Thaw a tnaw
Kithao
Kiaustronesia
Kithao (Sao, jina la kujiita Thaw a tnaw "lugha ya Kithao") ni mojawapo ya lugha za Kiaustronesia zilizo hatarini kubwa zaidi kutoweka, ikiwa na wazungumzaji asilia wafasaha takriban 5 tu waliosalia miongoni mwa Wathao wapatao 600 wa kabila hilo. Wathao wamejikita katika Ziwa Jua na Mwezi (linalojulikana pia kama Ziwa Candidius) katikati mwa Taiwan, ambako ndio wenyeji wa asili. Kiisimu, Kithao ndiyo lugha pekee iliyosalia ya Kiformosa cha Tambarare za Magharibi — dada wa lugha kadhaa za Kiformosa cha Tambarare zilizotoweka za pwani ya magharibi ya Taiwan (Hoanya, Babuza, Papora, n.k.) zilizotoweka wakati wa makazi ya Wahan wa China katika karne ya 17-19. Upweke wa kiisimu wa Kithao huifanya kuwa na thamani ya pekee kwa ujenzi upya wa kihistoria wa lugha za Kiaustronesia. Kilitambuliwa kuwa taifa la 10 rasmi la wenyeji wa asili wa Taiwan mwaka 2001 baada ya utetezi mpana wa jamii.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kithao
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kiaustronesia
| Maana | Kithao | Proto-Austronesia | Kibunun | Kisakizaya | Kipazeh | Kipaiwan | Kitao |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | sazum /saðum/ | *daNum /daNum/ | danum /danum/ | nanum /nanum/ | dalum /dalum/ | zaljum /zaʎum/ | ranom /ranom/ |
| Moto | apuy /apuj/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | sapuz /sapuz/ | lamal /lamal/ | hapuy /hapuj/ | sapuy /sapui/ | apuy /apuj/ |
| Jua | fitulha /fituʎa/ | *waRi /waRi/ | vali /vali/ | cidal /tʃidal/ | rizax /ɾizax/ | qadaw /qadaw/ | araw /araw/ |
| Mwezi | furaz /fuɾað/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ | buan /buan/ | bulad /bulad/ | ilas /ilas/ | qiljas /qiʎas/ | vehan /vehan/ |
| Nyota | fituʼish /fituʔiʃ/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | boʼis /boʔis/ | mintol /mintol/ | vituqan /vituqan/ | vituen /vituən/ |
| Usiku | tanlhuan /tanɬuan/ | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | labian /labian/ | labiʼ /labiʔ/ | xinian /xinian/ | qezemezemetj /qəzəməzəmətʲ/ | mahep /mahəp/ |
| Mvua | qusaz /qusað/ | *quzaN /quzaN/ | qudan /qudan/ | ʼudad /ʔuðað/ | udan /udan/ | qudjalj /quɟaʎ/ | cimoy /tsimoi/ |
| Theluji | ulhza /uɬða/ | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ | paav /paav/ | sulda /sulda/ | hahela /hahela/ | sulja /suʎa/ | — |
| Upepo | fari /faɾi/ | *bali /bali/ | luvluv /luvluv/ | baliʼ /baliʔ/ | bari /baɾi/ | vali /vali/ | pagpag /paɡpaɡ/ |
| Udongo | pruq /pruq/ | *taneq /taneq/ | dalah /dalah/ | lalaʼ /ɾaɾaʔ/ | daxe /daxəʔ/ | qipu /qipu/ | tana /tana/ |
| Jiwe | fatu /fatu/ | *batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | baʼtu /baʔtu/ | batu /batu/ | qaciljai /qatsiʎai/ | vato /vato/ |
| Mlima | huzun /huðun/ | *bukij /bukij/ | ludun /ludun/ | buyuʼ /bujuʔ/ | — | gadu /ɡadu/ | tokon /tokon/ |
| Bahari | wazakan /waðakan/ | *tenem /tenem/ | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | bayu /baju/ | awas /awas/ | ljavek /ʎavək/ | wawa /wawa/ |
| Mama | ina /ina/ | *ina /ina/ | tina /tina/ | ina /ina/ | ina /ina/ | kina /kina/ | ina /ina/ |
| Baba | ama /ama/ | *ama /ama/ | tama /tama/ | ama /ama/ | aba /aba/ | kama /kama/ | ama /ama/ |
| Mimi | yaku /jaku/ | *aku /aku/ | saikin /saikin/ | zaku /ʐaku/ | yaku /jaku/ | tiaken /tiakən/ | yaken /jakən/ |
| Wewe | ihu /ʔihu/ | *iSu /iSu/ | suu /suʔu/ | kisu /kisu/ | isiu /isiu/ | sun /sun/ | imo /ʔimo/ |
