Kebalan
Kikavalan
Kiaustronesia (East Formosan)
Kavalan (Kebalan) ni lugha ya Kiaustronesia ya Kiformosa cha mashariki iliyo hatarini kutoweka kwa kiwango cha juu, inayozungumzwa mashariki mwa Taiwan, ikiwa na wazungumzaji wazee wapatao ishirini na wachache tu wenye ufasaha, waliojikita Hualien (vijiji vya Sinshe/Paterungan) na inayokumbukwa Yilan. Ilitambuliwa rasmi kama jamii tofauti ya wenyeji wa Taiwan mwaka 2002 baada ya kampeni ndefu. Ni ya kihafidhina kitaipolojia ndani ya Kiaustronesia: huhifadhi *R ya Proto-Austronesia kama /x/ (mfano, zanuR > visawe vinavyohusiana na zanum), huhifadhi mfumo wa sauti wa aina ya Kifilipino wenye njia nne, na huonyesha mpangilio msingi wa VOS. Juhudi za kuihuisha zinajumuisha mpango wa CIP wa «Kiota cha Lugha».
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kikavalan
Vyanzo
- Li, Paul Jen-kuei & Tsuchida, Shigeru (2006) Kavalan Dictionary. Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, Taipei.
- Li, Paul Jen-kuei & Tsuchida, Shigeru (2006) Kavalan Texts. Academia Sinica.
- Glottolog: Kavalan
- Council of Indigenous Peoples (Taiwan): Kebalan / Kavalan language resources
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kiaustronesia (East Formosan)
| Maana | Kikavalan | Kisakizaya | Proto-Austronesia | Kipazeh | Kimaguindanao | Kibunun | Kimalei cha Kale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | zanum /zaˈnum/ | nanum /nanum/ | *daNum /daNum/ | dalum /dalum/ | ig /ʔiɡ/ | danum /danum/ | air /air/ |
| Moto | ramaz /raˈmaz/ | lamal /lamal/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | hapuy /hapuj/ | apoy /ʔaˈpoj/ | sapuz /sapuz/ | api /api/ |
| Jua | siban /siˈban/ | cidal /tʃidal/ | *waRi /waRi/ | rizax /ɾizax/ | senang /seˈnaŋ/ | vali /vali/ | matari /matari/ |
| Mwezi | buran /buˈran/ | bulad /bulad/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ | ilas /ilas/ | bulan /buˈlan/ | buan /buan/ | bulan /bulan/ |
| Nyota | bituqan /bituqan/ | boʼis /boʔis/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ | mintol /mintol/ | bitun /biˈtun/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ |
| Usiku | qabi /ʁabiʔ/ | labiʼ /labiʔ/ | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | xinian /xinian/ | magabi /maɡabi/ | labian /labian/ | malam /malam/ |
| Mvua | uzan /uˈzan/ | ʼudad /ʔuðað/ | *quzaN /quzaN/ | udan /udan/ | ulan /ˈʔulan/ | qudan /qudan/ | — |
| Theluji | suRna /suʁna/ | sulda /sulda/ | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ | hahela /hahela/ | — | paav /paav/ | — |
| Upepo | bari /baˈri/ | baliʼ /baliʔ/ | *bali /bali/ | bari /baɾi/ | endu /ʔənˈdu/ | luvluv /luvluv/ | — |
| Udongo | melanay /məɾaˈnaj/ | lalaʼ /ɾaɾaʔ/ | *taneq /taneq/ | daxe /daxəʔ/ | lupa /lupaʔ/ | dalah /dalah/ | — |
| Jiwe | btu /btu/ | baʼtu /baʔtu/ | *batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | watu /waˈtu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ |
| Mlima | naung /nauŋ/ | buyuʼ /bujuʔ/ | *bukij /bukij/ | — | palaw /paˈlaw/ | ludun /ludun/ | — |
| Bahari | lazing /laziŋ/ | bayu /baju/ | *tenem /tenem/ | awas /awas/ | lagat /ˈlaɡat/ | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | — |
| Mama | tina /ˈtina/ | ina /ina/ | *ina /ina/ | ina /ina/ | ina /ˈʔina/ | tina /tina/ | ibu /ibu/ |
| Baba | tama /ˈtama/ | ama /ama/ | *ama /ama/ | aba /aba/ | ama /ˈʔama/ | tama /tama/ | bapa /bapa/ |
| Mimi | aiku /aiku/ | zaku /ʐaku/ | *aku /aku/ | yaku /jaku/ | saki /saki/ | saikin /saikin/ | aku /aku/ |
| Wewe | aisu /aisu/ | kisu /kisu/ | *iSu /iSu/ | isiu /isiu/ | seka /səka/ | suu /suʔu/ | kamu /kamu/ |
