /raʔʃu/ | 𐤓𐤀𐤔 /ruːʃ/ | 𐤓𐤀𐤔 /ruːʃ/ | — | ࡓࡉࡔ /riʃ/ | *raʔš- /raʔš/ |
| Jicho | 𒅆 /iːnu/ | 𐎓𐎐 /ʕajnu/ | 𐤏𐤍 /ʕajin/ | 𐤏𐤍 /ʕajin/ | עין /ʕajn/ | ࡏࡉࡍࡀ /ʔina/ | *ʕayn- /ʕayn/ |
| Sikio | 𒍑𒉡 /ˈuznu/ | 𐎜𐎄𐎐 /ʔudn/ | 𐤀𐤆𐤍 /ʔuzn/ | 𐤀𐤆𐤍 /ʔuzn/ | 𐡀𐡃𐡍𐡀 /ʔuðnaː/ | ࡏࡅࡃࡍࡀ /odna/ | *ʔuḏn- /ʔuðn/ |
| Pua | 𒀊𒁍 /appu/ | 𐎀𐎔 /ʔappu/ | — | — | אפא /ʔappaː/ | ࡍࡄࡉࡓࡀ /nhira/ | *ʔanp- /ʔanp/ |
| Mdomo | 𒅗 /puː/ | 𐎔 /puː/ | 𐤐 /peː/ | 𐤐 /peː/ | פם /pum/ | ࡐࡅࡌࡀ /puma/ | *pay- /paj/ |
| Jino | 𒅆𒅔𒉡 /ʃinːu/ | 𐎌𐎐 /ʃinːu/ | 𐤔𐤍 /ʃen/ | 𐤔𐤍 /ʃen/ | שנא /ʃenːaː/ | ࡔࡉࡍࡀ /ʃinːa/ | *šinn- /ʃinː/ |
| Ulimi | 𒇷𒊭𒉡 /liʃaːnu/ | 𐎍𐎌𐎐 /laʃaːnu/ | 𐤋𐤔𐤍 /laʃon/ | 𐤋𐤔𐤍 /laʃon/ | לשנא /liʃːaːnaː/ | ࡋࡉࡔࡀࡍࡀ /liʃana/ | *lišān- /liʃaːn/ |
| Mkono | 𒋗 /qaːtu/ | 𐎊𐎄 /jadu/ | 𐤉𐤃 /jad/ | 𐤉𐤃 /jad/ | יד /jad/ | ࡏࡃࡀ /ʔida/ | *yad- /yad/ |
| Mguu | 𒄊 /ʃeːpu/ | 𐎔𐎓𐎐 /paʕnu/ | 𐤐𐤏𐤌 /paʕam/ | 𐤐𐤏𐤌 /paʕam/ | רגל /reɡel/ | ࡋࡉࡂࡓࡀ /liɡra/ | *rigl- /rigl/ |
| Moyo | 𒇷𒅁 /libːu/ | 𐎍𐎁 /libbu/ | 𐤋𐤁 /lib/ | 𐤋𐤁 /lib/ | לב /leb/ | ࡋࡉࡁࡀ /liba/ | *libb- /libb/ |
| Mfupa | 𒂊𒍢𒅎𒌅 /esˤemtu/ | 𐎓𐎑𐎎 /ʕaðˤmu/ | 𐤏𐤑𐤌 /ʕasˤm/ | 𐤏𐤑𐤌 /ʕasˤm/ | גרמא /ɡarmaː/ | ࡂࡉࡓࡌࡀ /ɡerma/ | *ʕaṯ̣m- /ʕaθˤm/ |
| Damu | 𒁕𒈬 /daːmu/ | 𐎄𐎎 /damu/ | 𐤃𐤌 /dam/ | 𐤃𐤌 /dom/ | דמא /dmaː/ | ࡆࡌࡀ /zma/ | *dam- /dam/ |
| Kinyesi | 𒍪𒌑 /zuː/ | 𐎃𐎗𐎜 /χurʔu/ | — | — | — | — | *ḫaraʔ- /haraʔ/ |
| Upendo | 𒊏𒄠 /raːmu/ | 𐎜𐎈𐎁 /ʔaːhab/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | רחם /raħem/ | ࡓࡅࡄࡌࡀ /ruhma/ | — /—/ |
| Mti | 𒄑 /isˤu/ | 𐎓𐎕 /ʕasˤu/ | 𐤏𐤑 /ʕesˤ/ | 𐤏𐤑 /ʕisˤ/ | עץ /ʕeːsˤ/ | ࡏࡋࡀࡍࡀ /ilana/ | *ʕiṣ́- /ʕiṣ́/ |
| Mbwa | 𒌨𒁇 /kalbu/ | 𐎋𐎍𐎁 /kalbu/ | 𐤊𐤋𐤁 /kalb/ | 𐤊𐤋𐤁 /kalb/ | כלב /kalb/ | ࡊࡀࡋࡁࡀ /kalba/ | *kalb- /kalb/ |
