Englisċ
Kiingereza cha Kale
Kihindi-Ulaya · aina ya kihistoria / iliyofichwa
Kiingereza cha Kale (Englisċ, "lugha ya Kiingereza") kilikuwa lugha ya Kijerumani cha Magharibi iliyozungumzwa Uingereza tangu uhamiaji wa Waanglo-Saksoni (karne ya 5 BK) hadi karibu mwaka 1100, ambapo baadaye athari za Kifaransa na Kinordiki kutokana na Ushindi wa Wanormani (1066) zilichochea mageuzi yake kuwa Kiingereza cha Kati (enm). Mkusanyiko mkuu wa fasihi ya Kianglo-Saksoni unajumuisha Beowulf, Tarihi ya Kianglo-Saksoni, Kitabu cha Exeter, Kitabu cha Vercelli, na Historia ya Kikanisa ya Bede (asili ya Kilatini ikiwa na tafsiri ya Kiingereza cha Kale cha lahaja ya Wessex iliyofanywa na duara la Alfred Mkuu, karne ya 9-10). Kiingereza cha Kale kinaonyesha sifa za kawaida za Kijerumani: makundi ya vitenzi imara/dhaifu, kesi nne (nomino/mtendwa/milki/mtendewa), jinsia ya kisarufi (mwanaume/mwanamke/sina jinsia). Utafiti wa kisasa umejikita hasa kwenye kiwango cha fasihi cha Kisaksoni cha Magharibi (lahaja ya Wessex; taz. Mitchell & Robinson 1992).
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kiingereza cha Kale
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Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kihindi-Ulaya
| Maana | Kiingereza cha Kale | Kifrisia cha Kale | Kiingereza cha Kati | Kisaxon cha kale | Kigothi | Kinordi cha Kale | Kiingereza cha Kisasa cha Mapema |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | wæter /wæter/ | wetir /wetir/ | water /watər/ | watar /ˈwatar/ | 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 /wɑtoː/ | vatn /vɑtn/ | water /ˈwætər/ |
| Moto | fȳr /fyːr/ | fiur /fjuːɾ/ | fyr /fyːr/ | fiur /fiur/ | 𐍆𐍉𐌽 /foːn/ | eldr /eldr/ | fyre /fəir/ |
| Jua | sunne /sunːe/ | sunne /sunːe/ | sonne /sɔnːə/ | sunna /ˈsunːa/ | 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉 /sunːoː/ | sól /soːl/ | sunne /sʊn/ |
| Mwezi | mōna /moːnɑ/ | mōna /moːnɑ/ | mone /moːnə/ | māno /ˈmaːno/ | 𐌼𐌴𐌽𐌰 /meːnɑ/ | máni /mɑːni/ | moone /muːn/ |
| Nyota | steorra /ˈsteorːɑ/ | stera /ˈstɛra/ | sterre /ˈstɛrːə/ | sterro /ˈsterro/ | 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍉 /stɛrnoː/ | stjarna /ˈstjarna/ | star /staːɹ/ |
| Usiku | niht /niçt/ | nacht /naxt/ | night /nixt/ | naht /naxt/ | 𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 /naxts/ | nótt /noːtː/ | night /naɪt/ |
| Mvua | regn /rejn/ | rein /rɛin/ | reyn /rɛin/ | regan /reɣan/ | 𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌽 /riɡn/ | regn /rɛɣn/ | rain /reːn/ |
| Theluji | snāw /snɑːw/ | snē /sneː/ | snow /snɔu/ | snēo /ˈsneːo/ | 𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃 /snɛːws/ | snjór /snjoːr/ | snow /snoː/ |
| Upepo | wind /wind/ | wind /wind/ | wind /wind/ | wind /wind/ | 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐍃 /winds/ | vindr /vindr/ | wind /wɪnd/ |
| Udongo | eorðe /eorðe/ | irthe /irθe/ | erthe /ɛrθə/ | ertha /erθa/ | 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰 /ɛrθa/ | jörð /jœrð/ | earth /ɛːrθ/ |
| Jiwe | stān /stɑːn/ | stēn /steːn/ | ston /stɔːn/ | stēn /steːn/ | 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 /stɛːns/ | steinn /stɛinː/ | stone /stoːn/ |
