Pangcah
Kiamis
Kiaustronesia (East Formosan)
Amis (Pangcah) ndiyo kubwa zaidi miongoni mwa lugha za asili za Kiaustronesia zinazotambuliwa nchini Taiwan, inayozungumzwa pwani ya mashariki huko Hualien na Taitung. Ina kitenzi mwanzoni (VOS), ikiwa na mfumo wa kuangazia unaobainisha majukumu ya washiriki kwenye kitenzi. Ina makundi makuu kadhaa ya lahaja (Sakizaya, Amis ya Kaskazini, ya Kati, ya Pwani, na ya Kusini). Inatambuliwa kama lugha ya kitaifa chini ya Sheria ya Maendeleo ya Lugha za Kiasili (Indigenous Languages Development Act) ya mwaka 2017.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kiamis
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kiaustronesia (East Formosan)
| Maana | Kiamis | Kisakizaya | Kimaranao | Kitao | Kibunun | Kipuyuma | Proto-Austronesia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | nanom /nanom/ | nanum /nanum/ | ig /iɡ/ | ranom /ranom/ | danum /danum/ | enay /enai/ | *daNum /daNum/ |
| Moto | namal /namal/ | lamal /lamal/ | apoy /apoj/ | apuy /apuj/ | sapuz /sapuz/ | apuy /apui/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ |
| Jua | cidal /tsiðal/ | cidal /tʃidal/ | alongan /aloŋan/ | araw /araw/ | vali /vali/ | kadaw /kadaw/ | *waRi /waRi/ |
| Mwezi | folad /folað/ | bulad /bulad/ | bolan /bolan/ | vehan /vehan/ | buan /buan/ | bulan /buɭan/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ |
| Nyota | foʼis /foʔis/ | boʼis /boʔis/ | bito-on /bitoʔon/ | vituen /vituən/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | vituwan /vituwan/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ |
| Usiku | lafiʼ /lafiʔ/ | labiʼ /labiʔ/ | gagawiʼi /ɡaɡawiʔi/ | mahep /mahəp/ | labian /labian/ | ʼarmeng /ʔarməŋ/ | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ |
| Mvua | ʼorad /ʔorad/ | ʼudad /ʔuðað/ | oran /ʔoran/ | cimoy /tsimoi/ | qudan /qudan/ | ʼudal /ʔudal/ | *quzaN /quzaN/ |
| Theluji | soleda^ /soləðaʔ/ | sulda /sulda/ | oran a ilo /ʔoran a ilo/ | — | paav /paav/ | urelra /uɾəla/ | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ |
| Upepo | fali /fali/ | baliʼ /baliʔ/ | angin /aŋin/ | pagpag /paɡpaɡ/ | luvluv /luvluv/ | bali /baɭi/ | *bali /bali/ |
| Udongo | sera /səra/ | lalaʼ /ɾaɾaʔ/ | lopaʼ /lopaʔ/ | tana /tana/ | dalah /dalah/ | dare /ðarə/ | *taneq /taneq/ |
| Jiwe | fakeluh /fakeluh/ | baʼtu /baʔtu/ | wato /wato/ | vato /vato/ | batu /batu/ | barasa /barasa/ | *batu /batu/ |
| Mlima | lutuk /lutuk/ | buyuʼ /bujuʔ/ | palaw /paˈlaw/ | tokon /tokon/ | ludun /ludun/ | zenan /ʐənan/ | *bukij /bukij/ |
| Bahari | riyar /rijar/ | bayu /baju/ | ragat /raɡat/ | wawa /wawa/ | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | lrevek /ɭəvək/ | *tenem /tenem/ |
| Mama | ina /ina/ | ina /ina/ | ina /ina/ | ina /ina/ | tina /tina/ | ina /ina/ | *ina /ina/ |
| Baba | ama /ama/ | ama /ama/ | ama /ama/ | ama /ama/ | tama /tama/ | ama /ama/ | *ama /ama/ |
