Sora
Lugha ya Sora
Kiaustroasia (Munda)
Kisora, pia huitwa Kisaora au Kisavara (𑃐𑃚𑃝; ISO 639-3: srb), ni lugha ya Kimunda Kusini katika familia ya Kiaustroasia inayozungumzwa hasa na jamii za Wasora kusini mwa Odisha na kaskazini mwa Andhra Pradesh, India. Haipaswi kuchanganywa na Kisavara cha Kidravidia chenye msimbo svr. Kisora kwa kawaida kina mpangilio kiima–yambwa–kitenzi na mofolojia ambatani tajiri, ikiwemo maumbo changamano ya vitenzi na kundi mashuhuri la nomino za “viunganishi vya maana” zinazobainisha mahusiano ya nafasi na mengine. Huandikwa kwa hati kadhaa: Sora Sompeng iliyobuniwa na Mangei Gomango mwaka 1936, pamoja na hati za Odia, Telugu na Kilatini, huku matumizi yakitofautiana kwa eneo na taasisi. Kisora hakijaorodheshwa katika Jedwali la Nane la India; urithishaji bado ni imara katika baadhi ya jamii, lakini shinikizo la Odia na Telugu, elimu ndogo shuleni na ujuzi usio sawa wa kusoma na kuandika vinafanya uhai wake wa muda mrefu uwe hatarini.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Lugha ya Sora
Vyanzo
- Peiros, I. (2004) Genetic classification of Austro-Asiatic languages, lexibank/peirosaustroasiatic, Sora. The row copies it with ʔ written ʼ: gənúr and ləbó (accents included), toʔoge, uyung, togal, areng, baru, mandra, bʼob, lʼud, mʼu, tʼod, jiʼi, minyam, ara, kinsod, ontid, arre, jum, ga-, bangsa, tamme, jʼe, palu, jaga, gən. Wiktionary Sora lemmas (ronko 'husked rice', tamme 'new', ajo 'fish', wa'an 'father'). Checked against Ramamurti, G. V. (1938) Sora-English Dictionary, Madras, archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98075 (kom-bud 'bear', bəsid 'salt', su:ŋ 'house', aŋga:j 'moon', tuj-tuj 'star')
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kiaustroasia (Munda)
| Maana | Lugha ya Sora | Kisantali | Kiho | Kimundari | Kigaro | Kitao | Kibru cha Mashariki |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | daʼa /daʔa/ | ᱫᱟᱜ /daʔ/ | daʼ /daʔ/ | daʼ /daʔ/ | chi· /tʃiʔ/ | ranom /ranom/ | daak /daːk/ |
| Moto | toʼoge /toʔoɡe/ | ᱥᱮᱝᱜᱮᱞ /seŋɡel/ | sengel /seŋɡel/ | sengel /seŋɡel/ | wa·al /waʔal/ | apuy /apuj/ | oih /ʔoiʔ/ |
| Jua | uyung /ujuŋ/ | ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱤ /siŋɡi/ | singi /siŋɡi/ | singi /siŋɡi/ | sal /sal/ | araw /araw/ | mat plei /mat plei/ |
