Lai Holh
Hakha Chin
Kichina-Kitibeti (Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, kati)
Hakha Chin (Lai Holh) ni lahaja yenye hadhi na lugha ya mawasiliano ya kawaida (lingua franca) ya lugha za Chin (Kuki-Chin), iliyojikita katika mji wa Hakha katika Jimbo la Chin, Myanmar. Hutumika kama njia ya mawasiliano baina ya koo kwa jamii ~50 tofauti zinazohusiana na Chin. Ni lugha ya toni yenye toni tatu zinazotofautisha, na mofolojia changamano ya vitenzi ikiwemo upatanisho wa moja kwa moja/kinyume. Inajulikana kwa diaspora kubwa ya wakimbizi wa Chin huko Indianapolis (~25,000) na Tulsa (~15,000) kufuatia mateso ya kisiasa nchini Myanmar tangu miaka ya 1990 na kuendelea.
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Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Hakha Chin
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Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kichina-Kitibeti (Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, kati)
| Maana | Hakha Chin | Kimizo | Kinaga cha Tangkhul | Proto-Sino-Tibet | Kimeitei | Kiadi | Kitibet cha kale cha kawaida |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | ti /ti/ | tui /tui/ | ze /ze/ | *ti(y) /ti(j)/ | ꯏꯁꯤꯡ /ísiŋ/ | ihi /ihi/ | ཆུ /tɕʰu/ |
| Moto | mei /mei/ | mei /mei/ | mei /mei/ | *mey /mey/ | ꯃꯩ /mə́i/ | emi /emi/ | མེ /me/ |
| Jua | ni /ni/ | ni /ni/ | nyithui /ɲitʰui/ | *nəy /nəy/ | ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ /numit/ | donyi /doɲi/ | ཉི་མ /ɲima/ |
| Mwezi | thla /tʰla/ | thla /tʰla/ | lai /lai/ | *s-la /s-la/ | ꯊꯥ /tʰa/ | polo /polo/ | ཟླ་བ /zlaba/ |
| Nyota | arfi /ʔarfi/ | arsi /arsi/ | sira /siraː/ | *s-kar /s-kar/ | ꯊꯋꯥꯟꯃꯤꯆꯥꯛ /tʰəwanmitʃak/ | takar /takar/ | སྐར་མ /skarma/ |
| Usiku | zan /zan/ | zan /zan/ | ngayashong /ŋajaʃoŋ/ | *mun /mun/ | ꯑꯍꯤꯡ /əhiŋ/ | yoman /jomaŋ/ | མཚན་མོ /mtsʰanmo/ |
| Mvua | ruah /rua/ | ruah /ruaʔ/ | zingrot /ziŋrot/ | *r-wa /r-wa/ | ꯅꯣꯡ /noŋ/ | pedong /pedoŋ/ | ཆར་པ /tɕʰarpa/ |
| Theluji | hawhra /hawhra/ | vur /vur/ | horam /horam/ | *s-pʷal /s-pʷal/ | ꯎꯟ /un/ | tapam /tapam/ | ཁ་བ /kʰaba/ |
| Upepo | thli /tʰli/ | thli /tʰli/ | masi /masi/ | *qV-lij /qV-lij/ | ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯠ /nuŋsit/ | asar /asar/ | རླུང /rluŋ/ |
| Udongo | vawlei /vawlei/ | lei /ˈlei̯/ | ngalei /ŋalei/ | *m-l(e/ə)y /m-l(e/ə)j/ | ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ /lə́ibak/ | among /amoŋ/ | ས /sa/ |
| Jiwe | lung /luŋ/ | lung /luŋ/ | ngalung /ŋaluŋ/ | *r-luŋ /r-luŋ/ | ꯅꯨꯡ /núŋ/ | — | རྡོ /rdo/ |