| Sisi | aita / aimi /aita / aimi/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | ita / yami /ita / jami/ | sekitanu / sekami /səkitanu / səkami/ | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ |
| Jina | nangan /naŋan/ | ngangan /ŋaŋan/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngala /ŋala/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ |
| Mtu | lazat /lazat/ | tademaw /tadəmaw/ | *Cau /tsau/ | saw /saw/ | taw /taw/ | bunun /bunun/ | — |
| Kichwa | uru /uʁu/ | tangah /taŋah/ | *quluh /quluh/ | punu /punu/ | ulu /ˈʔulu/ | bungu /buŋu/ | — |
| Jicho | mata /maˈta/ | mata /mata/ | *maCa /maCa/ | daurik /dauɾik/ | mata /maˈta/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ |
| Sikio | kayal /kajal/ | tangilaʼ /taŋilaʔ/ | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | sainga /saiŋa/ | tangila /taˈŋila/ | tainga /taiŋa/ | — |
| Pua | unung /unuŋ/ | cihek /tsihək/ | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ | muzing /muziŋ/ | ngilung /ˈŋiluŋ/ | ngutus /ŋutus/ | — |
| Mdomo | ngibiR /ŋibiʁ/ | laway /lawaj/ | — | ahan /ahan/ | ngali /ˈŋali/ | ngulus /ŋulus/ | — |
| Jino | bangraw /baŋʁau/ | ngipən /ŋipən/ | *nipen /nipen/ | lepeng /ləpəŋ/ | ngipen /ŋipen/ | nipun /nipun/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ |
| Ulimi | rilam /ʁilam/ | səmaʼ /səmaʔ/ | *Sema /Sema/ | dahama /dahama/ | dila /dila/ | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | lidah /lidah/ |
| Mkono | rima /riˈma/ | kamay /kamai/ | *lima /lima/ | rima /ɾima/ | lima /liˈma/ | ima /ima/ | tangan /taŋan/ |
| Mguu | zapan /zaˈpan/ | — | *qaqay /qaqay/ | karaw /kaɾaw/ | ai /ʔai/ | bantas /bantas/ | — |
| Moyo | anem /aˈnəm/ | gawang /ɡawaŋ/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ | baga /baɡa/ | pusong /puˈsoŋ/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ | hati /hati/ |
| Mfupa | tiran /tiʁan/ | ʼukak /ʔukak/ | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | bul /bul/ | tulan /tuˈlan/ | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ |
| Damu | rinang /ʁinaŋ/ | ʼidang /ʔidaŋ/ | *daRaq /daRaq/ | damu /damu/ | lugu /luɡuʔ/ | haidang /haidaŋ/ | darah /darah/ |
| Kinyesi | tad /tad/ | taiʼ /taiʔ/ | *Caqi /tsaqi/ | — | tahi /ˈtahi/ | taki /taki/ | — |
| Upendo | — /—/ | maolah /maolah/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | kalini /kaˈlini/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ |
| Mti | kasuy /kaˈsuj/ | kilang /kilaŋ/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | kahuy /kahuj/ | kayu /kaˈju/ | kahu /kahu/ | kayu /kaju/ |
| Mbwa | wasu /waˈsu/ | waco /watʃo/ | *asu /asu/ | wazu /wazu/ | aso /ˈʔaso/ | asu /asu/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ |
| Paka | ngiyaw /ŋiˈjaw/ | posi /posi/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | kuting /kuˈtiŋ/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | — /—/ |
| Samaki | baut /baut/ | buting /butiŋ/ | *Sikan /Sikan/ | alaw /alaw/ | seda /səˈdaʔ/ | iskan /iskan/ | ikan /ikan/ |
| Ndege | alam /aˈɬam/ | ayam /ajam/ | *manuk /manuk/ | ayam /ajam/ | papanuk /papaˈnuk/ | hazam /hazam/ | burung /buruŋ/ |
| Kipepeo | pulaw /pulaw/ | adipapang /adipapaŋ/ | *baŋbaŋ /baŋbaŋ/ | — | paro-paro /paroˈparo/ | balikuan /balikuan/ | — |
| Yai | tirur /tiʁuʁ/ | tiʼkuk /tiʔkuk/ | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | batu pataru /batu pataɾu/ | leman /ləˈman/ | lububunun /lububunun/ | — |
| Dubu | tumay /tuˈmai/ | tumay /tumai/ | *Cumay /Cumay/ | — | — | tumaz /tumað/ | — |
| Farasi | kebayu /kəbaju/ | kabayu /kabaju/ | — | gamay /ɡamaj/ | kuda /kuda/ | tasasikis /tasasikis/ | — |
| Nyumba | lepaw /ləˈpaw/ | luma /luma/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | xuma /xuma/ | walay /waˈlaj/ | lumaq /lumaq/ | rumah /rumah/ |
