Ao
Kinaga cha Ao
Kichina-Kitibeti (lugha za Naga)
Ao Naga (ISO 639-3: njo) ni lugha ya Kisino-Tibeti inayozungumzwa kama lugha ya kwanza na takribani watu 260,000, hasa katika wilaya ya Mokokchung, jimbo la Nagaland kaskazini-mashariki mwa India. Aina zake kuu ni Chungli, aina yenye hadhi inayotumiwa katika fasihi nyingi na mawasiliano kati ya vijiji, na Mongsen; aina ndogo zinajumuisha Changki. Ao ni lugha ya toni na kwa kiasi kikubwa ina mpangilio wa SOV; Mongsen ni ambatani sana na hutumia zaidi viambishi tamati, ikiwa na mofolojia pana ya vitenzi na toni tatu za kileksika. Tahajia inayotegemea alfabeti ya Kilatini, iliyoletwa kupitia umisionari wa karne ya 19, imeimarika kwa Chungli ya maandishi na kwa kawaida haiandiki toni. Ao hutumiwa nyumbani, makanisani, katika elimu na utangazaji, na ina hazina kubwa ya fasihi iliyochapishwa na ya kidijitali.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kinaga cha Ao
Vyanzo
- Marrison 1967, The Classification of the Naga Languages of North-East India (Chungli Ao), via lexibank/marrisonnaga; Ao Naga C.L. Bible (Bible Society of India), bible.com versions 1008/3663
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kichina-Kitibeti (lugha za Naga)
| Maana | Kinaga cha Ao | Kitshangla | Proto-Sino-Tibet | Kimizo | Kinaga cha Tangkhul | Hakha Chin | Kiadi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | tzü /tsə/ | ri /ɾi/ | *ti(y) /ti(j)/ | tui /tui/ | ze /ze/ | ti /ti/ | ihi /ihi/ |
| Moto | mi /mi/ | mi /mi/ | *mey /mey/ | mei /mei/ | mei /mei/ | mei /mei/ | emi /emi/ |
| Jua | anü /anə/ | ngam /ŋam/ | *nəy /nəy/ | ni /ni/ | nyithui /ɲitʰui/ | ni /ni/ | donyi /doɲi/ |
| Mwezi | ita /ita/ | lanyingam /laɲiŋam/ | *s-la /s-la/ | thla /tʰla/ | lai /lai/ | thla /tʰla/ | polo /polo/ |
| Nyota | petinü /petinə/ | karma /kaɾma/ | *s-kar /s-kar/ | arsi /arsi/ | sira /siraː/ | arfi /ʔarfi/ | takar /takar/ |
| Usiku | aonung /aonuŋ/ | binang /binaŋ/ | *mun /mun/ | zan /zan/ | ngayashong /ŋajaʃoŋ/ | zan /zan/ | yoman /jomaŋ/ |
| Mvua | tzünglu /tsəŋlu/ | ngamsu /ŋamsu/ | *r-wa /r-wa/ | ruah /ruaʔ/ | zingrot /ziŋrot/ | ruah /rua/ | pedong /pedoŋ/ |
| Theluji | rürjep /ɹəɹtʃep/ | phom /pʰom/ | *s-pʷal /s-pʷal/ | vur /vur/ | horam /horam/ | hawhra /hawhra/ | tapam /tapam/ |
