Jñatjo
Kimazahua
Oto-Mangue (Otomian)
Kimazahua (jina la asili Jñatjo, "watu wanaozungumza") ni lugha ya kundi la Otomangue katika tawi dogo la Otomi-Mazahua, inayozungumzwa na watu wapatao 150,000 katika eneo la kati la Mexico, hasa upande wa magharibi wa jimbo la Estado de México kandokando ya milima ya Sierra Mazahua na miji ya Jocotitlán, San Felipe del Progreso na Atlacomulco. Wamazahua ndilo kundi kubwa zaidi la wenyeji asilia katika Estado de México (wakiwatangulia Waotomi/Hñähñu ambao wana uhusiano wa karibu nao), na lugha yao ni miongoni mwa lugha kuu za Otomangue za eneo la kati la Mexico. Kiisimu, Kimazahua kina uhusiano wa karibu na lahaja za Kiotomi (ote, ots, otq), zikishiriki sifa kama vile tofauti za toni, mifumo tata ya konsonanti, na mofolojia ya vitenzi. Wamazahua wameendelea kudumisha utambulisho wao wa kiasili kwa karne nyingi za utawala wa Waazteki na Wahispania, huku kukiwa na uhuishaji mkubwa wa lugha katika karne ya 20 kupitia programu za elimu ya lugha mbili.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kimazahua
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Oto-Mangue (Otomian)
| Maana | Kimazahua | Kiotomi | Kiotomi cha Querétaro | Kinahuatl cha Guerrero | Kichontal cha Tabasco | Kihiligaynon | Kinahuatl cha Huasteca cha Magharibi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | ndeje /ndehe/ | dehe /dehe/ | dehe /tehe/ | atl /atɬ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | tubig /tubiɡ/ | atl /atɬ/ |
| Moto | sibi /sibi/ | tsibi /tsibi/ | tsibi /tsibi/ | tlitl /tɬitɬ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kalayo /kalaˈjo/ | tlitl /tɬitɬ/ |
| Jua | jyarü /hjaɾɨ/ | hyadi /hjadi/ | hyadi /hjadi/ | tonajli /tonahli/ | kʼin /kʼin/ | adlaw /adlaw/ | tonati /tonati/ |
| Mwezi | zana /zana/ | zänä /zãnã/ | zänä /zãnã/ | metztli /metstɬi/ | ä /æ/ | bulan /bulan/ | metztli /metstɬi/ |
| Nyota | seje /sehe/ | tsøhø /tsøhø/ | tsꞌe /tsʼe/ | sitlalin /siˈtɬalin/ | ekʼ /ʔekʼ/ | bituon /bituˈʔon/ | sitlali /siˈtɬali/ |
| Usiku | xomü /ʃomɨ/ | xui /ʃui/ | nxui /nʃui/ | yowalli /jowalːi/ | akʼäb /akʼɨb/ | gab-i /ɡabˈʔi/ | yohuali /jowali/ |
| Mvua | dyebe /djebe/ | däʼye /dãʔje/ | — | quiyahuitl /kijawitɬ/ | — | ulan /ˈʔulan/ | quiyahuitl /kijawitɬ/ |
| Theluji | xitsji /ʃitsʰi/ | tse̲ /tsɛ/ | tꞌaxtse̱ /tʼaʃtsɛ/ | nieve /ˈnjebe/ | nieve /ˈnjebe/ | niyebe /niˈjebe/ | sitlal setl /sitɬal setɬ/ |
| Upepo | ndajma /ndahma/ | ndähi /ndãhi/ | ndähi /ndæhi/ | ajacatl /ahakatɬ/ | — | hangin /haˈŋin/ | ajacatl /ahakatɬ/ |