| Mlima | tlang /tlaŋ/ | tlâng /tlaŋ/ | kaphung /kapʰuŋ/ | *s-gaŋ /s-ɡaŋ/ | ꯆꯤꯡ /tʃíŋ/ | — | རི /ri/ |
| Bahari | rili /rili/ | tuipui /tuipui/ | ngayi /ŋaji/ | — | ꯏꯄꯥꯛ /ípak/ | — | རྒྱ་མཚོ /rɡja mtsʰo/ |
| Mama | nu /nu/ | nu /nu/ | ina /ina/ | *ma /ma/ | ꯏꯃꯥ /íma/ | ane /ane/ | ཨ་མ /ama/ |
| Baba | pa /pa/ | pa /pa/ | apa /apa/ | *pa /pa/ | ꯏꯄꯥ /ípá/ | abu /abu/ | ཕ /pʰa/ |
| Binti | fanu /fanu/ | fanu /fanu/ | nawngalawu /nawŋalawu/ | — | ꯏꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯤ /ítʃanupi/ | ome /ome/ | བུ་མོ /bumo/ |
| Mimi | kei /kei/ | kei /kei/ | i /i/ | *ŋa /ŋa/ | ꯑꯩ /əi/ | ngo /ŋo/ | ང /ŋa/ |
| Wewe | nang /naŋ/ | nang /naŋ/ | na /na/ | *naŋ /naŋ/ | ꯅꯡ /nə́ŋ/ | no /no/ | ཁྱོད /kʰjod/ |
| Sisi | kanmah /kanmaʔ/ | keini /keini/ | ithum /itʰum/ | — /—/ | ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏ /əikʰoi/ | ngolu /ŋolu/ | ངེད /ŋed/ |
| Jina | min /min/ | hming /hmiŋ/ | amin /amin/ | *r-miŋ /r-miŋ/ | ꯃꯤꯡ /miŋ/ | amin /amin/ | མིང /miŋ/ |
| Mtu | mi /mi/ | mi /mi/ | — | *r-mi(y)-n /r-mi(j)-n/ | ꯃꯤ /mí/ | tani /tani/ | མི /mi/ |
| Kichwa | lu /lu/ | lu /lu/ | kui /kui/ | *m-gaw /m-gaw/ | ꯀꯣꯛ /kok/ | dumpo /dumpo/ | མགོ /mɡo/ |
| Jicho | mit /mit/ | mit /mit/ | mi /mi/ | *s-mik /s-mik/ | ꯃꯤꯠ /mit/ | amik /amik/ | མིག /mik/ |
| Sikio | hna /hna/ | beng /beŋ/ | khana /kʰana/ | *r-na /r̩na/ | ꯅꯥꯀꯣꯡ /nakoŋ/ | nyarung /ɲaruŋ/ | རྣ་བ /rnaba/ |
| Pua | hnar /hnar/ | hnar /hnar/ | natang /nataŋ/ | *s-na /sna/ | ꯅꯥꯇꯣꯟ /naton/ | — | སྣ /sna/ |
| Mdomo | kaa /kaː/ | kâ /ka/ | khamor /kʰamor/ | *s-muːr /s-muːr/ | ꯆꯤꯟ /tʃín/ | nappa /nappa/ | ཁ /kʰa/ |
| Jino | ha /ha/ | ha /ha/ | ha /ha/ | *s-wa /swa/ | ꯌꯥ /ja/ | yipung /jipuŋ/ | སོ /so/ |
| Ulimi | lei /lei/ | lei /lei/ | male /male/ | *mlja /mlja/ | ꯂꯩ /ləi/ | ayo /ajo/ | ལྕེ /ltɕe/ |
| Mkono | kut /kut/ | kut /kut/ | pang /paŋ/ | *lak /lak/ | ꯈꯨꯠ /kʰut/ | ali /ali/ | ལག་པ /lakpa/ |
| Mguu | ke /ke/ | ke /ke/ | phei /pʰei/ | *r-kaŋ /r-kaŋ/ | ꯈꯣꯡ /kʰoŋ/ | ale /ale/ | རྐང་པ /rkaŋpa/ |
| Moyo | lung /luŋ/ | thinlung /tʰinluŋ/ | mokyaba /mokjaba/ | — /—/ | ꯊꯝꯃꯣꯏ /tʰəmmoi/ | gangki /ɡaŋki/ | སྙིང /sɲiŋ/ |
| Mfupa | ruh /ruh/ | ruh /ruh/ | ara /ara/ | *rus /rus/ | ꯁꯔꯨ /sə́ru/ | along /aloŋ/ | རུས་པ /ruspa/ |
| Damu | thi /tʰî/ | thisen /tʰiseːn/ | ashi /aʃi/ | *s-hwəy-t /shwəjt/ | ꯏ /í/ | ui /ui/ | ཁྲག /kʰraɡ/ |
| Kinyesi | ek /ʔek/ | êk /ek/ | paai /paːi/ | *kləy /kləj/ | ꯊꯤ /tʰí/ | — | རྐྱག་པ /rkjakpa/ |