| Mlima | beorg /beorɡ/ | berch /berx/ | mountayne /ˈmuːntain/ | berg /berɡ/ | 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌹 /ˈfɛrɡuni/ | fjall /fjɑlː/ | mountaine /ˈməuntɪn/ |
| Bahari | sǣ /sæː/ | sē /seː/ | see /sɛː/ | seo /ˈseːo/ | 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹 /ˈmareː/ | haf /hav/ | sea /seː/ |
| Mama | mōdor /moːdor/ | moder /moːdeɾ/ | moder /moːdər/ | modar /ˈmoːdar/ | 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌴𐌹 /aiθiː/ | móðir /moːðir/ | mother /ˈmʊðər/ |
| Baba | fæder /fæder/ | feder /fedeɾ/ | fader /faːdər/ | fader /ˈfadər/ | 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 /ɑtːɑ/ | faðir /fɑðir/ | father /ˈfɑːðər/ |
| Binti | dohtor /ˈdoxtor/ | dochter /ˈdoxteɾ/ | doughter /ˈdouxtər/ | dohtar /ˈdoxtar/ | 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌰𐍂 /dɔːhtar/ | dóttir /doːttir/ | daughter /ˈdɔːtər/ |
| Mimi | ic /itʃ/ | ik /ik/ | I /iː/ | ik /ik/ | 𐌹𐌺 /ik/ | ek /ek/ | I /əi/ |
| Wewe | þū /θuː/ | thū /θuː/ | thou /θuː/ | thu /θuː/ | 𐌸𐌿 /θuː/ | þú /θuː/ | thou /ðou/ |
| Sisi | wē /weː/ | wī /wiː/ | we /weː/ | wī /wiː/ | 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 /wiːs/ | vér /veːr/ | we /wiː/ |
| Jina | nama /ˈnɑma/ | nama /ˈnama/ | name /ˈnaːmə/ | namo /ˈnamo/ | 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉 /nɑmoː/ | nafn /nafn/ | name /neːm/ |
| Mtu | mann /mɑnn/ | manniska /ˈmanːiska/ | man /man/ | man /man/ | 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰 /ˈmanːa/ | maðr /maðr/ | person /ˈpɛrsən/ |
| Kichwa | hēafod /ˈhæːɑvod/ | hāved /ˈhaːved/ | hed /hɛːd/ | hōbid /ˈhoːβid/ | 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸 /ˈhɔːβiθ/ | hǫfuð /ˈhɔvuð/ | head /hɛd/ |
| Jicho | ēage /æːɑɣe/ | āge /aːɣe/ | eye /iːə/ | ōga /ˈoːɡa/ | 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉 /ɑuɣoː/ | auga /ɑuɣɑ/ | eye /əi/ |
| Sikio | ēare /æːɑre/ | are /ˈaːrə/ | ere /ɛːrə/ | ōra /ˈoːra/ | 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍉 /ˈau̯soː/ | eyra /øyra/ | ear /eːr/ |
| Pua | nosu /nozu/ | nose /nozə/ | nose /nɔːzə/ | nasa /nasa/ | — | nef /nɛv/ | nose /noːz/ |
| Mdomo | mūþ /muːθ/ | mūth /muːθ/ | mouth /muːθ/ | mūth /muːθ/ | 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 /munθs/ | munnr /munːr/ | mouth /muːθ/ |
| Jino | tōþ /toːθ/ | tōth /toːθ/ | tooth /toːθ/ | tand /tand/ | 𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌿𐍃 /tunθus/ | tǫnn /tɔnː/ | tooth /tʊθ/ |
| Ulimi | tunge /ˈtuŋɡe/ | tunge /ˈtuŋɡe/ | tonge /ˈtɔŋɡə/ | tunga /ˈtuŋɡa/ | 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉 /tuŋɡoː/ | tunga /ˈtuŋɡa/ | tongue /tʊŋ/ |
| Mkono | hand /hɑnd/ | hond /hond/ | hand /hand/ | hand /hand/ | 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 /hɑndus/ | hǫnd /hɔnd/ | hand /hand/ |
| Mguu | fōt /foːt/ | fōt /foːt/ | fot /foːt/ | fōt /foːt/ | 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐍃 /foːtus/ | fótr /foːtr/ | foot /fʊt/ |
| Moyo | heorte /ˈheorte/ | herte /heɾte/ | herte /hɛrtə/ | herta /ˈherta/ | 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐍉 /hɛrtoː/ | hjarta /hjɑrtɑ/ | heart /hɛrt/ |