| Udongo | jõmü /hõmɨ/ | hai /hai/ | hai /hai/ | tlajli /tɬahli/ | lum /lum/ | duta /dutaʔ/ | tlali /tɬali/ |
| Jiwe | ndojo /ndoho/ | do /do/ | do /do/ | tetl /teːtɬ/ | jiʼtun /hiʔtun/ | bato /baˈto/ | tetl /teːtɬ/ |
| Mlima | tʼeje /tʼehe/ | tʼøhø /tʼøhø/ | tꞌoho /tʼoho/ | tepetl /ˈtepeːtɬ/ | tzʼik /tsʼik/ | bukid /ˈbukid/ | tepetl /ˈtepeːtɬ/ |
| Bahari | mar /maɾ/ | lamä /lamã/ | ñhonthe /ɲ̥ontʰe/ | mar /mar/ | nab /nab/ | dagat /ˈdaɡat/ | hueyatl /ˈwejatɬ/ |
| Mama | nana /nana/ | nänä /nãnã/ | mu /mu/ | nanan /nanan/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | nanay /nanaj/ | nana /nana/ |
| Baba | tata /tata/ | dada /dada/ | dada /dada/ | tatah /tatah/ | tat /tat/ | tatay /tataj/ | tata /tata/ |
| Binti | xuntʼi /ʃuntʼi/ | tʼixu /tʼiʃu/ | tꞌinxu /tʼinʃu/ | nochpoch /ˈnotʃpotʃ/ | jixik chʼok /hiʃik tʃʼok/ | anak nga babayi /anak ŋa babaji/ | noichpoca /noitʃˈpoka/ |
| Mimi | nutsʼko /nutsʼko/ | nugä /nuɡã/ | nugä /nuɡæ/ | nejua /neˈwa/ | noʼon /noʔon/ | ako /ʔaˈko/ | na /na/ |
| Wewe | nutskʼe /nutskʼe/ | nuʼi /nuʔi/ | nuꞌi /nuʔi/ | tejua /teˈwa/ | neʼet /neʔet/ | ikaw /ʔiˈkaw/ | ta /ta/ |
| Sisi | nuzgöji / nuzgöjme /nuzɣøhi / nuzɣøhme/ | nugähʉ / nugähe /nuɡãhɨ / nuɡãhe/ | nugähu / nugähe /nuɡæhu / nuɡæhe/ | tejuamej /teˈwameh/ | noʼonla /noʔonla/ | kita / kami /kiˈta / kaˈmi/ | tojuanti /toˈhwanti/ |
| Jina | chjuʼu /tʃʰũʔũ/ | thuhu /tʰũhũ/ | thuuhu /tʰũːhũ/ | tocaitl /toˈkaitɬ/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ | ngalan /ˈŋalan/ | tocaitl /toˈkaitɬ/ |
| Mtu | nte /nte/ | jäʼi /hãʔi/ | jäꞌi /hãʔi/ | tlacatl /ˈtɬakatɬ/ | winik /winik/ | tawo /ˈtawo/ | masehuali /maseˈwali/ |
| Kichwa | ñi /ɲi/ | ñä /ɲã/ | ñä /ɲã/ | tzontecomitl /tsonteˈkomitɬ/ | pam /pam/ | ulo /ˈʔulo/ | tzontecomitl /tsonteˈkomitɬ/ |
| Jicho | chö /tʃø/ | da /da/ | da /da/ | ixtololo /iʃtololo/ | wich /witʃ/ | mata /mata/ | ixteyol /iʃtejol/ |
| Sikio | ngõʼõ /ŋɡõʔõ/ | gu /ɡu/ | gu /ɡu/ | nacas /nakas/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | dulunggan /duluŋˈɡan/ | nacastli /nakastɬi/ |
| Mdomo | neʼe /neʔe/ | ne /ne/ | ne /ne/ | camactli /kaˈmaktɬi/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | baba /ˈbabaʔ/ | camactli /kaˈmaktɬi/ |
| Jino | sʼibi /sʼibi/ | tsʼi /tsʼi/ | tsꞌi /tsʼi/ | tlan /tɬan/ | ej /eh/ | ngipon /ŋiˈpon/ | tlancochtli /tɬankotʃtɬi/ |
| Ulimi | cʼijñi /kʼihɲi/ | jäne /hãne/ | xäne /ʃɐne/ | nenepil /nenepil/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | dila /diˈlaʔ/ | nenepil /nenepil/ |
