Bunun
Kibunun
Kiaustronesia (Bunun)
Kibunun ni lugha ya Kiformosa (Kiaustronesia) ya watu wa Bunun, wanaoishi katika vijiji vya juu kabisa vya katikati ya Taiwan, mara nyingi zaidi ya mita 1,000. Kukiwa na Wabunun wapatao 60,000 na wazungumzaji wa lugha ya kwanza wapatao 12,000 wa kila siku, ina makundi makuu matano ya lahaja (Isbukun, Takbanuaz, Takivatan, Takbakha, na Takituduh iliyotoweka au inayokaribia kutoweka); Isbukun ndiyo kiwango cha kisasa. Kibunun ni maarufu duniani kote kwa wimbo wa mavuno wa Pasibutbut wenye sauti nane za polifonia, mojawapo ya tamaduni maarufu zaidi za muziki wa polifonia wa wenyeji barani Asia, uliorekodiwa na Kurosawa Takatomo mwaka 1943 na kuwasilishwa kwenye kumbukumbu za ethnomusicology za UNESCO.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kibunun
Vyanzo
- Ethnologue: bnn
- Li (1988) A Comparative Study of Bunun Dialects
- Kurosawa (1943) Takasago-zoku no ongaku
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kiaustronesia (Bunun)
| Maana | Kibunun | Kimalei cha Kale | Proto-Austronesia | Mandar | Kicham cha Kale | Kithao | Kipaiwan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | danum /danum/ | air /air/ | *daNum /daNum/ | uai /uai/ | ie /ʔiə/ | sazum /saðum/ | zaljum /zaʎum/ |
| Moto | sapuz /sapuz/ | api /api/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | api /api/ | apuy /ʔapuj/ | apuy /apuj/ | sapuy /sapui/ |
| Jua | vali /vali/ | matari /matari/ | *waRi /waRi/ | mata allo /mata alːo/ | huriy /hurij/ | fitulha /fituʎa/ | qadaw /qadaw/ |
| Mwezi | buan /buan/ | bulan /bulan/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ | bulang /bulaŋ/ | bulan /bulan/ | furaz /fuɾað/ | qiljas /qiʎas/ |
| Nyota | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ | bittoeng /bittoeŋ/ | bituk /bituʔ/ | fituʼish /fituʔiʃ/ | vituqan /vituqan/ |
| Usiku | labian /labian/ | malam /malam/ | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | bongi /boŋi/ | malam /malam/ | tanlhuan /tanɬuan/ | qezemezemetj /qəzəməzəmətʲ/ |
| Mvua | qudan /qudan/ | — | *quzaN /quzaN/ | urang /uˈraŋ/ | — | qusaz /qusað/ | qudjalj /quɟaʎ/ |
| Theluji | paav /paav/ | — | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ | — | — | ulhza /uɬða/ | sulja /suʎa/ |
| Upepo | luvluv /luvluv/ | — | *bali /bali/ | angin /aŋin/ | — | fari /faɾi/ | vali /vali/ |
| Udongo | dalah /dalah/ | — | *taneq /taneq/ | litaq /litaʔ/ | — | pruq /pruq/ | qipu /qipu/ |
| Jiwe | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | *batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batau /batau/ | fatu /fatu/ | qaciljai /qatsiʎai/ |
| Mlima | ludun /ludun/ | — | *bukij /bukij/ | buttu /butːu/ | — | huzun /huðun/ | gadu /ɡadu/ |
| Bahari | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | — | *tenem /tenem/ | sasiq /sasiʔ/ | — | wazakan /waðakan/ | ljavek /ʎavək/ |
| Mama | tina /tina/ | ibu /ibu/ | *ina /ina/ | indoq /indoʔ/ | inā /ina/ | ina /ina/ | kina /kina/ |
| Baba | tama /tama/ | bapa /bapa/ | *ama /ama/ | ama /ama/ | amā /ama/ | ama /ama/ | kama /kama/ |
| Binti | uvaazpingaz /uvaazpiŋaz/ | — | — | — | — | — | aljak a vavayan /aʎak a vavajan/ |
| Mimi | saikin /saikin/ | aku /aku/ | *aku /aku/ | iyau /ijau/ | ku /ku/ | yaku /jaku/ | tiaken /tiakən/ |
| Wewe | suu /suʔu/ | kamu /kamu/ | *iSu /iSu/ | io /iʔo/ | hã /haː/ | ihu /ʔihu/ | sun /sun/ |
| Sisi | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | ikiq / ingkaiq /ikiʔ / iŋkaiʔ/ | — /—/ | ita / yamin /ʔita / jamin/ | titjen / tiamen /titʲən / tiamən/ |
