Pazeh
Kipazeh
Kiaustronesia (Formosan, Nyanda za Magharibi)
Kulon-Pazeh ni lugha ya Kiformosa iliyolala ya kundi la Tambarare za Magharibi, iliyozungumzwa katikati ya Taiwan kuzunguka Puli (Nantou). Msemaji wake wa mwisho wa L1 aliyeijua kwa ufasaha kamili, Pan Jin-yu, alifariki mwaka 2010 akiwa na umri wa miaka 96; juhudi za ufufuaji zinazoongozwa na jamii zinaendelea. Ni mashuhuri kwa kuhifadhi utofautishaji wa alveola/retroflex wa Proto-Austronesia na muundo wenye tija wa urudufishaji wa Ca-.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kipazeh
Vyanzo
- Li, Paul Jen-kuei & Shigeru Tsuchida (2001/2002) Pazih Dictionary. Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, Taipei.
- Li, Paul Jen-kuei & Shigeru Tsuchida (2002) Pazih Texts and Songs. Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.
- Lin Ying-chin (2000) A Reference Grammar of Pazih. Academia Sinica.
- Glottolog: Kulon-Pazeh
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kiaustronesia (Formosan, Nyanda za Magharibi)
| Maana | Kipazeh | Proto-Austronesia | Kimalei cha Kale | Kikavalan | Kibabuza | Kiitbayaten | Kibunun |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | dalum /dalum/ | *daNum /daNum/ | air /air/ | zanum /zaˈnum/ | zalum /zalum/ | ranom /ranom/ | danum /danum/ |
| Moto | hapuy /hapuj/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | api /api/ | ramaz /raˈmaz/ | chau /tʃau/ | hapoy /hapoj/ | sapuz /sapuz/ |
| Jua | rizax /ɾizax/ | *waRi /waRi/ | matari /matari/ | siban /siˈban/ | — /—/ | araw /araw/ | vali /vali/ |
| Mwezi | ilas /ilas/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ | bulan /bulan/ | buran /buˈran/ | zilias /siliəs/ | voxan /voɣan/ | buan /buan/ |
| Nyota | mintol /mintol/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bituqan /bituqan/ | botto /botːo/ | vitoen /vitoɨn/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ |
| Usiku | xinian /xinian/ | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | malam /malam/ | qabi /ʁabiʔ/ | bini /bini/ | aʼxep /aʔɣɨp/ | labian /labian/ |
| Mvua | udan /udan/ | *quzaN /quzaN/ | — | uzan /uˈzan/ | oetas /utas/ | timoy /timoj/ | qudan /qudan/ |
| Theluji | hahela /hahela/ | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ | — | suRna /suʁna/ | — | — | paav /paav/ |
| Upepo | bari /baɾi/ | *bali /bali/ | — | bari /baˈri/ | barri /barːi/ | sarawsaw /sarawsaw/ | luvluv /luvluv/ |
| Udongo | daxe /daxəʔ/ | *taneq /taneq/ | — | melanay /məɾaˈnaj/ | ta /ta/ | tana /tana/ | dalah /dalah/ |
| Jiwe | batu /batu/ | *batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | btu /btu/ | bato /bato/ | vato /vato/ | batu /batu/ |
| Bahari | awas /awas/ | *tenem /tenem/ | — | lazing /laziŋ/ | abas /abas/ | hawa /hawa/ | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ |
| Mama | ina /ina/ | *ina /ina/ | ibu /ibu/ | tina /ˈtina/ | nai /nai/ | ina /ina/ | tina /tina/ |
| Baba | aba /aba/ | *ama /ama/ | bapa /bapa/ | tama /ˈtama/ | tama /tama/ | ama /ama/ | tama /tama/ |
| Mimi | yaku /jaku/ | *aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | aiku /aiku/ | ka-ina /kaina/ | yaken /jakɨn/ | saikin /saikin/ |
| Wewe | isiu /isiu/ | *iSu /iSu/ | kamu /kamu/ | aisu /aisu/ | ijo /ijo/ | ʼimo /ʔimo/ | suu /suʔu/ |
| Sisi | ita / yami /ita / jami/ | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | aita / aimi /aita / aimi/ | totto / namo /toto / namo/ | yaten / yamen /jatɨn / jamɨn/ | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ |
| Jina | ngadan /ŋadan/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | nangan /naŋan/ | naan /naːn/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ |
| Mtu | saw /saw/ | *Cau /tsau/ | — | lazat /lazat/ | cho /tʃo/ | tawo /tawo/ | bunun /bunun/ |
| Kichwa | punu /punu/ | *quluh /quluh/ | — | uru /uʁu/ | oeno /uno/ | oxo /oɣo/ | bungu /buŋu/ |
| Jicho | daurik /dauɾik/ | *maCa /maCa/ | mata /mata/ | mata /maˈta/ | macha /matʃa/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ |
| Sikio | sainga /saiŋa/ | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | — | kayal /kajal/ | charrina /tʃarːina/ | talinya /taliɲa/ | tainga /taiŋa/ |
| Pua | muzing /muziŋ/ | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ | — | unung /unuŋ/ | not /not/ | mohdan /mohdan/ | ngutus /ŋutus/ |
| Mdomo | ahan /ahan/ | — | — | ngibiR /ŋibiʁ/ | ranied /ranied/ | vivih /vivih/ | ngulus /ŋulus/ |
| Jino | lepeng /ləpəŋ/ | *nipen /nipen/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | bangraw /baŋʁau/ | sien /sien/ | nyipen /ɲipɨn/ | nipun /nipun/ |