| Binti | fafahiyan a wawa /fafahijan a wawa/ | tatayna a wawa /tatajna a wawa/ | wataʼ a bebay /wataʔ a bəbaj/ | anak a mavakes /anak a mavakes/ | uvaazpingaz /uvaazpiŋaz/ | walrak na babayan /waɭak na babajan/ | — |
| Mimi | kako /kako/ | zaku /ʐaku/ | ako /ako/ | yaken /jakən/ | saikin /saikin/ | kuiku /kuiku/ | *aku /aku/ |
| Wewe | kiso /kiso/ | kisu /kisu/ | seka /sɵka/ | imo /ʔimo/ | suu /suʔu/ | yu /ju/ | *iSu /iSu/ |
| Sisi | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | yaten / yamen /jatən / jamən/ | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | taita / mimi /taita / mimi/ | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ |
| Jina | ngangan /ŋaŋan/ | ngangan /ŋaŋan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ |
| Mtu | tamdaw /tamðaw/ | tademaw /tadəmaw/ | taw /taw/ | tao /tao/ | bunun /bunun/ | trau /ʈau/ | *Cau /tsau/ |
| Kichwa | tangal /taŋal/ | tangah /taŋah/ | olo /olo/ | oo /oo/ | bungu /buŋu/ | tranguruʼ /ʈaŋuɾuʔ/ | *quluh /quluh/ |
| Jicho | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | *maCa /maCa/ |
| Sikio | tangila /taŋila/ | tangilaʼ /taŋilaʔ/ | tangila /taŋila/ | talinga /taˈliŋa/ | tainga /taiŋa/ | tangila /taŋiɭa/ | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ |
| Pua | ngosoʼ /ŋosoʔ/ | cihek /tsihək/ | ngirong /ŋiroŋ/ | momodan /momodan/ | ngutus /ŋutus/ | tingran /tiŋɾan/ | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ |
| Mdomo | ngoyos /ŋojos/ | laway /lawaj/ | ngariʼ /ŋariʔ/ | ngongoy /ŋoŋoj/ | ngulus /ŋulus/ | indan /indan/ | — |
| Jino | walis /walis/ | ngipən /ŋipən/ | ngipen /ŋipən/ | nepen /nəpən/ | nipun /nipun/ | wali /wali/ | *nipen /nipen/ |
| Ulimi | sema /səmaʔ/ | səmaʼ /səmaʔ/ | dilaʼ /dilaʔ/ | lila /lilaʔ/ | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | lidam /ɭiɖam/ | *Sema /Sema/ |
| Mkono | kamay /kamaj/ | kamay /kamai/ | lima /lima/ | kamay /kamaj/ | ima /ima/ | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ |
| Mguu | waʼay /waʔaj/ | — | aʼi /aʔi/ | ai /ai/ | bantas /bantas/ | kuy /kui/ | *qaqay /qaqay/ |
| Moyo | falokoʼ /falokoʔ/ | gawang /ɡawaŋ/ | pusoʼ /pusoʔ/ | paso /paso/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ | kalumetan /kalumetan/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ |
| Mfupa | ʼokak /ʔokak/ | ʼukak /ʔukak/ | tolan /toˈlan/ | toang /toaŋ/ | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | ukak /ukak/ | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ |
| Damu | remes /rəməs/ | ʼidang /ʔidaŋ/ | rogoʼ /roɡoʔ/ | rala /ralaʔ/ | haidang /haidaŋ/ | damuk /damuk/ | *daRaq /daRaq/ |
| Kinyesi | tayiʼ /tajiʔ/ | taiʼ /taiʔ/ | taʼi /taʔi/ | obot /obot/ | taki /taki/ | traʼi /ʈaʔi/ | *Caqi /tsaqi/ |
| Upendo | maolah /maolah/ | maolah /maolah/ | kalimo /kalimo/ | makakdeng /makakdəŋ/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | ulaw /ulaw/ | — /—/ |