| Sisi | ita / yamin /ʔita / jamin/ | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | ita / yami /ita / jami/ | titjen / tiamen /titʲən / tiamən/ | yaten / yamen /jatən / jamən/ |
| Jina | tanan /tanan/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ | ngangan /ŋaŋan/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ |
| Mtu | caw /θaw/ | *Cau /tsau/ | bunun /bunun/ | tademaw /tadəmaw/ | saw /saw/ | caucau /tsautsau/ | tao /tao/ |
| Kichwa | punuq /punuq/ | *quluh /quluh/ | bungu /buŋu/ | tangah /taŋah/ | punu /punu/ | qulu /qulu/ | oo /oo/ |
| Jicho | maca /maθa/ | *maCa /maCa/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | daurik /dauɾik/ | maca /matsa/ | mata /mata/ |
| Sikio | lharina /ɬarina/ | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | tainga /taiŋa/ | tangilaʼ /taŋilaʔ/ | sainga /saiŋa/ | caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | talinga /taˈliŋa/ |
| Pua | muzin /muðin/ | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ | ngutus /ŋutus/ | cihek /tsihək/ | muzing /muziŋ/ | ŋudus /ŋudus/ | momodan /momodan/ |
| Mdomo | ruzic /ɺuðiθ/ | — | ngulus /ŋulus/ | laway /lawaj/ | ahan /ahan/ | angal /aŋaɭ/ | ngongoy /ŋoŋoj/ |
| Jino | nipin /nipin/ | *nipen /nipen/ | nipun /nipun/ | ngipən /ŋipən/ | lepeng /ləpəŋ/ | alis /aɭis/ | nepen /nəpən/ |
| Ulimi | zama /ðama/ | *Sema /Sema/ | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | səmaʼ /səmaʔ/ | dahama /dahama/ | sema /səma/ | lila /lilaʔ/ |
| Mkono | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ | ima /ima/ | kamay /kamai/ | rima /ɾima/ | lima /lima/ | kamay /kamaj/ |
| Mguu | kuskus /kuskus/ | *qaqay /qaqay/ | bantas /bantas/ | — | karaw /kaɾaw/ | — | ai /ai/ |
| Moyo | putul /putul/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ | gawang /ɡawaŋ/ | baga /baɡa/ | varung /vaɾuŋ/ | paso /paso/ |
| Mfupa | puʼu /puʔu/ | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | ʼukak /ʔukak/ | bul /bul/ | cuqelalj /tsuqəlaʎ/ | toang /toaŋ/ |
| Damu | talhum /taɬum/ | *daRaq /daRaq/ | haidang /haidaŋ/ | ʼidang /ʔidaŋ/ | damu /damu/ | djamuq /ɟamuq/ | rala /ralaʔ/ |
| Kinyesi | caqi /θaqi/ | *Caqi /tsaqi/ | taki /taki/ | taiʼ /taiʔ/ | — | caqi /tsaqi/ | obot /obot/ |
| Upendo | madaidaz /madaiðað/ | — /—/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | maolah /maolah/ | — /—/ | nasaqaqa /nasaqaqa/ | makakdeng /makakdəŋ/ |
| Mti | lhalum /ʎalum/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | kahu /kahu/ | kilang /kilaŋ/ | kahuy /kahuj/ | kasiw /kasiw/ | kayo /kajo/ |
| Mbwa | atu /atu/ | *asu /asu/ | asu /asu/ | waco /watʃo/ | wazu /wazu/ | vatu /vatu/ | ino /ino/ |
| Paka | posi /posi/ | — /—/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | posi /posi/ | — /—/ | ngiaw /ŋiaw/ | koving /koviŋ/ |
| Samaki | rusaw /ɾusaw/ | *Sikan /Sikan/ | iskan /iskan/ | buting /butiŋ/ | alaw /alaw/ | ciqaw /tsiqaw/ | among /amoŋ/ |
| Ndege | rumfaz /ɾumfað/ | *manuk /manuk/ | hazam /hazam/ | ayam /ajam/ | ayam /ajam/ | qayaqayam /qajaqajam/ | laciw /latsiw/ |
| Kipepeo | kurari /kuɾaɾi/ | *baŋbaŋ /baŋbaŋ/ | balikuan /balikuan/ | adipapang /adipapaŋ/ | — | pepe /pəpə/ | pahapahad no anito /pahapahad no anito/ |
| Yai | qaricuy /qaɾiθuj/ | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | lububunun /lububunun/ | tiʼkuk /tiʔkuk/ | batu pataru /batu pataɾu/ | qecilu /qətsiɭu/ | icioy /itsioj/ |
| Dubu | cumay /θumai/ | *Cumay /Cumay/ | tumaz /tumað/ | tumay /tumai/ | — | cumay /tsumai/ | — |