| Upepo | mopung /mopuŋ/ | ridi /ɾidi/ | *qV-lij /qV-lij/ | thli /tʰli/ | masi /masi/ | thli /tʰli/ | asar /asar/ |
| Udongo | alima /alima/ | sa /sa/ | *m-l(e/ə)y /m-l(e/ə)j/ | lei /ˈlei̯/ | ngalei /ŋalei/ | vawlei /vawlei/ | among /amoŋ/ |
| Jiwe | lung /luŋ/ | lung /luŋ/ | *r-luŋ /r-luŋ/ | lung /luŋ/ | ngalung /ŋaluŋ/ | lung /luŋ/ | — |
| Mlima | tenem /tenem/ | riwu /ɾiwu/ | *s-gaŋ /s-ɡaŋ/ | tlâng /tlaŋ/ | kaphung /kapʰuŋ/ | tlang /tlaŋ/ | — |
| Bahari | tzüyim /tsəjim/ | jamtsho /dʑamtsʰo/ | — | tuipui /tuipui/ | ngayi /ŋaji/ | rili /rili/ | — |
| Mama | ama /ama/ | ama /ama/ | *ma /ma/ | nu /nu/ | ina /ina/ | nu /nu/ | ane /ane/ |
| Baba | apa /apa/ | apa /apa/ | *pa /pa/ | pa /pa/ | apa /apa/ | pa /pa/ | abu /abu/ |
| Binti | jala /tʃala/ | zamin /zamin/ | — | fanu /fanu/ | nawngalawu /nawŋalawu/ | fanu /fanu/ | ome /ome/ |
| Mimi | ni /ni/ | jang /dʑaŋ/ | *ŋa /ŋa/ | kei /kei/ | i /i/ | kei /kei/ | ngo /ŋo/ |
| Wewe | na /na/ | nan /nan/ | *naŋ /naŋ/ | nang /naŋ/ | na /na/ | nang /naŋ/ | no /no/ |
| Sisi | asenok / onok /asenok / onok/ | ai /ai/ | — /—/ | keini /keini/ | ithum /itʰum/ | kanmah /kanmaʔ/ | ngolu /ŋolu/ |
| Jina | tenüng /tenəŋ/ | ming /miŋ/ | *r-miŋ /r-miŋ/ | hming /hmiŋ/ | amin /amin/ | min /min/ | amin /amin/ |
| Mtu | nisung /nisuŋ/ | songo /soŋo/ | *r-mi(y)-n /r-mi(j)-n/ | mi /mi/ | — | mi /mi/ | tani /tani/ |
| Kichwa | tekolak /tekolak/ | sharang /ɕaɾaŋ/ | *m-gaw /m-gaw/ | lu /lu/ | kui /kui/ | lu /lu/ | dumpo /dumpo/ |
| Jicho | tenük /tenək/ | ming /miŋ/ | *s-mik /s-mik/ | mit /mit/ | mi /mi/ | mit /mit/ | amik /amik/ |
| Sikio | tenarong /tenaɹoŋ/ | na /na/ | *r-na /r̩na/ | beng /beŋ/ | khana /kʰana/ | hna /hna/ | nyarung /ɲaruŋ/ |
| Pua | teni /teni/ | nawung /nawuŋ/ | *s-na /sna/ | hnar /hnar/ | natang /nataŋ/ | hnar /hnar/ | — |
| Mdomo | tebang /tebaŋ/ | nowang /nowaŋ/ | *s-muːr /s-muːr/ | kâ /ka/ | khamor /kʰamor/ | kaa /kaː/ | nappa /nappa/ |
| Jino | tepu /tepu/ | sha /ɕa/ | *s-wa /swa/ | ha /ha/ | ha /ha/ | ha /ha/ | yipung /jipuŋ/ |
| Ulimi | temeli /temeli/ | le /le/ | *mlja /mlja/ | lei /lei/ | male /male/ | lei /lei/ | ayo /ajo/ |
| Mkono | teka /teka/ | gadang /ɡadaŋ/ | *lak /lak/ | kut /kut/ | pang /paŋ/ | kut /kut/ | ali /ali/ |
| Mguu | tetsüng /tətsəŋ/ | bi /bi/ | *r-kaŋ /r-kaŋ/ | ke /ke/ | phei /pʰei/ | ke /ke/ | ale /ale/ |
