Pinuyumayan
Kipuyuma
Kiaustronesia
Kipuyuma (Pinuyumayan) ni mojawapo ya lugha ndogo zaidi na zenye tofauti kubwa zaidi miongoni mwa lugha za Kiaustronesia za Kiformosa, tawi la msingi la Kiaustronesia ndani ya lugha za asili za Taiwan. Kundi la Kipuyuma linasimama tofauti na matawi mengine ya Kiformosa (Kiatayali, Kitsou, Kipaiwani, Kirukai, n.k.), jambo linalofanya Kipuyuma kuwa muhimu kwa isimu ya kihistoria ya Kiaustronesia — kinahifadhi sifa zilizopotea kwingineko. Kinazungumzwa na takriban watu 3,000 wa Puyuma katika vijiji vinane vya eneo la Beinan karibu na Taitung kusini-mashariki mwa Taiwan. Mila za kitamaduni ni pamoja na tambiko la uwindaji la Mangmahut na muundo wa jamii ya wakaazi wa tambarare wa Mangayaw, ambao ni wa kufuata ukoo wa mama — sifa ya pekee miongoni mwa makundi ya wenyeji wa Taiwan (mengi yao hufuata ukoo wa baba).
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kipuyuma
walru
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kiaustronesia
| Maana | Kipuyuma | Kimalei cha Kale | Kipaiwan | Kisakizaya | Proto-Austronesia | Kibunun | Kitao |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | enay /enai/ | air /air/ | zaljum /zaʎum/ | nanum /nanum/ | *daNum /daNum/ | danum /danum/ | ranom /ranom/ |
| Moto | apuy /apui/ | api /api/ | sapuy /sapui/ | lamal /lamal/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | sapuz /sapuz/ | apuy /apuj/ |
| Jua | kadaw /kadaw/ | matari /matari/ | qadaw /qadaw/ | cidal /tʃidal/ | *waRi /waRi/ | vali /vali/ | araw /araw/ |
| Mwezi | bulan /buɭan/ | bulan /bulan/ | qiljas /qiʎas/ | bulad /bulad/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ | buan /buan/ | vehan /vehan/ |
| Nyota | vituwan /vituwan/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | vituqan /vituqan/ | boʼis /boʔis/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | vituen /vituən/ |
| Usiku | ʼarmeng /ʔarməŋ/ | malam /malam/ | qezemezemetj /qəzəməzəmətʲ/ | labiʼ /labiʔ/ | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | labian /labian/ | mahep /mahəp/ |
| Mvua | ʼudal /ʔudal/ | — | qudjalj /quɟaʎ/ | ʼudad /ʔuðað/ | *quzaN /quzaN/ | qudan /qudan/ | cimoy /tsimoi/ |
| Theluji | urelra /uɾəla/ | — | sulja /suʎa/ | sulda /sulda/ | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ | paav /paav/ | — |
| Upepo | bali /baɭi/ | — | vali /vali/ | baliʼ /baliʔ/ | *bali /bali/ | luvluv /luvluv/ | pagpag /paɡpaɡ/ |
| Udongo | dare /ðarə/ | — | qipu /qipu/ | lalaʼ /ɾaɾaʔ/ | *taneq /taneq/ | dalah /dalah/ | tana /tana/ |
| Jiwe | barasa /barasa/ | batu /batu/ | qaciljai /qatsiʎai/ | baʼtu /baʔtu/ | *batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | vato /vato/ |
| Mlima | zenan /ʐənan/ | — | gadu /ɡadu/ | buyuʼ /bujuʔ/ | *bukij /bukij/ | ludun /ludun/ | tokon /tokon/ |
| Bahari | lrevek /ɭəvək/ | — | ljavek /ʎavək/ | bayu /baju/ | *tenem /tenem/ | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | wawa /wawa/ |
| Mama | ina /ina/ | ibu /ibu/ | kina /kina/ | ina /ina/ | *ina /ina/ | tina /tina/ | ina /ina/ |
| Baba | ama /ama/ | bapa /bapa/ | kama /kama/ | ama /ama/ | *ama /ama/ | tama /tama/ | ama /ama/ |
| Binti | walrak na babayan /waɭak na babajan/ | — | aljak a vavayan /aʎak a vavajan/ | tatayna a wawa /tatajna a wawa/ | — | uvaazpingaz /uvaazpiŋaz/ | anak a mavakes /anak a mavakes/ |
| Mimi | kuiku /kuiku/ | aku /aku/ | tiaken /tiakən/ | zaku /ʐaku/ | *aku /aku/ | saikin /saikin/ | yaken /jakən/ |
| Wewe | yu /ju/ | kamu /kamu/ | sun /sun/ | kisu /kisu/ | *iSu /iSu/ | suu /suʔu/ | imo /ʔimo/ |
| Sisi | taita / mimi /taita / mimi/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | titjen / tiamen /titʲən / tiamən/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | yaten / yamen /jatən / jamən/ |