| Mkono | ye /je/ | ʼye /ʔje/ | ꞌye /ʔje/ | maitl /maitɬ/ | kʼäb /kʼɨb/ | kamot /kamot/ | maitl /maitɬ/ |
| Mguu | ngua /ŋɡwa/ | wa /wa/ | wa /wa/ | icxitl /ikʃitɬ/ | ok /ok/ | tiil /tiˈʔil/ | icxitl /ikʃitɬ/ |
| Moyo | müʼbü /mɨʔbɨ/ | mu̲i /mɨi/ | mui /mui/ | yojlotl /johlotɬ/ | pixan /piʃan/ | tagipusuon /taɡipusuˈʔon/ | yolotl /jolotɬ/ |
| Mfupa | ndotyʼe /ndotjʔe/ | ndoʼyo /ndoʔjo/ | ndoꞌyo /ndoʔjo/ | omitl /omitɬ/ | bak /ɓak/ | tul-an /tulˈʔan/ | omitl /omitɬ/ |
| Damu | kjii /kʰiʔi/ | ji /hi/ | khi /kʰi/ | yestli /jestɬi/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | dugo /duˈɡoʔ/ | estli /estɬi/ |
| Upendo | sʼiya /sʼija/ | mädi /mãdi/ | mädi /mãdi/ | tlazohtla /tɬasoʔtɬa/ | kʼuxbe /kʼuʃbe/ | gugma /ɡuɡma/ | tlasojtla /tɬasohtɬa/ |
| Mti | za /za/ | za /za/ | za /za/ | kojtli /kohtɬi/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | kahoy /kahoj/ | cuahuitl /kʷawitɬ/ |
| Mbwa | dyoʼo /djoʔo/ | ʼyo /ʔjo/ | ꞌyo /ʔjo/ | itzcuintli /itskʷintɬi/ | wichuʼ /witʃuʔ/ | ido /ʔido/ | chichi /tʃitʃi/ |
| Paka | mishi /miʃi/ | mixi /miʃi/ | mishi /miʃi/ | miston /miston/ | ajmis /ahmis/ | kuring /kuɾiŋ/ | mizton /miston/ |
| Samaki | jmõʼõ /xmõʔõ/ | hua /hwa/ | xwa /ʃwa/ | michin /mitʃin/ | buchʼ /butʃʼ/ | isda /ʔisˈdaʔ/ | michi /mitʃi/ |
| Ndege | sʼü /sʼɨ/ | tsʼintsʼu̲ /tsʼintsʼɨ/ | tsꞌintsꞌu /tsʼintsʼu/ | tototl /ˈtototɬ/ | mut /mut/ | pispis /pisˈpis/ | tototl /tototɬ/ |
| Yai | blanquillo /blaŋˈkijo/ | mädo /mãdo/ | tꞌaxi /tʼaʃi/ | totoltetl /totolˈtetɬ/ | säktokʼ /sɨktokʼ/ | itlog /ʔitˈloɡ/ | tecsistli /teksistɬi/ |
| Dubu | oso /oso/ | ʼmuhu /ʔmuhu/ | oso /oso/ | oso /ˈoso/ | oso /ˈoso/ | oso /ˈʔoso/ | oso /oso/ |
| Farasi | pjadü /pʰadɨ/ | fani /fani/ | fani /fani/ | caballo /kaˈbajo/ | tzimim /tsimim/ | kabayo /kaˈbajo/ | cahuayo /kaˈwajo/ |
| Nyumba | ngumü /ŋɡumɨ/ | ngu /ŋɡu/ | ngu /ŋɡu/ | kajli /kahli/ | otot /otot/ | balay /balaj/ | cali /kali/ |
| Maziwa | bʼaa /bʼaː/ | ʼba /ʔba/ | ꞌba /ʔba/ | leche /ˈletʃe/ | leche /letʃe/ | gatas /ˈɡatas/ | lechi /letʃi/ |
| Asali | õtʼapjü ngüjnü /õtʼapʰɨ ŋɡɨhnɨ/ | tʼafi /tʼafi/ | tꞌafi /tʔafi/ | necutli /neˈkutɬi/ | chab /tʃaɓ/ | dugos /duˈɡos/ | nectli /nektɬi/ |
| Chumvi | õʼõ /õʔõ/ | u /u/ | u /u/ | istatl /istatɬ/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | asin /ʔaˈsin/ | istatl /istatɬ/ |
| Mvinyo | vino /ˈbino/ | vinu /ˈbinu/ | ixkatꞌafi /iʃkatʼafi/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | bino /ˈbino/ | xocomeca atl /ʃokomeka atɬ/ |
| Hariri | seda /ˈseda/ | seda /seda/ | — | seda /ˈseda/ | seda /ˈseda/ | seda /ˈseda/ | seda /ˈseda/ |