| Asali | wanu /wanu/ | waneng nu wadu /wanəŋ nu wadu/ | — | — | teneb /təˈnəb/ | vanu /vanu/ | — |
| Chumvi | zemiyan /zəmijan/ | cikah /tsikah/ | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ | pahah /pahah/ | timus /ˈtimus/ | hasila /hasila/ | garam /ɡaram/ |
| Mchele | beRas /bəʁas/ | belac /bəlats/ | *beRas /beRas/ | — | begas /bəˈɡas/ | cilas /tsilas/ | — |
| Chuma | balis /baˈlis/ | mukin /mukin/ | *Namat /Namat/ | — | putaw /puˈtaw/ | ngul-a /ŋulʔa/ | — |
| Gurudumu | krizeng /kriˈzəŋ/ | bihel /bihel/ | — | — | tilikan /tiliˈkan/ | tauntaun /tauntaun/ | — |
| Kitabu | sudad /sudad/ | cudad /tsudad/ | — | babizu /babizu/ | libru /ˈlibɾu/ | patasan /patasan/ | — |
| Kula | quman /quˈman/ | hekal /hekal/ | *kaen /kaen/ | mekan /məkan/ | kakan /kaˈkan/ | maun /maun/ | makan /makan/ |
| Kunywa | mimum /miˈmum/ | mihecak /mihetʃak/ | *inum /inum/ | mimaazip /mimaːzip/ | inum /ʔiˈnum/ | muqun /muqun/ | minum /minum/ |
| Kulala | mainep /maiˈnəp/ | mabiʼ /mabiʔ/ | *tuduR /tuduR/ | masuaw /masuaw/ | tulug /ˈtuluɡ/ | masabah /masabah/ | tidur /tidur/ |
| Moja | issa /ˈissa/ | cacay /tʃatʃai/ | *isa /isa/ | adang /adaŋ/ | isa /ˈʔisa/ | tasa /tasa/ | sa /sa/ |
| Mbili | zusa /zusa/ | tusa /tusa/ | *duSa /duSa/ | dusa /dusa/ | dua /duwa/ | dusa /dusa/ | dua /dua/ |
| Tatu | turu /tuɾu/ | tulu /tulu/ | *telu /telu/ | turu /tuɾu/ | telu /təluʔ/ | tau /tau/ | tlu /tlu/ |
| Nne | spat /spat/ | sepat /səpat/ | *Sepat /səpat/ | supat /supat/ | pat /pat/ | paat /paːt/ | mpat /əmpat/ |
| Tano | rima /riˈma/ | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ | xasep /xasəp/ | lima /lima/ | hima /hima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Mia | Rasibu /ʁasibu/ | lasubu /lasubu/ | *RaCus /RaCus/ | haten /hatən/ | magatus /maɡatus/ | saba /saba/ | ratus /ratus/ |
| Habari | — /—/ | marayas /maɾajas/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | assalamu alaikum /assaˈlamu ʔaˈlajkum/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Asante | — /—/ | lalumahan /lalumahan/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | sukran /ˈsukɾan/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Nzuri | nngi /nŋi/ | kapah /kapah/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | mapiya /maˈpija/ | masial /masial/ | baik /baik/ |
| Mpya | tasu /tasu/ | baluhay /baluhaj/ | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ | xias /xias/ | bagu /baˈɡu/ | bahlu /baɬu/ | — |
| Nyekundu | tebari /təbaʀi/ | sumanah /sumanah/ | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | lubahing /lubahiŋ/ | maliga /maˈliɡa/ | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | merah /merah/ |
| Nyeupe | busar /busaʀ/ | sanglac /saŋlatʃ/ | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ | risilaw /ɾisilaw/ | maputi /maputiʔ/ | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | putih /putih/ |
| Nyeusi | tengen /təŋən/ | lumeniʼ /luməniʔ/ | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ | terehen /təɾəhən/ | maitem /maˈʔitəm/ | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | hitam /hitam/ |
| Kijani | puli /puli/ | langdaway /laŋdawaj/ | — | tululik /tululik/ | gadung /ˈɡaduŋ/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | — |
| Buluu | puli /puli/ | sumilaway /sumilawaj/ | — | — | biru /ˈbiru/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | — |
| Kompyuta | tiannaw /tiannaw/ | tingnaw /tiŋnaw/ | — | — | kompyuter /komˈpjutɛr/ | tinnau /tinnau/ | — |
| Sukari | waneng /waˈnəŋ/ | waneng /wanəŋ/ | — | — | mamis /maˈmis/ | kamasia /kamasia/ | — |
| Chungwa | mulu /mulu/ | — | — | — | — | izuk /izuk/ | — |
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