Pinayuanan
Kipaiwan
Kiaustronesia (Paiwanic)
Kipaiwani ni lugha ya pili kwa ukubwa miongoni mwa lugha za Kiformosa, inayozungumzwa kusini mwa Taiwan (Pingtung, Taitung) na watu wapatao 96,000, ambapo takriban 10,000 huitumia kila siku kama lugha ya kwanza. Hutofautishwa na mgawanyiko wa rejista ya msamiati kati ya watu wa heshima na watu wa kawaida — machifu na wakuu hutumia tabaka la msamiati la peke yake. Wapaiwani wanajulikana kwa michoro ya nyoka aina ya "hatua mia" katika mila zao. Imetambuliwa rasmi kama mojawapo ya lugha 16 za asili za Kiaustronesia za Taiwan, na hufundishwa katika shule za msingi tangu mwaka 2001 kwa mfumo sanifu wa maandishi ya Kilatini.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kipaiwan
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kiaustronesia (Paiwanic)
| Maana | Kipaiwan | Proto-Austronesia | Kipuyuma | Kibunun | Kirukai | Kithao | Kipazeh |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | zaljum /zaʎum/ | *daNum /daNum/ | enay /enai/ | danum /danum/ | acilai /aˈtsilai/ | sazum /saðum/ | dalum /dalum/ |
| Moto | sapuy /sapui/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | apuy /apui/ | sapuz /sapuz/ | apoy /aˈpoi/ | apuy /apuj/ | hapuy /hapuj/ |
| Jua | qadaw /qadaw/ | *waRi /waRi/ | kadaw /kadaw/ | vali /vali/ | vai /vai/ | fitulha /fituʎa/ | rizax /ɾizax/ |
| Mwezi | qiljas /qiʎas/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ | bulan /buɭan/ | buan /buan/ | dramare /ɖamaɾə/ | furaz /fuɾað/ | ilas /ilas/ |
| Nyota | vituqan /vituqan/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ | vituwan /vituwan/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | tariaw /taɾiaw/ | fituʼish /fituʔiʃ/ | mintol /mintol/ |
| Usiku | qezemezemetj /qəzəməzəmətʲ/ | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | ʼarmeng /ʔarməŋ/ | labian /labian/ | maʼungu /maʔuŋu/ | tanlhuan /tanɬuan/ | xinian /xinian/ |
| Mvua | qudjalj /quɟaʎ/ | *quzaN /quzaN/ | ʼudal /ʔudal/ | qudan /qudan/ | odalə /odalə/ | qusaz /qusað/ | udan /udan/ |
| Theluji | sulja /suʎa/ | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ | urelra /uɾəla/ | paav /paav/ | pasaabu /pasaːbu/ | ulhza /uɬða/ | hahela /hahela/ |
| Upepo | vali /vali/ | *bali /bali/ | bali /baɭi/ | luvluv /luvluv/ | sasəvəranə /sasəvəɾanə/ | fari /faɾi/ | bari /baɾi/ |
| Udongo | qipu /qipu/ | *taneq /taneq/ | dare /ðarə/ | dalah /dalah/ | dae /daə/ | pruq /pruq/ | daxe /daxəʔ/ |
| Jiwe | qaciljai /qatsiʎai/ | *batu /batu/ | barasa /barasa/ | batu /batu/ | lrənəgə /ɭənəɡə/ | fatu /fatu/ | batu /batu/ |
| Mlima | gadu /ɡadu/ | *bukij /bukij/ | zenan /ʐənan/ | ludun /ludun/ | lregelrege /ɭəɡəɭəɡə/ | huzun /huðun/ | — |
| Bahari | ljavek /ʎavək/ | *tenem /tenem/ | lrevek /ɭəvək/ | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | laveke /ɭavəkə/ | wazakan /waðakan/ | awas /awas/ |