| Upendo | daw /daw/ | hmangaih /hmaŋai/ | cha /tʃa/ | *m-dza-k /m-dza-k/ | ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯕ /nuŋsibə/ | kanom /kanom/ | དགའ་བ /dɡaba/ |
| Mti | thingkung /tʰiŋkuŋ/ | thingkung /tʰiŋkuŋ/ | leiyik /leijik/ | *siŋ /siŋ/ | ꯎ /u/ | esing /esiŋ/ | ཤིང /ɕiŋ/ |
| Mbwa | ui /ui/ | ui /ui/ | ui /ui/ | *d-kʷəy /d-kʷəy/ | ꯍꯨꯏ /húi/ | eki /eki/ | ཁྱི /kʰji/ |
| Paka | minu /minu/ | zawhte /zɔʔte/ | mibu /mibu/ | — /—/ | ꯍꯧꯗꯣꯡ /hə́udoŋ/ | mero /mero/ | བྱི་ལ /bjila/ |
| Samaki | nga /ŋà/ | sangha /saŋha/ | khai /kʰai/ | *ŋja /ŋja/ | ꯉꯥ /ŋá/ | ngo /ŋo/ | ཉ /ɲa/ |
| Ndege | vate /vaʔteʔ/ | sava /sava/ | vanao /vanao/ | *bya /bja/ | ꯎꯆꯦꯛ /utʃek/ | pettang /pettaŋ/ | བྱ /bja/ |
| Kipepeo | pelep /pelep/ | phengphehlep /pʰeŋpʰehlep/ | konghang /koŋhaŋ/ | — | ꯀꯨꯔꯥꯛ /kurak/ | — | ཕྱེ་མ་ལེབ /pʰje ma leb/ |
| Yai | arti /ʔarti/ | artui /artui/ | harra /harra/ | *ʔu /ʔu/ | ꯌꯦꯔꯨꯝ /jerum/ | — | སྒོ་ང /sɡoŋa/ |
| Dubu | vom /vom/ | savawm /savɔm/ | singom /siŋom/ | *d-wam /d-wam/ | ꯁꯑꯣꯝ /səom/ | situm /situm/ | དོམ /dom/ |
| Farasi | rang /raŋ/ | sakawr /sakɔr/ | sigui /siɡui/ | *s/m-raŋ /s/m-raŋ/ | ꯁꯒꯣꯜ /səɡol/ | — | རྟ /rta/ |
| Nyumba | inn /in/ | in /in/ | shim /ʃim/ | *k-yim /k-jim/ | ꯌꯨꯝ /júm/ | oekum /oekum/ | ཁྱིམ /kʰjim/ |
| Maziwa | hnuk /hnuk/ | hnute tui /hnute tui/ | seina /seinə/ | *s-nəw /s-nəw/ | ꯁꯡꯒꯣꯝ /səŋɡom/ | anyun /aɲun/ | འོ་མ /oma/ |
| Asali | khuaihliti /kʰuaihliti/ | khuaizu /kʰuaizu/ | khuira /kʰuira/ | — | ꯈꯣꯏꯍꯤ /kʰoihi/ | — | སྦྲང་རྩི /sbraŋ rtsi/ |
| Chumvi | ci /tsi/ | chi /tʃi/ | machi /matʃi/ | *g-rjum /g-rjum/ | ꯊꯨꯝ /tʰum/ | alo /alo/ | ཚྭ /tsʰwa/ |
| Mvinyo | misur hang /misur haŋ/ | uain /uain/ | drakhara /drakʰaːra/ | — | — | onggur alang /oŋɡur alaŋ/ | རྒུན་ཆང /rɡun tɕʰaŋ/ |
| Mchele | facang /fatsaŋ/ | buh /buh/ | mawon /mawon/ | *b-ras /b-ras/ | ꯆꯦꯡ /tʃéŋ/ | — | འབྲས /bras/ |
| Chokoleti | chocolate | chocolate | — | — | ꯆꯣꯀꯣꯂꯦꯠ /tʃokolet/ | — | — |
| Chuma | thir /tʰir/ | thîr /tʰiːr/ | mari /mari/ | *l-tsyak /l-tsjak/ | ꯌꯣꯠ /jot/ | — | ལྕགས /ltɕaɡs/ |
| Gurudumu | kekual /kekual/ | tawlailîr ke /tɔlailiːr ke/ | kangphei /kaŋpʰei/ | — | ꯀꯥꯡꯈꯣꯡ /kaŋkʰoŋ/ | — | འཁོར་ལོ /kʰor lo/ |
| Hariri | pu /pu/ | maimaw /maimɔ/ | kaprangku /kapraŋku/ | — | ꯀꯕ꯭ꯔꯡ /kəbrəŋ/ | — | དར /dar/ |
| Kitabu | cauk /tsauk/ | lehkhabu /leʔkʰabu/ | lairik /lairik/ | — | ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ /lairik/ | kitab /kitab/ | དཔེ་ཆ /dpe tɕʰa/ |
| Kula | ei /ei/ | ei /ei/ | ngui /ŋui/ | *dzya /dzja/ | ꯆꯥꯕ /tʃábə/ | dod /dod/ | བཟའ /bza/ |
| Kunywa | din /din/ | in /in/ | rai /rai/ | *s(y)awk /s(j)awk/ | ꯊꯛꯄ /tʰəkpə/ | tunam /tunam/ | འཐུང /tʰuŋ/ |