| Mfupa | bān /bɑːn/ | bēn /beːn/ | bon /bɔːn/ | bēn /beːn/ | — /—/ | bein /bɛin/ | bone /boːn/ |
| Damu | blōd /bloːd/ | blōd /bloːd/ | blood /bloːd/ | blōd /bloːd/ | 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌸 /bloːθ/ | blóð /bloːð/ | blood /bluːd/ |
| Kinyesi | tord /tord/ | skern /skern/ | tord /tord/ | — | 𐍃𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰 /ˈsmarna/ | drit /drit/ | turd /tɜːrd/ |
| Upendo | lufu /luvu/ | minne /minːe/ | love /ˈluvə/ | minnea /ˈminːea/ | 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌰𐌸𐍅𐌰 /friɑθwɑ/ | ást /ɑːst/ | loue /lʊv/ |
| Mti | trēow /treːow/ | bām /baːm/ | tre /treː/ | bōm /boːm/ | 𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃 /bɑɣms/ | tré /treː/ | tree /triː/ |
| Mbwa | hund /hund/ | hund /hund/ | hound /huːnd/ | hund /hund/ | 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 /hunds/ | hundr /hundr/ | dogge /dɔɡ/ |
| Paka | catt /kɑtt/ | katte /katːe/ | catte /katːə/ | katta /ˈkatːa/ | — /—/ | kǫttr /kɔtːr/ | cat /kat/ |
| Samaki | fisc /fisk/ | fisk /fisk/ | fisch /fiʃ/ | fisk /fisk/ | 𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 /fisks/ | fiskr /fiskr/ | fish /fɪʃ/ |
| Ndege | fugol /ˈfuɣol/ | fugel /ˈfuɡəl/ | brid /brid/ | fugal /ˈfuɡal/ | 𐍆𐌿𐌲𐌻𐍃 /fuɡls/ | fugl /fuɡl/ | bird /bɪrd/ |
| Kipepeo | butorflēoge /ˈbutorfleːoɣe/ | — | buterflie /ˈbutərfliː/ | fīfoldara /ˈfiːfoldara/ | — | fífrildi /fiːfrildi/ | butterfly /ˈbʊtərfləi/ |
| Yai | ǣġ /æːj/ | ei /ɛi/ | ey /ɛiː/ | ei /ɛi/ | — | egg /ɛɡː/ | egge /ɛɡ/ |
| Dubu | bera /ˈbera/ | — | bere /ˈbɛːrə/ | bero /ˈbero/ | — | bjǫrn /bjɔrn/ | bear /beːr/ |
| Farasi | hors /hors/ | hors /hors/ | hors /hɔrs/ | hros /hros/ | — | hestr /hestr/ | horse /hɔrs/ |
| Nyumba | hūs /huːs/ | hūs /huːs/ | hous /huːs/ | hūs /huːs/ | 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 /rɑzn/ | hús /huːs/ | house /huːs/ |
| Maziwa | meoluc /ˈmeoluk/ | melok /ˈmelok/ | milk /milk/ | miluk /ˈmiluk/ | 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 /miluks/ | mjólk /mjoːlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ |
| Asali | hunig /ˈhunij/ | hunich /ˈhunix/ | hony /ˈhɔni/ | huneg /ˈhunɛɣ/ | 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌸 /miliθ/ | hunang /ˈhunɑŋɡ/ | honey /ˈhʊni/ |
| Chumvi | sealt /sæɑlt/ | salt /salt/ | salt /salt/ | salt /salt/ | 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐍄 /salt/ | salt /salt/ | salt /salt/ |
| Mvinyo | wīn /wiːn/ | wīn /wiːn/ | wyn /wiːn/ | wīn /wiːn/ | 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽 /wiːn/ | vín /viːn/ | wine /wəin/ |
| Chuma | īsern /ˈiːsern/ | īsern /ˈiːsern/ | iren /ˈiːrən/ | īsarn /ˈiːsarn/ | 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽 /iːsarn/ | járn /jaːrn/ | iron /ˈəirən/ |
| Gurudumu | hwēol /ˈhweːol/ | hwēl /hweːl/ | whel /hweːl/ | rath /raθ/ | — | hjól /hjoːl/ | wheel /ʍiːl/ |
| Hariri | seolc /seolk/ | — | silk /silk/ | — | — | silki /silki/ | silke /sɪlk/ |
| Kitabu | bōc /boːk/ | bōk /boːk/ | bok /boːk/ | bōk /boːk/ | 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 /ˈboːkoːs/ | bók /boːk/ | booke /buːk/ |