| Mama | kina /kina/ | *ina /ina/ | ina /ina/ | tina /tina/ | kainā /kaiˈnaː/ | ina /ina/ | ina /ina/ |
| Baba | kama /kama/ | *ama /ama/ | ama /ama/ | tama /tama/ | amā /aˈmaː/ | ama /ama/ | aba /aba/ |
| Binti | aljak a vavayan /aʎak a vavajan/ | — | walrak na babayan /waɭak na babajan/ | uvaazpingaz /uvaazpiŋaz/ | ababay ka lalake /ababai ka lalake/ | — | — |
| Mimi | tiaken /tiakən/ | *aku /aku/ | kuiku /kuiku/ | saikin /saikin/ | kunaku /kunaku/ | yaku /jaku/ | yaku /jaku/ |
| Wewe | sun /sun/ | *iSu /iSu/ | yu /ju/ | suu /suʔu/ | kusu /kusu/ | ihu /ʔihu/ | isiu /isiu/ |
| Sisi | titjen / tiamen /titʲən / tiamən/ | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | taita / mimi /taita / mimi/ | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | kuta / kunai /kuta / kunai/ | ita / yamin /ʔita / jamin/ | ita / yami /ita / jami/ |
| Jina | ngadan /ŋadan/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ | ngadhalj /ŋaðaɭ/ | tanan /tanan/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ |
| Mtu | caucau /tsautsau/ | *Cau /tsau/ | trau /ʈau/ | bunun /bunun/ | umawmase /umawmasə/ | caw /θaw/ | saw /saw/ |
| Kichwa | qulu /qulu/ | *quluh /quluh/ | tranguruʼ /ʈaŋuɾuʔ/ | bungu /buŋu/ | aolo /aoɭo/ | punuq /punuq/ | punu /punu/ |
| Jicho | maca /matsa/ | *maCa /maCa/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | maca /ˈmatsa/ | maca /maθa/ | daurik /dauɾik/ |
| Sikio | caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | tangila /taŋiɭa/ | tainga /taiŋa/ | calinga /tsaɭiŋa/ | lharina /ɬarina/ | sainga /saiŋa/ |
| Pua | ŋudus /ŋudus/ | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ | tingran /tiŋɾan/ | ngutus /ŋutus/ | ngongoanə /ŋoŋoanə/ | muzin /muðin/ | muzing /muziŋ/ |
| Mdomo | angal /aŋaɭ/ | — | indan /indan/ | ngulus /ŋulus/ | ngodoy /ŋoˈdoi/ | ruzic /ɺuðiθ/ | ahan /ahan/ |
| Jino | alis /aɭis/ | *nipen /nipen/ | wali /wali/ | nipun /nipun/ | valisi /valisi/ | nipin /nipin/ | lepeng /ləpəŋ/ |
| Ulimi | sema /səma/ | *Sema /Sema/ | lidam /ɭiɖam/ | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | lidamə /ɭidamə/ | zama /ðama/ | dahama /dahama/ |
| Mkono | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | ima /ima/ | alima /aˈlima/ | lima /lima/ | rima /ɾima/ |
| Moyo | varung /vaɾuŋ/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ | kalumetan /kalumetan/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ | atay /aˈtai/ | putul /putul/ | baga /baɡa/ |
| Mfupa | cuqelalj /tsuqəlaʎ/ | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | ukak /ukak/ | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | colalə /tsoɭaɭə/ | puʼu /puʔu/ | bul /bul/ |
| Damu | djamuq /ɟamuq/ | *daRaq /daRaq/ | damuk /damuk/ | haidang /haidaŋ/ | eray /əˈɾai/ | talhum /taɬum/ | damu /damu/ |
| Kinyesi | caqi /tsaqi/ | *Caqi /tsaqi/ | traʼi /ʈaʔi/ | taki /taki/ | caki /tsaki/ | caqi /θaqi/ | — |