| Jina | ngaan /ŋaan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | sanga /saŋa/ | angan /aŋan/ | tanan /tanan/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ |
| Mtu | bunun /bunun/ | — | *Cau /tsau/ | tau /tau/ | urāṅ /uraːŋ/ | caw /θaw/ | caucau /tsautsau/ |
| Kichwa | bungu /buŋu/ | — | *quluh /quluh/ | ulu /ulu/ | — | punuq /punuq/ | qulu /qulu/ |
| Jicho | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | *maCa /maCa/ | mata /mata/ | matā /mata/ | maca /maθa/ | maca /matsa/ |
| Sikio | tainga /taiŋa/ | — | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | talinga /taliŋa/ | — | lharina /ɬarina/ | caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ |
| Pua | ngutus /ŋutus/ | — | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ | pudzung /puðuŋ/ | idung /iduŋ/ | muzin /muðin/ | ŋudus /ŋudus/ |
| Mdomo | ngulus /ŋulus/ | — | — | nganga /ŋaŋa/ | — | ruzic /ɺuðiθ/ | angal /aŋaɭ/ |
| Jino | nipun /nipun/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | *nipen /nipen/ | isi /isi/ | tagai /taɡaj/ | nipin /nipin/ | alis /aɭis/ |
| Ulimi | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | lidah /lidah/ | *Sema /Sema/ | lila /lila/ | dalah /dalah/ | zama /ðama/ | sema /səma/ |
| Mkono | ima /ima/ | tangan /taŋan/ | *lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | taŋin /taŋin/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Mguu | bantas /bantas/ | — | *qaqay /qaqay/ | — | takai /takai/ | kuskus /kuskus/ | — |
| Moyo | is-ang /isaŋ/ | hati /hati/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ | ate /ate/ | hatai /hatai/ | putul /putul/ | varung /vaɾuŋ/ |
| Mfupa | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | buku /buku/ | talang /talaŋ/ | puʼu /puʔu/ | cuqelalj /tsuqəlaʎ/ |
| Damu | haidang /haidaŋ/ | darah /darah/ | *daRaq /daRaq/ | ceraq /tʃɛraʔ/ | darah /darah/ | talhum /taɬum/ | djamuq /ɟamuq/ |
| Kinyesi | taki /taki/ | — | *Caqi /tsaqi/ | tai /tai/ | — | caqi /θaqi/ | caqi /tsaqi/ |
| Upendo | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | — /—/ | mappinawa /mapːinawa/ | klɛn /klɛn/ | madaidaz /madaiðað/ | nasaqaqa /nasaqaqa/ |
| Mti | kahu /kahu/ | kayu /kaju/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | kaju /kaju/ | phuəŋ /pʰuəŋ/ | lhalum /ʎalum/ | kasiw /kasiw/ |
| Mbwa | asu /asu/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | *asu /asu/ | asu /asu/ | asuv /asuw/ | atu /atu/ | vatu /vatu/ |
| Paka | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | mio /mio/ | mɛw /mɛw/ | posi /posi/ | ngiaw /ŋiaw/ |
| Samaki | iskan /iskan/ | ikan /ikan/ | *Sikan /Sikan/ | bau /ˈbau/ | ikan /ikan/ | rusaw /ɾusaw/ | ciqaw /tsiqaw/ |
| Ndege | hazam /hazam/ | burung /buruŋ/ | *manuk /manuk/ | manu-manuq /manu manuʔ/ | cim /tʃim/ | rumfaz /ɾumfað/ | qayaqayam /qajaqajam/ |
| Kipepeo | balikuan /balikuan/ | — | *baŋbaŋ /baŋbaŋ/ | — | — | kurari /kuɾaɾi/ | pepe /pəpə/ |
| Yai | lububunun /lububunun/ | — | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | talloq /talːoʔ/ | — | qaricuy /qaɾiθuj/ | qecilu /qətsiɭu/ |
| Dubu | tumaz /tumað/ | — | *Cumay /Cumay/ | — | — | cumay /θumai/ | cumay /tsumai/ |
| Farasi | tasasikis /tasasikis/ | — | — | — | — | tishmamraw /tiʃmamɾaw/ | rigi /ɾiɡi/ |
| Nyumba | lumaq /lumaq/ | rumah /rumah/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | boyang /bojaŋ/ | sɔŋ /sɔŋ/ | kayan /kajan/ | umaq /umaq/ |
| Maziwa | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Asali | vanu /vanu/ | — | — | — | — | fulhia wa madahun /fuɬia wa madahun/ | alju /aʎu/ |