| Moyo | temulungjang /temuluŋtʃaŋ/ | thinglom /tʰiŋlom/ | — /—/ | thinlung /tʰinluŋ/ | mokyaba /mokjaba/ | lung /luŋ/ | gangki /ɡaŋki/ |
| Mfupa | teret /teɹet/ | khang /kʰaŋ/ | *rus /rus/ | ruh /ruh/ | ara /ara/ | ruh /ruh/ | along /aloŋ/ |
| Damu | azü /azəʔ/ | yi /ji/ | *s-hwəy-t /shwəjt/ | thisen /tʰiseːn/ | ashi /aʃi/ | thi /tʰî/ | ui /ui/ |
| Kinyesi | sü /sə/ | khi /kʰi/ | *kləy /kləj/ | êk /ek/ | paai /paːi/ | ek /ʔek/ | — |
| Upendo | meim /meim/ | phangpe /pʰaŋpe/ | *m-dza-k /m-dza-k/ | hmangaih /hmaŋai/ | cha /tʃa/ | daw /daw/ | kanom /kanom/ |
| Mti | süngdong /səŋdoŋ/ | shing /ɕiŋ/ | *siŋ /siŋ/ | thingkung /tʰiŋkuŋ/ | leiyik /leijik/ | thingkung /tʰiŋkuŋ/ | esing /esiŋ/ |
| Mbwa | azü /azə/ | khu /kʰu/ | *d-kʷəy /d-kʷəy/ | ui /ui/ | ui /ui/ | ui /ui/ | eki /eki/ |
| Paka | tannü /tannə/ | danyi /daɲi/ | — /—/ | zawhte /zɔʔte/ | mibu /mibu/ | minu /minu/ | mero /mero/ |
| Samaki | ango /aŋo/ | nga /ŋa/ | *ŋja /ŋja/ | sangha /saŋha/ | khai /kʰai/ | nga /ŋà/ | ngo /ŋo/ |
| Ndege | ozü /ozə/ | kha /kʰa/ | *bya /bja/ | sava /sava/ | vanao /vanao/ | vate /vaʔteʔ/ | pettang /pettaŋ/ |
| Kipepeo | shinü /ʃinə/ | phenphenma /pʰenpʰenma/ | — | phengphehlep /pʰeŋpʰehlep/ | konghang /koŋhaŋ/ | pelep /pelep/ | — |
| Yai | entsü /entsə/ | gotham /ɡotʰam/ | *ʔu /ʔu/ | artui /artui/ | harra /harra/ | arti /ʔarti/ | — |
| Dubu | shirem /ʃiɹem/ | omsha /omɕa/ | *d-wam /d-wam/ | savawm /savɔm/ | singom /siŋom/ | vom /vom/ | situm /situm/ |
| Farasi | kor /koɹ/ | kurta /kuɾta/ | *s/m-raŋ /s/m-raŋ/ | sakawr /sakɔr/ | sigui /siɡui/ | rang /raŋ/ | — |
| Nyumba | ki /ki/ | phai /pʰai/ | *k-yim /k-jim/ | in /in/ | shim /ʃim/ | inn /in/ | oekum /oekum/ |
| Maziwa | mamatzü /mamatsə/ | nu /nu/ | *s-nəw /s-nəw/ | hnute tui /hnute tui/ | seina /seinə/ | hnuk /hnuk/ | anyun /aɲun/ |
| Asali | mojitzü /motʃitsə/ | — | — | khuaizu /kʰuaizu/ | khuira /kʰuira/ | khuaihliti /kʰuaihliti/ | — |
| Chumvi | metsü /metsə/ | incha /intɕʰa/ | *g-rjum /g-rjum/ | chi /tʃi/ | machi /matʃi/ | ci /tsi/ | alo /alo/ |
| Mchele | jang /tʃaŋ/ | — | *b-ras /b-ras/ | buh /buh/ | mawon /mawon/ | facang /fatsaŋ/ | — |
| Chuma | yin /jin/ | per /peɾ/ | *l-tsyak /l-tsjak/ | thîr /tʰiːr/ | mari /mari/ | thir /tʰir/ | — |