| Upendo | nasaqaqa /nasaqaqa/ | — /—/ | ulaw /ulaw/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | ababai /aˈbabai/ | madaidaz /madaiðað/ | — /—/ |
| Mti | kasiw /kasiw/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | kawi /kawi/ | kahu /kahu/ | cəkələ /tsəkələ/ | lhalum /ʎalum/ | kahuy /kahuj/ |
| Mbwa | vatu /vatu/ | *asu /asu/ | suwan /suwan/ | asu /asu/ | takanaw /taˈkanau/ | atu /atu/ | wazu /wazu/ |
| Paka | ngiaw /ŋiaw/ | — /—/ | kating /katiŋ/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | ngiyaw /ŋiˈjau/ | posi /posi/ | — /—/ |
| Samaki | ciqaw /tsiqaw/ | *Sikan /Sikan/ | kuraw /kuɾaw/ | iskan /iskan/ | kaʼangə /kaʔaŋə/ | rusaw /ɾusaw/ | alaw /alaw/ |
| Ndege | qayaqayam /qajaqajam/ | *manuk /manuk/ | ayam /ajam/ | hazam /hazam/ | adhadhamə /aðaðamə/ | rumfaz /ɾumfað/ | ayam /ajam/ |
| Kipepeo | pepe /pəpə/ | *baŋbaŋ /baŋbaŋ/ | aribanglranglrawan /aɾibaŋɭaŋɭawan/ | balikuan /balikuan/ | lialivarane /ɭiaɭiˈvaɾanə/ | kurari /kuɾaɾi/ | — |
| Yai | qecilu /qətsiɭu/ | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | bitrenun /biʈənun/ | lububunun /lububunun/ | batuku /batuku/ | qaricuy /qaɾiθuj/ | batu pataru /batu pataɾu/ |
| Dubu | cumay /tsumai/ | *Cumay /Cumay/ | trumay /ʈumaj/ | tumaz /tumað/ | cumay /tsuˈmai/ | cumay /θumai/ | — |
| Farasi | rigi /ɾiɡi/ | — | eva /əva/ | tasasikis /tasasikis/ | rigi /ɾiɡi/ | tishmamraw /tiʃmamɾaw/ | gamay /ɡamaj/ |
| Nyumba | umaq /umaq/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | ruma /ɾuma/ | lumaq /lumaq/ | daane /daːne/ | kayan /kajan/ | xuma /xuma/ |
| Asali | alju /aʎu/ | — | kawalruwan /kawaɭuwan/ | vanu /vanu/ | valu /vaɭu/ | fulhia wa madahun /fuɬia wa madahun/ | — |
| Chumvi | qatia /qatia/ | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ | iyam /ijam/ | hasila /hasila/ | timu /ˈtimu/ | qtilha /qtiɬa/ | pahah /pahah/ |
| Mvinyo | vava /vava/ | — | kutra /kuʈa/ | — | bava /bava/ | — | — |
| Mchele | paday /padai/ | *beRas /beRas/ | veras /vəɾas/ | cilas /tsilas/ | pagay /paˈɡai/ | — | — |
| Chuma | vatjuljayan /vatʲuʎajan/ | *Namat /Namat/ | batulrayaw /batuɭajaw/ | ngul-a /ŋulʔa/ | adreme /aˈɖəmə/ | balis /balis/ | — |
| Gurudumu | tjukutjuku /tʲukutʲuku/ | — | mutralatralaw /muʈalaʈalaw/ | tauntaun /tauntaun/ | palridingi /paɭiˈdiŋi/ | — | — |
| Kitabu | sapitj /sapitʲ/ | — | valray /vaɭaj/ | patasan /patasan/ | hungu /huŋu/ | patashan /pataʃan/ | babizu /babizu/ |
| Kula | keman /kəman/ | *kaen /kaen/ | kuman /kuman/ | maun /maun/ | waane /ˈwaːne/ | kuman /kuman/ | mekan /məkan/ |
| Kunywa | temekel /təməkəl/ | *inum /inum/ | enpa /enpa/ | muqun /muqun/ | otobi /oˈtobi/ | naqayan /naqajan/ | mimaazip /mimaːzip/ |
| Kulala | qemreng /qəmɾəŋ/ | *tuduR /tuduR/ | alrupeʼ /aɭupəʔ/ | masabah /masabah/ | waapəcə /waːpətsə/ | malhus /maɬus/ | masuaw /masuaw/ |