| Paka | 𒋗𒊏𒉡 /ʃuraːnu/ | — /—/ | 𐤔𐤍𐤓 /ʃunaːr/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ࡔࡅࡍࡀࡓࡀ /ʃunara/ | — /—/ |
| Samaki | 𒄩 /nuːnu/ | 𐎄𐎂 /daɡu/ | 𐤃𐤂 /daɡ/ | 𐤃𐤂 /daɡ/ | נונא /nuːnaː/ | ࡍࡅࡍࡀ /nuna/ | *nūn- /nuːn/ |
| Ndege | 𒅖𒍪𒊒 /isˤsˤuːru/ | 𐎓𐎕𐎗 /ʕusˤsˤuːru/ | — | 𐤑𐤐𐤓 /sˤippor/ | צפר /sˤippar/ | ࡑࡉࡐࡓࡀ /sipra/ | *ʕuṣṣūr- /ʕuṣṣūr/ |
| Yai | 𒉭 /peːlu/ | — | — | — | ביעתא /beːʕtaː/ | — | *bayṣ́at- /bayṣ́at/ |
| Dubu | 𒊍 /asu/ | 𐎄𐎁 /dubbu/ | — | — | דבא /dubbaː/ | — | *dubb- /dubb/ |
| Farasi | 𒀲𒆳𒊏 /sisuː/ | 𐎝𐎝𐎆 /suːsawu/ | 𐤎𐤎 /suːs/ | — | — | — | — |
| Nyumba | 𒂍 /biːtu/ | 𐎁𐎚 /bajtu/ | 𐤁𐤕 /beːt/ | 𐤁𐤕 /beːt/ | בית /beːt/ | ࡁࡉࡕࡀ /bita/ | *bayt- /bayt/ |
| Maziwa | 𒅆𒅖𒁍 /ʃizbu/ | 𐎈𐎍𐎁 /ħalabu/ | 𐤇𐤋𐤁 /ħalab/ | 𐤇𐤋𐤁 /ħaliːb/ | — | — | *ḥalab- /ħalab/ |
| Asali | 𒁲𒅖𒁍 /diʃpu/ | 𐎐𐎁𐎚 /nubtu/ | — | 𐤍𐤐𐤕 /nofet/ | דבשא /debʃaː/ | — | *dibš- /dibʃ/ |
| Chumvi | 𒋰𒌅 /tˤaːbtu/ | 𐎎𐎍𐎈𐎚 /milħatu/ | — | — | מלח /melaħ/ | ࡌࡉࡄࡋࡀ /mihla/ | *milḥ- /milħ/ |
| Mvinyo | 𒅗𒊏𒉡 /karaːnu/ | 𐎊𐎐 /jenu/ | 𐤉𐤍 /jeːn/ | 𐤉𐤍 /jeːn/ | חמרא /ħamraː/ | ࡄࡀࡌࡓࡀ /hamra/ | *wayn- /wajn/ |
| Chuma | 𒁇𒍣𒅋𒇻 /parzillu/ | 𐎁𐎗𐎏𐎍 /barðilu/ | 𐤁𐤓𐤆𐤋 /barzel/ | 𐤁𐤓𐤆𐤋 /barzel/ | פרזל /parzel/ | ࡐࡀࡓࡆࡋࡀ /parzla/ | — |
| Gurudumu | 𒈠𒃻𒊒 /maɡarru/ | 𐎀𐎔𐎐 /ʔaːpanu/ | 𐤂𐤋𐤂𐤋 /ɡalɡal/ | — | גלגל /ɡalɡal/ | — | — |
| Kula | 𒀀𒅗𒇻 /akaːlu/ | 𐎍𐎈𐎎 /laħam/ | 𐤀𐤊𐤋 /ʔakal/ | 𐤀𐤊𐤋 /ʔakal/ | אכל /ʔakal/ | ࡀࡊࡀࡋ /akal/ | *ʔakal- /ʔakal/ |
| Kunywa | 𒊮𒌅 /ʃatuː/ | 𐎌𐎚𐎊 /ʃataju/ | 𐤔𐤕 /ʃat/ | 𐤔𐤕 /ʃat/ | שתה /ʃataː/ | ࡔࡕࡀ /ʃta/ | *šatay- /šatay/ |
| Kulala | 𒍝𒆷𒇻 /sˤalaːlu/ | 𐎊𐎌𐎐 /jaʃin/ | — | — | דמך /damek/ | ࡃࡌࡀࡊ /dmak/ | — |