| Jina | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngangan /ŋaŋan/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ |
| Mtu | trau /ʈau/ | — | caucau /tsautsau/ | tademaw /tadəmaw/ | *Cau /tsau/ | bunun /bunun/ | tao /tao/ |
| Kichwa | tranguruʼ /ʈaŋuɾuʔ/ | — | qulu /qulu/ | tangah /taŋah/ | *quluh /quluh/ | bungu /buŋu/ | oo /oo/ |
| Jicho | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | maca /matsa/ | mata /mata/ | *maCa /maCa/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ |
| Sikio | tangila /taŋiɭa/ | — | caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | tangilaʼ /taŋilaʔ/ | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | tainga /taiŋa/ | talinga /taˈliŋa/ |
| Pua | tingran /tiŋɾan/ | — | ŋudus /ŋudus/ | cihek /tsihək/ | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ | ngutus /ŋutus/ | momodan /momodan/ |
| Mdomo | indan /indan/ | — | angal /aŋaɭ/ | laway /lawaj/ | — | ngulus /ŋulus/ | ngongoy /ŋoŋoj/ |
| Jino | wali /wali/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | alis /aɭis/ | ngipən /ŋipən/ | *nipen /nipen/ | nipun /nipun/ | nepen /nəpən/ |
| Ulimi | lidam /ɭiɖam/ | lidah /lidah/ | sema /səma/ | səmaʼ /səmaʔ/ | *Sema /Sema/ | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | lila /lilaʔ/ |
| Mkono | lima /lima/ | tangan /taŋan/ | lima /lima/ | kamay /kamai/ | *lima /lima/ | ima /ima/ | kamay /kamaj/ |
| Mguu | kuy /kui/ | — | — | — | *qaqay /qaqay/ | bantas /bantas/ | ai /ai/ |
| Moyo | kalumetan /kalumetan/ | hati /hati/ | varung /vaɾuŋ/ | gawang /ɡawaŋ/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ | paso /paso/ |
| Mfupa | ukak /ukak/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | cuqelalj /tsuqəlaʎ/ | ʼukak /ʔukak/ | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | toang /toaŋ/ |
| Damu | damuk /damuk/ | darah /darah/ | djamuq /ɟamuq/ | ʼidang /ʔidaŋ/ | *daRaq /daRaq/ | haidang /haidaŋ/ | rala /ralaʔ/ |
| Kinyesi | traʼi /ʈaʔi/ | — | caqi /tsaqi/ | taiʼ /taiʔ/ | *Caqi /tsaqi/ | taki /taki/ | obot /obot/ |
| Upendo | ulaw /ulaw/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | nasaqaqa /nasaqaqa/ | maolah /maolah/ | — /—/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | makakdeng /makakdəŋ/ |
| Mti | kawi /kawi/ | kayu /kaju/ | kasiw /kasiw/ | kilang /kilaŋ/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | kahu /kahu/ | kayo /kajo/ |
| Mbwa | suwan /suwan/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | vatu /vatu/ | waco /watʃo/ | *asu /asu/ | asu /asu/ | ino /ino/ |
| Paka | kating /katiŋ/ | — /—/ | ngiaw /ŋiaw/ | posi /posi/ | — /—/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | koving /koviŋ/ |
| Samaki | kuraw /kuɾaw/ | ikan /ikan/ | ciqaw /tsiqaw/ | buting /butiŋ/ | *Sikan /Sikan/ | iskan /iskan/ | among /amoŋ/ |
| Ndege | ayam /ajam/ | burung /buruŋ/ | qayaqayam /qajaqajam/ | ayam /ajam/ | *manuk /manuk/ | hazam /hazam/ | laciw /latsiw/ |
| Kipepeo | aribanglranglrawan /aɾibaŋɭaŋɭawan/ | — | pepe /pəpə/ | adipapang /adipapaŋ/ | *baŋbaŋ /baŋbaŋ/ | balikuan /balikuan/ | pahapahad no anito /pahapahad no anito/ |
| Yai | bitrenun /biʈənun/ | — | qecilu /qətsiɭu/ | tiʼkuk /tiʔkuk/ | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | lububunun /lububunun/ | icioy /itsioj/ |
| Dubu | trumay /ʈumaj/ | — | cumay /tsumai/ | tumay /tumai/ | *Cumay /Cumay/ | tumaz /tumað/ | — |
| Farasi | eva /əva/ | — | rigi /ɾiɡi/ | kabayu /kabaju/ | — | tasasikis /tasasikis/ | — |
| Nyumba | ruma /ɾuma/ | rumah /rumah/ | umaq /umaq/ | luma /luma/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | lumaq /lumaq/ | vahay /vahaj/ |
| Maziwa | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | — | hacul /hatsul/ | — | susu /susu/ | mizoko /mizoko/ |