| Moja | ita /ita/ | *isa /isa/ | sa /sa/ | tasa /tasa/ | itha /iˈθa/ | tata /tata/ | adang /adaŋ/ |
| Mbili | drusa /ɖusa/ | *duSa /duSa/ | zua /ʐua/ | dusa /dusa/ | drusa /ɖusa/ | tusha /tuʃa/ | dusa /dusa/ |
| Tatu | tjelu /tʲəlu/ | *telu /telu/ | telu /təlu/ | tau /tau/ | tolo /tolo/ | turu /tuɾu/ | turu /tuɾu/ |
| Nne | sepatj /səpatʲ/ | *Sepat /səpat/ | pat /pat/ | paat /paːt/ | səpatə /səpatə/ | shpat /ʃpat/ | supat /supat/ |
| Tano | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | hima /hima/ | lrima /ˈɭima/ | rima /rima/ | xasep /xasəp/ |
| Mia | taidai /taidai/ | *RaCus /RaCus/ | saleman /saɭəman/ | saba /saba/ | iday /idaj/ | shaba /ʃaba/ | haten /hatən/ |
| Habari | masalu /masalu/ | — /—/ | marayas /maɾajas/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | sabaw /saˈbau/ | ya /ja/ | — /—/ |
| Asante | masalu /masalu/ | — /—/ | kasapakan /kasapakan/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | masalu /maˈsalu/ | mihu /mihu/ | — /—/ |
| Nzuri | nguanguaq /ŋuaŋuaq/ | — /—/ | mauruway /mauɾuwai/ | masial /masial/ | manangi /maˈnaŋi/ | kapah /kapah/ | — /—/ |
| Mpya | vaquan /vaquan/ | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ | bekal /bəkaɭ/ | bahlu /baɬu/ | baavanə /baːvanə/ | faqlhu /faqɬu/ | xias /xias/ |
| Nyekundu | qudjidjilj /quɟiɟiʎ/ | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | midarang /miɖaraŋ/ | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | dirərələ /diɾəɾələ/ | mashinaw /maʃinaw/ | lubahing /lubahiŋ/ |
| Nyeupe | vuqavuqalj /vuqavuqaʎ/ | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ | bulenan /buɭənan/ | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | popoli /poˈpoli/ | mapuzi /mapuði/ | risilaw /ɾisilaw/ |
| Nyeusi | qucengecengel /qutsəŋətsəŋəl/ | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ | udedem /uɖəɖəm/ | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | maicəlrəngə /maitsəɭəŋə/ | maqusum /maqusum/ | terehen /təɾəhən/ |
| Kijani | liljuas /ɭiʎuas/ | — | miraʼat /miraʔat/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | salesese /saləsəsə/ | madishlum /madiʃlum/ | tululik /tululik/ |
| Buluu | cangiangia /tsaŋiaŋia/ | — | tremangiya /ʈəmaŋija/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | salesese /saləsəsə/ | madishlum /madiʃlum/ | — |
| Kompyuta | tinnaw /tinnaw/ | — | tinnaw /tinnaw/ | tinnau /tinnau/ | tinnaw /tinˈnau/ | tiannau /tiannau/ | — |
| Sushi | susi /susi/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Chai | ucia /utsia/ | — | — | ucia /utsia/ | ucia /uˈtsia/ | — | — |
| Kahawa | kuhi /kuhi/ | — | — | kapi /kapi/ | kahwi /ˈkahwi/ | — | — |
| Sukari | ljualju /ʎuaʎu/ | — | walru | kamasia /kamasia/ | alualu /aluˈalu/ | — | — |
| Chungwa | tjianes /tʲianəs/ | — | — | izuk /izuk/ | — | — | — |
Ukurasa 1/10
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