| Kula | etan /etɑn/ | eta /etɑ/ | eten /eːtən/ | etan /ˈetan/ | 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 /mɑtjɑn/ | eta /etɑ/ | eate /eːt/ |
| Kunywa | drincan /drinkɑn/ | drinka /dɾinkɑ/ | drinken /ˈdrinkən/ | drinkan /ˈdrinkan/ | 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌺𐌰𐌽 /driŋkɑn/ | drekka /drekːɑ/ | drinke /driŋk/ |
| Kulala | slǣpan /slæːpɑn/ | slēpa /ˈsleːpa/ | slepen /ˈslɛːpən/ | slāpan /ˈslɑːpan/ | 𐍃𐌻𐌴𐍀𐌰𐌽 /sleːpan/ | sofa /ˈsova/ | sleepe /sliːp/ |
| Moja | ān /aːn/ | ān /aːn/ | oon /oːn/ | ēn /eːn/ | 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 /ains/ | einn /ɛinː/ | one /oːn/ |
| Mbili | twā /twɑː/ | twā /twaː/ | two /twɔː/ | twēne /ˈtweːne/ | 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌹 /twai/ | tveir /tveir/ | two /tuː/ |
| Tatu | þrī /θriː/ | thrē /θreː/ | thre /θreː/ | thrie /θriː/ | 𐌸𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 /θriːs/ | þrír /θriːr/ | three /θriː/ |
| Nne | fēower /ˈfeːower/ | fiuwer /ˈfiuwer/ | four /four/ | fiuwar /ˈfiuwar/ | 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 /fidwoːr/ | fjórir /fjoːrir/ | four /foːr/ |
| Tano | fīf /fiːf/ | fīf /fiːf/ | fyve /fiːvə/ | fīf /fiːf/ | 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆 /fimf/ | fimm /fimː/ | fiue /fəiv/ |
| Mia | hund /hund/ | hundred /hundred/ | hundred /ˈhundrəd/ | hund /hund/ | 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳 /hund/ | hundrað /hundrɑð/ | hundred /ˈhʊndrəd/ |
| Habari | wes hāl /wes haːl/ | heil /heil/ | hail /hɛːl/ | heil /heil/ | 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 /hails/ | heill /hɛilː/ | good den /ɡuːd dɛn/ |
| Asante | þanc /θɑnk/ | thank /θank/ | thank /θank/ | thank /θaŋk/ | 𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌺𐍃 /θɑŋks/ | þǫkk /θɔkː/ | gramercy /ɡraˈmɛrsi/ |
| Nzuri | gōd /ɡoːd/ | gōd /ɡoːd/ | good /ɡoːd/ | gōd /ɡoːd/ | 𐌲𐍉𐌸𐍃 /ɡoːθs/ | góðr /ɡoːðr/ | good /ɡʊːd/ |
| Mpya | nīwe /ˈniːwe/ | nī /niː/ | newe /ˈniuə/ | niuwi /ˈniuwi/ | 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 /ˈniujis/ | nýr /nyːr/ | new /nɪu̯/ |
| Nyekundu | rēad /ræːɑd/ | rād /raːd/ | reed /reːd/ | rōd /roːd/ | 𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 /rɔːθs/ | rauðr /rɔuðr/ | red /rɛd/ |
| Nyeupe | hwīt /ʍiːt/ | hwīt /hwiːt/ | whit /hwiːt/ | hwīt /hwiːt/ | 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 /ʍiːts/ | hvítr /hwiːtr/ | white /ʍəit/ |
| Nyeusi | blæc /blæk/ | swart /swart/ | blak /blak/ | swart /swart/ | 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 /swarts/ | svartr /svartr/ | black /blak/ |
| Kijani | grēne /ɡreːne/ | grēne /ˈɡreːne/ | grene /ɡreːnə/ | grōni /ˈɡroːni/ | — | grǿnn /ɡrøːnː/ | greene /ɡriːn/ |
| Buluu | hǣwen /hæːwen/ | wêden /ˈweːdən/ | bleu /blɛu̯/ | blāo /blaːo/ | — | blár /blaːr/ | blew /bljuː/ |
| Kekeo | ġēac /jæːɑk/ | — | cuccu /ˈkukuː/ | gôk /ɡoːk/ | — | gaukr /ˈɡɔukr̩/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ |
| 99 | nigon and hundnigontig /ˈniɣon and hundˈniɣontiɣ/ | — | — | — | — | níu ok níu tigir /niːu ɔk niːu ˈtiɣir/ | — |
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