| Kulala | it /ʔit/ | mut /mut/ | pi /pi/ | *yip /jip/ | ꯇꯨꯝꯕ /túmbə/ | — | ཉལ /ɲal/ |
| Moja | pakhat /pakʰat/ | pakhat /pakʰat/ | kha /kʰa/ | *tik /tik/ | ꯑꯃ /əmə/ | ako /ako/ | གཅིག /ɡtɕik/ |
| Mbili | pahnih /pahniʔ/ | pahnih /pahniʔ/ | khani /kʰani/ | *g-nis /g-nis/ | ꯑꯅꯤ /əni/ | anyi /aɲi/ | གཉིས /ɡɲis/ |
| Tatu | pathum /patʰum/ | pathum /patʰum/ | kathum /katʰum/ | *g-sum /ɡsum/ | ꯑꯍꯨꯝ /əhum/ | aum /aum/ | གསུམ /ɡsum/ |
| Nne | pali /pali/ | pali /pali/ | mati /məti/ | *b-ləy /bləj/ | ꯃꯔꯤ /məri/ | api /api/ | བཞི /bʑi/ |
| Tano | panga /paŋa/ | panga /paŋa/ | phanga /pʰəŋa/ | *l-ŋaʔ /lŋaʔ/ | ꯃꯉꯥ /məŋa/ | ango /aŋo/ | ལྔ /lŋa/ |
| Mia | za /za/ | za /za/ | shakha /ʃakʰə/ | *r-gya /rɡja/ | ꯆꯥꯃ /tʃamə/ | — | བརྒྱ /brɡja/ |
| Habari | na dam maw /na dam maw/ | chibai /tʃibai/ | hayau /hajau/ | — /—/ | ꯈꯨꯔꯨꯝꯖꯔꯤ /kʰurumdʒəri/ | nasi sukna /nasi sukna/ | བཀྲ་ཤིས་བདེ་ལེགས /bkra ɕis bde leɡs/ |
| Asante | ka lawm /ka lawm/ | ka lawm e /ka lɔːm e/ | ase /ase/ | — /—/ | ꯊꯥꯒꯠꯆꯔꯤ /tʰáɡəttʃəri/ | nasi /nasi/ | ཐུགས་རྗེ་ཆེ /tʰuksrdʑe tɕʰe/ |
| Nzuri | ṭha /ʈʰa/ | ṭha /tɾʰa/ | kahei /kahei/ | *l(j)ak /l(j)ak/ | ꯑꯐꯕ /əpʰəbə/ | atom /atom/ | ཡག་པོ /jakpo/ |
| Mpya | thar /tʰar/ | thar /tʰar/ | kathar /katʰar/ | *g-sar /g-sar/ | ꯑꯅꯧꯕ /ənəubə/ | — | གསར་པ /ɡsarpa/ |
| Nyekundu | sen /sen/ | sen /sen/ | kahunga /kahuŋa/ | *tya-n /tja-n/ | ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕ /əŋáŋbə/ | lelen /lelen/ | དམར་པོ /dmar po/ |
| Nyeupe | raang /raːŋ/ | vâr /var/ | kachar /katʃar/ | *bawk /bawk/ | ꯑꯉꯧꯕ /əŋəubə/ | yalun /jalun/ | དཀར་པོ /dkar po/ |
| Nyeusi | dum /dum/ | dum /dum/ | kachik /katʃik/ | *nək /nək/ | ꯑꯃꯨꯕ /əmubə/ | yora /jora/ | ནག་པོ /nag po/ |
| Kijani | hring /hriŋ/ | hring /hriŋ/ | khamateka /kʰamateka/ | — | ꯑꯁꯡꯕ /əsəŋbə/ | yaying /jajiŋ/ | ལྗང་ཁུ /ldʑaŋkʰu/ |
| Kompyuta | computer | computer | — | — | — | — | རྩིས་པ /rtsis pa/ |
| Chai | lakphak /lakpʰak/ | thingpui /tʰiŋpui/ | — | — | ꯆꯥ /tʃa/ | — | ཇ /dʑa/ |
| Kahawa | coffee | coffee | — | — | ꯀꯣꯐꯤ /kopʰi/ | — | — |
| Sukari | cini /tsini/ | chithlum /tʃitʰlum/ | chini /tʃini/ | — | ꯆꯤꯅꯤ /tʃini/ | — | — |
| Chungwa | theithu /tʰeitʰu/ | serthlum /sertʰlum/ | komola /komola/ | — | ꯀꯣꯝꯂꯥ /komla/ | — | — |
| 99 | sawmkua le pakua /sɔmkua le pakua/ | sawmkua leh pakua /sɔmkua leʔ pakua/ | hangchikoda chiko /haŋtʃikoda tʃiko/ | — | ꯃꯔꯤꯐꯨꯇꯔꯥꯃꯥꯄꯟ /məripʰutərámapən/ | — | དགུ་བཅུ་གོ་དགུ /dɡu btɕu ɡo dɡu/ |
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