| Chumvi | hasila /hasila/ | garam /ɡaram/ | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ | sia /sia/ | — | qtilha /qtiɬa/ | qatia /qatia/ |
| Mchele | cilas /tsilas/ | — | *beRas /beRas/ | baras /baras/ | — | — | paday /padai/ |
| Chuma | ngul-a /ŋulʔa/ | — | *Namat /Namat/ | bassi /basːi/ | — | balis /balis/ | vatjuljayan /vatʲuʎajan/ |
| Gurudumu | tauntaun /tauntaun/ | — | — | — | — | — | tjukutjuku /tʲukutʲuku/ |
| Hariri | kaiku /kaiku/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Kitabu | patasan /patasan/ | — | — | suraq /suraʔ/ | — | patashan /pataʃan/ | sapitj /sapitʲ/ |
| Kula | maun /maun/ | makan /makan/ | *kaen /kaen/ | maʼande /maʔande/ | bɔh /bɔh/ | kuman /kuman/ | keman /kəman/ |
| Kunywa | muqun /muqun/ | minum /minum/ | *inum /inum/ | minung /minuŋ/ | mɛnum /mɛnum/ | naqayan /naqajan/ | temekel /təməkəl/ |
| Kulala | masabah /masabah/ | tidur /tidur/ | *tuduR /tuduR/ | matindro /matindro/ | — | malhus /maɬus/ | qemreng /qəmɾəŋ/ |
| Moja | tasa /tasa/ | sa /sa/ | *isa /isa/ | mesa /mesa/ | sa /sa/ | tata /tata/ | ita /ita/ |
| Mbili | dusa /dusa/ | dua /dua/ | *duSa /duSa/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | tusha /tuʃa/ | drusa /ɖusa/ |
| Tatu | tau /tau/ | tlu /tlu/ | *telu /telu/ | tallu /talːu/ | klau /klau/ | turu /tuɾu/ | tjelu /tʲəlu/ |
| Nne | paat /paːt/ | mpat /əmpat/ | *Sepat /səpat/ | appe /apːe/ | pāt /paːt/ | shpat /ʃpat/ | sepatj /səpatʲ/ |
| Tano | hima /hima/ | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | rima /rima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Mia | saba /saba/ | ratus /ratus/ | *RaCus /RaCus/ | sangatus /saŋatus/ | — | shaba /ʃaba/ | taidai /taidai/ |
| Habari | uninang /uninaŋ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | salamaʼ maʼondong /salamaʔ maʔondoŋ/ | — /—/ | ya /ja/ | masalu /masalu/ |
| Asante | uninang /uninaŋ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | kuruʼ sumangaʼ /kuruʔ sumaŋaʔ/ | — /—/ | mihu /mihu/ | masalu /masalu/ |
| Nzuri | masial /masial/ | baik /baik/ | — /—/ | macoa /matʃoa/ | siam /siam/ | kapah /kapah/ | nguanguaq /ŋuaŋuaq/ |
| Mpya | bahlu /baɬu/ | — | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ | baru /baru/ | — | faqlhu /faqɬu/ | vaquan /vaquan/ |
| Nyekundu | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | merah /merah/ | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | mamea /mamea/ | mưriah /mɨriah/ | mashinaw /maʃinaw/ | qudjidjilj /quɟiɟiʎ/ |
| Nyeupe | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | putih /putih/ | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ | mapute /mapute/ | patih /patih/ | mapuzi /mapuði/ | vuqavuqalj /vuqavuqaʎ/ |
| Nyeusi | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | hitam /hitam/ | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ | malotong /malotoŋ/ | hitam /hitam/ | maqusum /maqusum/ | qucengecengel /qutsəŋətsəŋəl/ |
| Kijani | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | — | — | mekurarraq /mekurarːaʔ/ | — | madishlum /madiʃlum/ | liljuas /ɭiʎuas/ |
| Buluu | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | — | — | magavu /maɡavu/ | — | madishlum /madiʃlum/ | cangiangia /tsaŋiaŋia/ |
| Kompyuta | tinnau /tinnau/ | — | — | komputer /komˈputər/ | — | tiannau /tiannau/ | tinnaw /tinnaw/ |
| Chai | ucia /utsia/ | — | — | — | — | — | ucia /utsia/ |
| Kahawa | kapi /kapi/ | — | — | — | — | — | kuhi /kuhi/ |
| Sukari | kamasia /kamasia/ | — | — | golla /ɡolːa/ | — | — | ljualju /ʎuaʎu/ |
| Chungwa | izuk /izuk/ | — | — | — | — | — | tjianes /tʲianəs/ |
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