| Farasi | tishmamraw /tiʃmamɾaw/ | — | tasasikis /tasasikis/ | kabayu /kabaju/ | gamay /ɡamaj/ | rigi /ɾiɡi/ | — |
| Nyumba | kayan /kajan/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | lumaq /lumaq/ | luma /luma/ | xuma /xuma/ | umaq /umaq/ | vahay /vahaj/ |
| Asali | fulhia wa madahun /fuɬia wa madahun/ | — | vanu /vanu/ | waneng nu wadu /wanəŋ nu wadu/ | — | alju /aʎu/ | — |
| Chumvi | qtilha /qtiɬa/ | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ | hasila /hasila/ | cikah /tsikah/ | pahah /pahah/ | qatia /qatia/ | asin /asin/ |
| Chuma | balis /balis/ | *Namat /Namat/ | ngul-a /ŋulʔa/ | mukin /mukin/ | — | vatjuljayan /vatʲuʎajan/ | vahalang /vahalaŋ/ |
| Kitabu | patashan /pataʃan/ | — | patasan /patasan/ | cudad /tsudad/ | babizu /babizu/ | sapitj /sapitʲ/ | vakong /vakoŋ/ |
| Kula | kuman /kuman/ | *kaen /kaen/ | maun /maun/ | hekal /hekal/ | mekan /məkan/ | keman /kəman/ | kuman /kuman/ |
| Kunywa | naqayan /naqajan/ | *inum /inum/ | muqun /muqun/ | mihecak /mihetʃak/ | mimaazip /mimaːzip/ | temekel /təməkəl/ | minum /minum/ |
| Kulala | malhus /maɬus/ | *tuduR /tuduR/ | masabah /masabah/ | mabiʼ /mabiʔ/ | masuaw /masuaw/ | qemreng /qəmɾəŋ/ | mitkeh /mitkəh/ |
| Moja | tata /tata/ | *isa /isa/ | tasa /tasa/ | cacay /tʃatʃai/ | adang /adaŋ/ | ita /ita/ | asa /asa/ |
| Mbili | tusha /tuʃa/ | *duSa /duSa/ | dusa /dusa/ | tusa /tusa/ | dusa /dusa/ | drusa /ɖusa/ | doa /doa/ |
| Tatu | turu /tuɾu/ | *telu /telu/ | tau /tau/ | tulu /tulu/ | turu /tuɾu/ | tjelu /tʲəlu/ | tilo /tilo/ |
| Nne | shpat /ʃpat/ | *Sepat /səpat/ | paat /paːt/ | sepat /səpat/ | supat /supat/ | sepatj /səpatʲ/ | apat /apat/ |
| Tano | rima /rima/ | *lima /lima/ | hima /hima/ | lima /lima/ | xasep /xasəp/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Mia | shaba /ʃaba/ | *RaCus /RaCus/ | saba /saba/ | lasubu /lasubu/ | haten /hatən/ | taidai /taidai/ | ranaw /ranaw/ |
| Habari | ya /ja/ | — /—/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | marayas /maɾajas/ | — /—/ | masalu /masalu/ | akokay /akokaj/ |
| Asante | mihu /mihu/ | — /—/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | lalumahan /lalumahan/ | — /—/ | masalu /masalu/ | ayoy /ajoj/ |
| Nzuri | kapah /kapah/ | — /—/ | masial /masial/ | kapah /kapah/ | — /—/ | nguanguaq /ŋuaŋuaq/ | mapia /mapia/ |
| Mpya | faqlhu /faqɬu/ | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ | bahlu /baɬu/ | baluhay /baluhaj/ | xias /xias/ | vaquan /vaquan/ | vayo /vajo/ |
| Nyekundu | mashinaw /maʃinaw/ | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | sumanah /sumanah/ | lubahing /lubahiŋ/ | qudjidjilj /quɟiɟiʎ/ | mivalah /mivalah/ |
| Nyeupe | mapuzi /mapuði/ | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | sanglac /saŋlatʃ/ | risilaw /ɾisilaw/ | vuqavuqalj /vuqavuqaʎ/ | malavang /malavaŋ/ |
| Nyeusi | maqusum /maqusum/ | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | lumeniʼ /luməniʔ/ | terehen /təɾəhən/ | qucengecengel /qutsəŋətsəŋəl/ | mavaheng /mavahəŋ/ |
| Kijani | madishlum /madiʃlum/ | — | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | langdaway /laŋdawaj/ | tululik /tululik/ | liljuas /ɭiʎuas/ | mogaraw /moɡaraw/ |
| Buluu | madishlum /madiʃlum/ | — | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | sumilaway /sumilawaj/ | — | cangiangia /tsaŋiaŋia/ | mogaraw /moɡaraw/ |
| Kompyuta | tiannau /tiannau/ | — | tinnau /tinnau/ | tingnaw /tiŋnaw/ | — | tinnaw /tinnaw/ | tiannaw /tiannaw/ |
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