| Mwezi | angai /aŋai/ | ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱳ /tʃãndo/ | chanduʼ /tʃanɖuʔ/ | chandu /tʃandu/ | jajong /dʒadʒoŋ/ | vehan /vehan/ | kasai /kasai/ |
| Nyota | tujtuj /tudʒtudʒ/ | ᱤᱯᱤᱞ /ipil/ | ipil /ipil/ | ipil /ipil/ | aski /aski/ | vituen /vituən/ | mansơ /mənsɤ/ |
| Usiku | togal /toɡal/ | ᱱᱤᱫᱟ /nida/ | nida /nida/ | nida /nida/ | wal /wal/ | mahep /mahəp/ | sadâu /sədaw/ |
| Mvua | gənúr /ɡənur/ | ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ /dʒəɽi/ | gama /ɡama/ | gama /ɡama/ | mikka /mikka/ | cimoy /tsimoi/ | mia /mia/ |
| Udongo | ləbó /ləbo/ | ᱚᱛ /ɔt/ | hasa /hasa/ | hasa /hasa/ | ha·a /haʔa/ | tana /tana/ | cutễq /kuteʔ/ |
| Jiwe | areng /areŋ/ | ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ /dʱiri/ | diri /diri/ | diri /diri/ | rong·ti /roŋʔti/ | vato /vato/ | tamáu /təmaw/ |
| Mlima | baru /baru/ | ᱵᱩᱨᱩ /buru/ | buru /buru/ | buru /buru/ | ha·bri /haʔbri/ | tokon /tokon/ | cóh /kɔh/ |
| Mama | — /—/ | ᱟᱭᱳ /ajo/ | enga /enɡa/ | ayo /ajo/ | ama /ama/ | ina /ina/ | amey /amej/ |
| Baba | waʼan /waʔan/ | ᱟᱯᱟᱹ /apə/ | apu /apu/ | apu /apu/ | apa /apa/ | ama /ama/ | amung /amuŋ/ |
| Mimi | ɲen /ɲɛn/ | ᱤᱧ /iɲ/ | añ /aɲ/ | aiñ /aiɲ/ | anga /aŋa/ | yaken /jakən/ | cứq /kɯʔ/ |
| Wewe | am /am/ | ᱟᱢ /am/ | am /am/ | am /am/ | na·a /naʔa/ | imo /ʔimo/ | mới /mɤːj/ |
| Sisi | anlen /anlen/ | ᱟᱵᱚ / ᱟᱞᱮ /abo / ale/ | abu / ale /abu / ale/ | abu / ale /abu / ale/ | chinga / an·ching /tʃiŋa / anʔtʃiŋ/ | yaten / yamen /jatən / jamən/ | hái / hếq /haj / heʔ/ |
| Jina | ɲum /ɲum/ | ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ /ɲutum/ | nutum /nutum/ | nutum /nutum/ | bimung /bimuŋ/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ramoh /rəmɔːh/ |
| Mtu | mandra /mandra/ | ᱦᱚᱲ /hɔɽ/ | ho /ho/ | horo /hoɽo/ | mande /mande/ | tao /tao/ | cũai /kuaj/ |
| Kichwa | bʼob /bʔob/ | ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ /bohoʔ/ | boʼ /boʔ/ | boʼ /boʔ/ | sko /sko/ | oo /oo/ | plỡ /plɤ/ |
| Jicho | mʼod /mʔod/ | ᱢᱮᱫ /met/ | med /meɖ/ | med /med/ | mikron /mikron/ | mata /mata/ | mat /mat/ |
| Sikio | lʼud /lʔud/ | ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ /lutur/ | lutur /lutur/ | lutur /lutur/ | nachil /natʃil/ | talinga /taˈliŋa/ | cutũr /kutur/ |
| Pua | mʼu /mʔu/ | ᱢᱩ /mũ/ | muta /muʈa/ | mu /mũ/ | gingting /ɡiŋtiŋ/ | momodan /momodan/ | muh /muh/ |