| Moja | 𒁹 /iʃteːn/ | 𐎀𐎈𐎄 /ʔaːħadu/ | 𐤀𐤇𐤃 /ʔeħad/ | 𐤀𐤇𐤃 /ʔeħad/ | חד /ħad/ | ࡄࡀࡃ /had/ | *ʔaḥad- /ʔaḥad/ |
| Mbili | 𒈫 /ʃina/ | 𐎘𐎐 /θnaː/ | 𐤔𐤍𐤌 /ʃnem/ | 𐤔𐤍𐤌 /ʃnem/ | תרין /treːn/ | ࡕࡓࡉࡍ /tren/ | *ṯin- /ṯin/ |
| Tatu | 𒐈 /ʃalaːʃ/ | 𐎘𐎍𐎘 /θalaːθu/ | 𐤔𐤋𐤔 /ʃaloʃ/ | 𐤔𐤋𐤔 /ʃaloːʃ/ | תלת /tlaːt/ | ࡕࡋࡀࡕࡀ /tlata/ | *ṯalāṯ- /θalaːθ/ |
| Nne | 𒐉 /erbe/ | 𐎀𐎗𐎁𐎓 /ʔarbaʕu/ | 𐤀𐤓𐤁𐤏 /ʔarbaʕ/ | 𐤀𐤓𐤁𐤏 /ʔarbaʕ/ | ארבע /ʔarbaʕ/ | ࡀࡓࡁࡀ /arba/ | *ʼarbaʻ- /ʔarbaʕ/ |
| Tano | 𒄩𒈩 /χamiʃ/ | 𐎃𐎎𐎌 /χamʃu/ | 𐤇𐤌𐤔 /ħameʃ/ | 𐤇𐤌𐤔 /ħameʃ/ | חמש /ħamːeʃ/ | ࡄࡀࡌࡔࡀ /hamʃa/ | *ḫamš- /χamʃ/ |
| Mia | 𒈨𒀜 /meʔat/ | 𐎎𐎛𐎚 /miʔatu/ | 𐤌𐤀𐤕 /miʔat/ | 𐤌𐤀𐤕 /miʔat/ | מאה /maː/ | — | *miʾat- /miʔat/ |
| Habari | 𒁲 /ʃulmu/ | 𐎌𐎍𐎎 /ʃalaːmu/ | 𐤔𐤋𐤌 /ʃalom/ | 𐤔𐤋𐤌 /ʃaloːm/ | שלם /ʃəlaːm/ | ࡔࡋࡀࡌࡀ /ʃlama/ | — /—/ |
| Asante | 𒁲𒌅 /taʃlimtu/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ࡈࡀࡁࡅࡕࡀ /ʈabuta/ | — /—/ |
| Nzuri | 𒄭𒄀 /damqu/ | 𐎉𐎁 /tˤaːbu/ | 𐤈𐤁 /tˤob/ | 𐤈𐤁 /tˤob/ | טב /tˤab/ | ࡈࡀࡁࡀ /tˤaba/ | *ṭāb- /ṭāb/ |
| Mpya | 𒉋 /eʃːu/ | 𐎈𐎄𐎘 /ħadaːθu/ | — | 𐤇𐤃𐤔 /ħadaʃ/ | — | — | *ḥad(i)ṯ- /ħadiθ/ |
| Nyekundu | 𒊓𒀀𒈬 /saːmu/ | 𐎀𐎄𐎎 /ʔadam/ | 𐤀𐤃𐤌 /ʔadom/ | 𐤀𐤃𐤌 /ʔadom/ | סמק /summaːq/ | ࡎࡅࡌࡒࡀ /sumqa/ | *ʔadam- /ʔadam/ |
| Nyeupe | 𒌓 /pesˤuː/ | 𐎍𐎁𐎐 /laban/ | 𐤋𐤁𐤍 /laban/ | 𐤋𐤁𐤍 /laban/ | חור /ħewːaːr/ | ࡄࡉࡅࡀࡓࡀ /hiwara/ | *laban- /laban/ |
| Nyeusi | 𒍝𒀠𒈬 /sˤalmu/ | — | — | — | — | ࡊࡅࡌࡀ /kuma/ | — |
| Kijani | 𒅊 /warqu/ | — | — | — | ירק /jraːq/ | — | *waraḳ- /waraq/ |
| Sushi | 𒅆𒅅𒄣 /ʃiqːu/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
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