| Ulimi | dahama /dahama/ | *Sema /Sema/ | lidah /lidah/ | rilam /ʁilam/ | tacira /tatsira/ | rila /rila/ | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ |
| Mkono | rima /ɾima/ | *lima /lima/ | tangan /taŋan/ | rima /riˈma/ | rima /rima/ | lima /lima/ | ima /ima/ |
| Mguu | karaw /kaɾaw/ | *qaqay /qaqay/ | — | zapan /zaˈpan/ | asiel /asiel/ | ayi /aji/ | bantas /bantas/ |
| Moyo | baga /baɡa/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ | hati /hati/ | anem /aˈnəm/ | — /—/ | tawor /tawor/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ |
| Mfupa | bul /bul/ | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tiran /tiʁan/ | ot /ot/ | toʼxang /toʔɣaŋ/ | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ |
| Damu | damu /damu/ | *daRaq /daRaq/ | darah /darah/ | rinang /ʁinaŋ/ | taga /taɡa/ | raya /raja/ | haidang /haidaŋ/ |
| Upendo | — /—/ | — /—/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ |
| Mti | kahuy /kahuj/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | kayu /kaju/ | kasuy /kaˈsuj/ | baron /baron/ | kayoh /kajoh/ | kahu /kahu/ |
| Mbwa | wazu /wazu/ | *asu /asu/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | wasu /waˈsu/ | mado /mado/ | tito /tito/ | asu /asu/ |
| Paka | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ngiyaw /ŋiˈjaw/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ |
| Samaki | alaw /alaw/ | *Sikan /Sikan/ | ikan /ikan/ | baut /baut/ | ci /tsi/ | among /amoŋ/ | iskan /iskan/ |
| Ndege | ayam /ajam/ | *manuk /manuk/ | burung /buruŋ/ | alam /aˈɬam/ | mampa /mampa/ | kangkang /kaŋkaŋ/ | hazam /hazam/ |
| Yai | batu pataru /batu pataɾu/ | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | — | tirur /tiʁuʁ/ | rini /rini/ | ittiiyoy /ittiijoj/ | lububunun /lububunun/ |
| Farasi | gamay /ɡamaj/ | — | — | kebayu /kəbaju/ | — | — | tasasikis /tasasikis/ |
| Nyumba | xuma /xuma/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | rumah /rumah/ | lepaw /ləˈpaw/ | don /don/ | vaxay /vaɣaj/ | lumaq /lumaq/ |
| Maziwa | nunuh /nunuh/ | — | susu /susu/ | — | — | — | susu /susu/ |
| Chumvi | pahah /pahah/ | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ | garam /ɡaram/ | zemiyan /zəmijan/ | sassi /sasi/ | asin /asin/ | hasila /hasila/ |
| Kitabu | babizu /babizu/ | — | — | sudad /sudad/ | bido /bido/ | — | patasan /patasan/ |
| Kula | mekan /məkan/ | *kaen /kaen/ | makan /makan/ | quman /quˈman/ | maan /maːn/ | koman /koman/ | maun /maun/ |
| Kunywa | mimaazip /mimaːzip/ | *inum /inum/ | minum /minum/ | mimum /miˈmum/ | minum /minum/ | ominom /ominom/ | muqun /muqun/ |
| Kulala | masuaw /masuaw/ | *tuduR /tuduR/ | tidur /tidur/ | mainep /maiˈnəp/ | summara /sumːara/ | makahicex /makahitʃɨɣ/ | masabah /masabah/ |
| Moja | adang /adaŋ/ | *isa /isa/ | sa /sa/ | issa /ˈissa/ | nata /nata/ | aʼsa /aʔsa/ | tasa /tasa/ |
| Mbili | dusa /dusa/ | *duSa /duSa/ | dua /dua/ | zusa /zusa/ | naroa /naroa/ | doha /doha/ | dusa /dusa/ |
| Tatu | turu /tuɾu/ | *telu /telu/ | tlu /tlu/ | turu /tuɾu/ | torro /torːo/ | atlo /atlo/ | tau /tau/ |
| Nne | supat /supat/ | *Sepat /səpat/ | mpat /əmpat/ | spat /spat/ | naspat /naspat/ | aʼpat /aʔpat/ | paat /paːt/ |
| Tano | xasep /xasəp/ | *lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | rima /riˈma/ | nachab /natʃab/ | lima /lima/ | hima /hima/ |
| Mia | haten /hatən/ | *RaCus /RaCus/ | ratus /ratus/ | Rasibu /ʁasibu/ | — | omyatos /omjatos/ | saba /saba/ |
| Habari | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ |
| Asante | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ |
| Nzuri | — /—/ | — /—/ | baik /baik/ | nngi /nŋi/ | — /—/ | mapia /mapia/ | masial /masial/ |
| Mpya | xias /xias/ | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ | — | tasu /tasu/ | bao /bao/ | vaʼyo /vaʔjo/ | bahlu /baɬu/ |
| Nyekundu | lubahing /lubahiŋ/ | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | merah /merah/ | tebari /təbaʀi/ | makakas /makakas/ | mavayah /mavajah/ | madanghas /madaŋhas/ |
| Nyeupe | risilaw /ɾisilaw/ | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ | putih /putih/ | busar /busaʀ/ | mabukkas /mabukas/ | mahilak /mahilak/ | maduhlas /maduɬas/ |
| Nyeusi | terehen /təɾəhən/ | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ | hitam /hitam/ | tengen /təŋən/ | makosum /makosum/ | mavaeng /mavaɨŋ/ | matahdung /matahduŋ/ |
| Kijani | tululik /tululik/ | — | — | puli /puli/ | — | maharem /maharɨm/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ |
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