| Asali | kawalruwan /kawaɭuwan/ | — | alju /aʎu/ | waneng nu wadu /wanəŋ nu wadu/ | — | vanu /vanu/ | — |
| Chumvi | iyam /ijam/ | garam /ɡaram/ | qatia /qatia/ | cikah /tsikah/ | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ | hasila /hasila/ | asin /asin/ |
| Mvinyo | kutra /kuʈa/ | — | vava /vava/ | — | — | — | potaw cyo /potaw tsjo/ |
| Mchele | veras /vəɾas/ | — | paday /padai/ | belac /bəlats/ | *beRas /beRas/ | cilas /tsilas/ | mogis /moɡis/ |
| Chuma | batulrayaw /batuɭajaw/ | — | vatjuljayan /vatʲuʎajan/ | mukin /mukin/ | *Namat /Namat/ | ngul-a /ŋulʔa/ | vahalang /vahalaŋ/ |
| Gurudumu | mutralatralaw /muʈalaʈalaw/ | — | tjukutjuku /tʲukutʲuku/ | bihel /bihel/ | — | tauntaun /tauntaun/ | — |
| Kitabu | valray /vaɭaj/ | — | sapitj /sapitʲ/ | cudad /tsudad/ | — | patasan /patasan/ | vakong /vakoŋ/ |
| Kula | kuman /kuman/ | makan /makan/ | keman /kəman/ | hekal /hekal/ | *kaen /kaen/ | maun /maun/ | kuman /kuman/ |
| Kunywa | enpa /enpa/ | minum /minum/ | temekel /təməkəl/ | mihecak /mihetʃak/ | *inum /inum/ | muqun /muqun/ | minum /minum/ |
| Kulala | alrupeʼ /aɭupəʔ/ | tidur /tidur/ | qemreng /qəmɾəŋ/ | mabiʼ /mabiʔ/ | *tuduR /tuduR/ | masabah /masabah/ | mitkeh /mitkəh/ |
| Moja | sa /sa/ | sa /sa/ | ita /ita/ | cacay /tʃatʃai/ | *isa /isa/ | tasa /tasa/ | asa /asa/ |
| Mbili | zua /ʐua/ | dua /dua/ | drusa /ɖusa/ | tusa /tusa/ | *duSa /duSa/ | dusa /dusa/ | doa /doa/ |
| Tatu | telu /təlu/ | tlu /tlu/ | tjelu /tʲəlu/ | tulu /tulu/ | *telu /telu/ | tau /tau/ | tilo /tilo/ |
| Nne | pat /pat/ | mpat /əmpat/ | sepatj /səpatʲ/ | sepat /səpat/ | *Sepat /səpat/ | paat /paːt/ | apat /apat/ |
| Tano | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ | hima /hima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Mia | saleman /saɭəman/ | ratus /ratus/ | taidai /taidai/ | lasubu /lasubu/ | *RaCus /RaCus/ | saba /saba/ | ranaw /ranaw/ |
| Habari | marayas /maɾajas/ | — /—/ | masalu /masalu/ | marayas /maɾajas/ | — /—/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | akokay /akokaj/ |
| Asante | kasapakan /kasapakan/ | — /—/ | masalu /masalu/ | lalumahan /lalumahan/ | — /—/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | ayoy /ajoj/ |
| Nzuri | mauruway /mauɾuwai/ | baik /baik/ | nguanguaq /ŋuaŋuaq/ | kapah /kapah/ | — /—/ | masial /masial/ | mapia /mapia/ |
| Mpya | bekal /bəkaɭ/ | — | vaquan /vaquan/ | baluhay /baluhaj/ | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ | bahlu /baɬu/ | vayo /vajo/ |
| Nyekundu | midarang /miɖaraŋ/ | merah /merah/ | qudjidjilj /quɟiɟiʎ/ | sumanah /sumanah/ | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | mivalah /mivalah/ |
| Nyeupe | bulenan /buɭənan/ | putih /putih/ | vuqavuqalj /vuqavuqaʎ/ | sanglac /saŋlatʃ/ | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | malavang /malavaŋ/ |
| Nyeusi | udedem /uɖəɖəm/ | hitam /hitam/ | qucengecengel /qutsəŋətsəŋəl/ | lumeniʼ /luməniʔ/ | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | mavaheng /mavahəŋ/ |
| Kijani | miraʼat /miraʔat/ | — | liljuas /ɭiʎuas/ | langdaway /laŋdawaj/ | — | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | mogaraw /moɡaraw/ |
| Buluu | tremangiya /ʈəmaŋija/ | — | cangiangia /tsaŋiaŋia/ | sumilaway /sumilawaj/ | — | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | mogaraw /moɡaraw/ |
| Kompyuta | tinnaw /tinnaw/ | — | tinnaw /tinnaw/ | tingnaw /tiŋnaw/ | — | tinnau /tinnau/ | tiannaw /tiannaw/ |
| Sukari | walru | — | ljualju /ʎuaʎu/ | waneng /wanəŋ/ | — | kamasia /kamasia/ | satto |
| 99 | makaiwa zi iwaya /makaiwa ʐi iwaja/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
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