| Kitabu | libro /ˈlibɾo/ | he̲ʼmi /hɛʔmi/ | heꞌmi /heʔmi/ | libro /ˈlibro/ | jun /hun/ | libro /ˈlibɾo/ | libro /ˈlibro/ |
| Kula | ñe /ɲe/ | ñuni /ɲuni/ | shi /ʃi/ | tlakua /tɬakʷa/ | weʼ /weʔ/ | kaon /kaʔon/ | tlacua /tɬakʷa/ |
| Kunywa | sii /siː/ | tsi /tsi/ | tsi /tsi/ | koni /koni/ | ukʼe /ukʼe/ | inom /ʔinom/ | atli /atɬi/ |
| Kulala | ĩjĩ /ĩhĩ/ | ähä /ãhã/ | ähä /ãhã/ | cochi /ˈkotʃi/ | wäye /wɨje/ | matulog /matuˈloɡ/ | cochi /ˈkotʃi/ |
| Moja | ʼnaja /ʔnaha/ | ʼna /ʔna/ | ꞌna /ʔna/ | ce /se/ | un /un/ | isa /ʔisa/ | se /se/ |
| Mbili | yeje /jehe/ | yoho /joho/ | yoho /joho/ | ome /ˈome/ | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | duha /duˈha/ | ome /ˈome/ |
| Tatu | nʼii /ɲ̥iʔi/ | hñu /hɲu/ | hñu /ɲ̥u/ | yeyi /jeji/ | ux /uʃ/ | tatlo /ˈtatlo/ | eyi /ejiː/ |
| Nne | nziyo /nzijo/ | goho /ɡoho/ | goho /ɡoho/ | nahui /nawi/ | chan /tʃan/ | apat /ˈʔapat/ | nahui /nawi/ |
| Tano | tsiʼchʼa /tsiʔtʃʼa/ | kʉtʼa /kɨtʼa/ | kʉtꞌa /kɨtʔa/ | makuijli /makʷihli/ | joʼ /hoʔ/ | lima /lima/ | macuili /maˈkʷili/ |
| Mia | ciento /ˈsjento/ | nthebe /ntʰebe/ | nthebe /ntʰebe/ | ciento /ˈsjento/ | cien /sjen/ | gatos /ɡaˈtos/ | cien /sjen/ |
| Habari | kjamadhi /kjamaði/ | hatsi /hatsi/ | hä /hã/ | panolti /panolti/ | bin a bel /bin a bel/ | kamusta /kamusta/ | niltze /niltse/ |
| Asante | ndios /ndios/ | jamädi /hamãdi/ | jamädi /hamãdi/ | tlazohcamati /tɬasoʔkamati/ | dios boʼtik /dios boʔtik/ | salamat /salamat/ | tlascamati /tɬaskamati/ |
| Nzuri | nzhomu /nʒomu/ | hño /hɲo/ | hño /hɲo/ | kuajli /kʷahli/ | tsʼak /tsʼak/ | maayo /maʔajo/ | cuali /kʷali/ |
| Mpya | dadyo /dadjo/ | ʼraʼyo /ʔɾaʔjo/ | ꞌraꞌyo /ʔraʔjo/ | yencuic /ˈjenkʷik/ | tzijib /tsihib/ | bag-o /ˈbaɡʔo/ | yancuic /ˈjankʷik/ |
| Nyekundu | mbaja /mbaha/ | the̲ni /tʰɛni/ | theni /tʰeni/ | chichiltik /tʃitʃiltik/ | chäk /tʃɨk/ | pula /puˈla/ | chichiltic /tʃitʃiltik/ |
| Nyeupe | tʼöxü /tʼøʃɨ/ | tʼaxi /tʼaʃi/ | tꞌaxi /tʼaʃi/ | istak /istak/ | säk /sæk/ | maputi /mapuˈtiʔ/ | chipahuac /tʃipawak/ |
| Nyeusi | potjü /potʰɨ/ | ʼbo /ʔbo/ | — | capotztic /kaˈpotstik/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | itom /iˈtom/ | yayahuic /jaˈjawik/ |
| Kijani | cʼanga /kʼaŋɡa/ | kʼantsʼi /kʼantsʼi/ | kꞌangi /kʼaŋi/ | xoxojki /ʃoˈʃohki/ | yäx /jɨʃ/ | berde /ˈbɛrde/ | xoxohuic /ʃoˈʃowik/ |
| Buluu | cʼanga /kʼaŋɡa/ | kʼangi /kʼaŋɡi/ | kꞌangi /kʼaŋi/ | azul /aˈsul/ | yäx /jɨʃ/ | asul /aˈsul/ | azultic /aˈsultik/ |
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