| Mti | kilang /kilaŋ/ | kilang /kilaŋ/ | kayo /kajo/ | kayo /kajo/ | kahu /kahu/ | kawi /kawi/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ |
| Mbwa | wacu /watsu/ | waco /watʃo/ | aso /aso/ | ino /ino/ | asu /asu/ | suwan /suwan/ | *asu /asu/ |
| Paka | posi /posi/ | posi /posi/ | pusa /pusa/ | koving /koviŋ/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | kating /katiŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Samaki | futing /futiŋ/ | buting /butiŋ/ | seda /səˈdaʔ/ | among /amoŋ/ | iskan /iskan/ | kuraw /kuɾaw/ | *Sikan /Sikan/ |
| Ndege | ayam /ˈajam/ | ayam /ajam/ | papanok /papanok/ | laciw /latsiw/ | hazam /hazam/ | ayam /ajam/ | *manuk /manuk/ |
| Kipepeo | ʼadipangpang /ʔaðipaŋpaŋ/ | adipapang /adipapaŋ/ | — | pahapahad no anito /pahapahad no anito/ | balikuan /balikuan/ | aribanglranglrawan /aɾibaŋɭaŋɭawan/ | *baŋbaŋ /baŋbaŋ/ |
| Yai | fitaʼol /fitaʔol/ | tiʼkuk /tiʔkuk/ | orak /orak/ | icioy /itsioj/ | lububunun /lububunun/ | bitrenun /biʈənun/ | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ |
| Dubu | tomay /tomaj/ | tumay /tumai/ | barowang /barowaŋ/ | — | tumaz /tumað/ | trumay /ʈumaj/ | *Cumay /Cumay/ |
| Farasi | efa /əfa/ | kabayu /kabaju/ | kodaʼ /kodaʔ/ | — | tasasikis /tasasikis/ | eva /əva/ | — |
| Nyumba | lomaʼ /lomaʔ/ | luma /luma/ | walay /walaj/ | vahay /vahaj/ | lumaq /lumaq/ | ruma /ɾuma/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ |
| Maziwa | hacol /hatsol/ | hacul /hatsul/ | gatas /ɡatas/ | mizoko /mizoko/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | — |
| Asali | waneng no ʼodal /waneŋ no ʔoðal/ | waneng nu wadu /wanəŋ nu wadu/ | teneb /tənəb/ | — | vanu /vanu/ | kawalruwan /kawaɭuwan/ | — |
| Chumvi | cilah /tsilah/ | cikah /tsikah/ | asin /asin/ | asin /asin/ | hasila /hasila/ | iyam /ijam/ | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ |
| Mvinyo | fadisosoʼ a ^pah /faðisosoʔ a ʔpah/ | — | — | potaw cyo /potaw tsjo/ | — | kutra /kuʈa/ | — |
| Mchele | felac /fəlats/ | belac /bəlats/ | begas /bəɡas/ | mogis /moɡis/ | cilas /tsilas/ | veras /vəɾas/ | *beRas /beRas/ |
| Chuma | marad /marad/ | mukin /mukin/ | potaw /potaw/ | vahalang /vahalaŋ/ | ngul-a /ŋulʔa/ | batulrayaw /batuɭajaw/ | *Namat /Namat/ |
| Gurudumu | fiher /fiher/ | bihel /bihel/ | tirikan /tirikan/ | — | tauntaun /tauntaun/ | mutralatralaw /muʈalaʈalaw/ | — |
| Kitabu | cudad /tsuðad/ | cudad /tsudad/ | ribro /ribro/ | vakong /vakoŋ/ | patasan /patasan/ | valray /vaɭaj/ | — |
| Kula | komaen /komaən/ | hekal /hekal/ | mangan /maŋan/ | kuman /kuman/ | maun /maun/ | kuman /kuman/ | *kaen /kaen/ |
| Kunywa | minom /minom/ | mihecak /mihetʃak/ | minom /minom/ | minum /minum/ | muqun /muqun/ | enpa /enpa/ | *inum /inum/ |
| Kulala | mafotiʼ /mafotiʔ/ | mabiʼ /mabiʔ/ | matorog /matoˈroɡ/ | mitkeh /mitkəh/ | masabah /masabah/ | alrupeʼ /aɭupəʔ/ | *tuduR /tuduR/ |
| Moja | cecay /tsetsaj/ | cacay /tʃatʃai/ | isa /isa/ | asa /asa/ | tasa /tasa/ | sa /sa/ | *isa /isa/ |