| Hariri | lota sü /lota sə/ | — | — | maimaw /maimɔ/ | kaprangku /kapraŋku/ | pu /pu/ | — |
| Kitabu | kaküt /kakət/ | pecha /petɕʰa/ | — | lehkhabu /leʔkʰabu/ | lairik /lairik/ | cauk /tsauk/ | kitab /kitab/ |
| Kula | achi /atʃi/ | zale /zale/ | *dzya /dzja/ | ei /ei/ | ngui /ŋui/ | ei /ei/ | dod /dod/ |
| Kunywa | ayong /ajoŋ/ | jame /dʑame/ | *s(y)awk /s(j)awk/ | in /in/ | rai /rai/ | din /din/ | tunam /tunam/ |
| Kulala | ayip /ajip/ | yip /jip/ | *yip /jip/ | mut /mut/ | pi /pi/ | it /ʔit/ | — |
| Moja | ka /ka/ | thur /tʰuɾ/ | *tik /tik/ | pakhat /pakʰat/ | kha /kʰa/ | pakhat /pakʰat/ | ako /ako/ |
| Mbili | ana /ana/ | nyiktsing /ɲiktsiŋ/ | *g-nis /g-nis/ | pahnih /pahniʔ/ | khani /kʰani/ | pahnih /pahniʔ/ | anyi /aɲi/ |
| Tatu | asem /asem/ | sam /sam/ | *g-sum /ɡsum/ | pathum /patʰum/ | kathum /katʰum/ | pathum /patʰum/ | aum /aum/ |
| Nne | pezü /pezə/ | pshi /pɕi/ | *b-ləy /bləj/ | pali /pali/ | mati /məti/ | pali /pali/ | api /api/ |
| Tano | pungu /puŋu/ | nga /ŋa/ | *l-ŋaʔ /lŋaʔ/ | panga /paŋa/ | phanga /pʰəŋa/ | panga /paŋa/ | ango /aŋo/ |
| Mia | noklang /noklaŋ/ | gya /ɡʲa/ | *r-gya /rɡja/ | za /za/ | shakha /ʃakʰə/ | za /za/ | — |
| Habari | alile /alile/ | kuzuzangpo /kuzuzaŋpo/ | — /—/ | chibai /tʃibai/ | hayau /hajau/ | na dam maw /na dam maw/ | nasi sukna /nasi sukna/ |
| Asante | ateu /ateu/ | kadrinche /kaɖintɕʰe/ | — /—/ | ka lawm e /ka lɔːm e/ | ase /ase/ | ka lawm /ka lawm/ | nasi /nasi/ |
| Nzuri | tajung /tatʃuŋ/ | lekpu /lekpu/ | *l(j)ak /l(j)ak/ | ṭha /tɾʰa/ | kahei /kahei/ | ṭha /ʈʰa/ | atom /atom/ |
| Mpya | tasen /tasen/ | singma /siŋma/ | *g-sar /g-sar/ | thar /tʰar/ | kathar /katʰar/ | thar /tʰar/ | — |
| Nyekundu | temerem /temeɹem/ | tsalo /tsalo/ | *tya-n /tja-n/ | sen /sen/ | kahunga /kahuŋa/ | sen /sen/ | lelen /lelen/ |
| Nyeupe | temesong /temesoŋ/ | balingmu /baliŋmu/ | *bawk /bawk/ | vâr /var/ | kachar /katʃar/ | raang /raːŋ/ | yalun /jalun/ |
| Nyeusi | tanak /tanak/ | changlu /tɕʰaŋlu/ | *nək /nək/ | dum /dum/ | kachik /katʃik/ | dum /dum/ | yora /jora/ |
| Kijani | tajüm /tatʃəm/ | jangkhu /dʑaŋkʰu/ | — | hring /hriŋ/ | khamateka /kʰamateka/ | hring /hriŋ/ | yaying /jajiŋ/ |
| Chungwa | jemben /tʃemben/ | — | — | serthlum /sertʰlum/ | komola /komola/ | theithu /tʰeitʰu/ | — |
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