| Mbili | tosa /tosaʔ/ | tusa /tusa/ | dowa /dowa/ | doa /doa/ | dusa /dusa/ | zua /ʐua/ | *duSa /duSa/ |
| Tatu | tolo /tolo/ | tulu /tulu/ | telu /təlu/ | tilo /tilo/ | tau /tau/ | telu /təlu/ | *telu /telu/ |
| Nne | sepat /səpat/ | sepat /səpat/ | pat /pat/ | apat /apat/ | paat /paːt/ | pat /pat/ | *Sepat /səpat/ |
| Tano | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | hima /hima/ | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ |
| Mia | smoʼot /smoʔot/ | lasubu /lasubu/ | magatos /maɡatos/ | ranaw /ranaw/ | saba /saba/ | saleman /saɭəman/ | *RaCus /RaCus/ |
| Habari | ngaʼay ho /ŋaʔaj ho/ | marayas /maɾajas/ | kapian /kapijan/ | akokay /akokaj/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | marayas /maɾajas/ | — /—/ |
| Asante | aray /araj/ | lalumahan /lalumahan/ | salamat /salamat/ | ayoy /ajoj/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | kasapakan /kasapakan/ | — /—/ |
| Nzuri | kapah /kapah/ | kapah /kapah/ | mapia /mapija/ | mapia /mapia/ | masial /masial/ | mauruway /mauɾuwai/ | — /—/ |
| Mpya | faluhay /faluhaj/ | baluhay /baluhaj/ | bego /bəɡo/ | vayo /vajo/ | bahlu /baɬu/ | bekal /bəkaɭ/ | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ |
| Nyekundu | kahengangay /kahəŋaŋaj/ | sumanah /sumanah/ | marigaʼ /maˈriɡaʔ/ | mivalah /mivalah/ | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | midarang /miɖaraŋ/ | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ |
| Nyeupe | fohecalay /fohətsalaj/ | sanglac /saŋlatʃ/ | mapoti /maˈpotiʔ/ | malavang /malavaŋ/ | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | bulenan /buɭənan/ | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ |
| Nyeusi | kohtingay /kohtiŋaj/ | lumeniʼ /luməniʔ/ | maitem /maˈʔitəm/ | mavaheng /mavahəŋ/ | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | udedem /uɖəɖəm/ | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ |
| Kijani | kangdaway /kaŋdawaj/ | langdaway /laŋdawaj/ | gadong /ˈɡadoŋ/ | mogaraw /moɡaraw/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | miraʼat /miraʔat/ | — |
| Buluu | langdaway /laŋdawaj/ | sumilaway /sumilawaj/ | biro /ˈbiro/ | mogaraw /moɡaraw/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | tremangiya /ʈəmaŋija/ | — |
| Kompyuta | tingnaw /tiŋnaw/ | tingnaw /tiŋnaw/ | kompyuter /komˈpjutɛr/ | tiannaw /tiannaw/ | tinnau /tinnau/ | tinnaw /tinnaw/ | — |
| Chai | ociya /otsija/ | ucya /utʃja/ | sa /sa/ | — | ucia /utsia/ | — | — |
| Kahawa | kohi /kohi/ | kuhi /kuhi/ | kahawa /kahawa/ | — | kapi /kapi/ | — | — |
| Sukari | waneng /waneŋ/ | waneng /wanəŋ/ | golaʼ /ɡolaʔ/ | satto | kamasia /kamasia/ | walru | — |
| Chungwa | mamiʼ /mamiʔ/ | — | — | vazcinok /vaztsinok/ | izuk /izuk/ | — | — |
| 99 | siwa a poloʼ ira ko siwa /siwa a poloʔ ira ko siwa/ | — | — | — | — | makaiwa zi iwaya /makaiwa ʐi iwaja/ | — |
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