| Mdomo | tʼod /tʔod/ | ᱢᱚᱪᱟ /mɔtʃa/ | aa /aː/ | moca /motʃa/ | ku·sik /kuʔsik/ | ngongoy /ŋoŋoj/ | bỗq /ɓoʔ/ |
| Jino | jiʼi /dʒiʔi/ | ᱫᱟᱴᱟ /daʈa/ | data /daʈa/ | data /data/ | wagam /waɡam/ | nepen /nəpən/ | kanêng /kəneŋ/ |
| Ulimi | alang /alaŋ/ | ᱟᱞᱟᱝ /alaŋ/ | leʼ /leʔ/ | leʼ /leʔ/ | sre /sre/ | lila /lilaʔ/ | liayh /liajh/ |
| Mkono | si /si/ | ᱛᱤ /tiː/ | ti /ti/ | ti /ti/ | jak /dʒak/ | kamay /kamaj/ | ati /ati/ |
| Mguu | jeng /dʒeŋ/ | ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱟ /dʒaŋɡa/ | kata /kata/ | kata /kata/ | ja·pa /dʒapa/ | ai /ai/ | ayững /ajɨːŋ/ |
| Moyo | suʼun /suʔun/ | ᱢᱳᱱ /mon/ | jii /dʒiː/ | jiu /dʒiu/ | ka·tong /kaʔtoŋ/ | paso /paso/ | plong /ploŋ/ |
| Mfupa | ayang /ajaŋ/ | ᱡᱟᱝ /dʒaŋ/ | jang /dʒaŋ/ | jang /dʒaŋ/ | greng /ɡreŋ/ | toang /toaŋ/ | nghang /ŋhaŋ/ |
| Damu | minyam /miɲam/ | ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ /majam/ | mayom /majom/ | mayam /majam/ | an·chi /anʔtʃi/ | rala /ralaʔ/ | aham /ʔaham/ |
| Upendo | adi /adi/ | ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱲᱤ /dulaɽi/ | dular /dulaɽ/ | dularaa /dularaː/ | ka·sa /kaʔsa/ | makakdeng /makakdəŋ/ | hong /hoŋ/ |
| Mti | ara /ara/ | ᱫᱟᱨᱮ /dare/ | daru /daru/ | daru /daru/ | bol /bol/ | kayo /kajo/ | aleng /aleŋ/ |
| Mbwa | kinsod /kinsod/ | ᱥᱮᱛᱟ /seta/ | seta /seta/ | seta /seta/ | achak /atʃak/ | ino /ino/ | acho /atʃo/ |
| Paka | biri /biri/ | ᱯᱩᱥᱤ /pusi/ | bile /bile/ | pusi /pusi/ | menggo /meŋɡo/ | koving /koviŋ/ | miew /mieu/ |
| Samaki | ayo /ajo/ | ᱦᱟᱠᱳ /hako/ | haku /haku/ | hai /hai/ | na·tok /naʔtok/ | among /amoŋ/ | aka /ʔəka/ |
| Ndege | ontid /ontid/ | ᱪᱮᱺᱬᱮᱹ /tʃẽɽeʔ/ | oe /oe/ | ore /oɽe/ | do·o /doʔo/ | laciw /latsiw/ | chớm /tʃɤm/ |
| Yai | arre /arre/ | ᱵᱤᱞᱤ /bili/ | jarom /dʒarom/ | jarom /dʒarom/ | do·chi /doʔtʃi/ | icioy /itsioj/ | tarễl /tərel/ |
| Dubu | kembud /kəmbud/ | ᱵᱟᱱᱟ /bana/ | balu /balu/ | bana /bana/ | makbil /makbil/ | — | sacâu /sakəw/ |
| Nyumba | suʼuŋ /suʔuŋ/ | ᱳᱲᱟᱜ /oɽaːk/ | owaʼ /owaʔ/ | oraa /oraː/ | nok /nok/ | vahay /vahaj/ | dung /duŋ/ |
| Chumvi | basid /basid/ | ᱵᱩᱞᱩᱝ /buluŋ/ | bulung /buluŋ/ | bulung /buluŋ/ | kasim /kasim/ | asin /asin/ | boi /ɓɔːj/ |
| Mchele | ronko /roŋko/ | ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ /tʃawle/ | chauli /tʃauli/ | chauli /tʃauli/ | mi /mi/ | mogis /moɡis/ | — |
| Gurudumu | sakkaɖin /sakkaɖin/ | ᱪᱚᱠ /tʃɔk/ | cakka /tʃakka/ | cakka /tʃakka/ | chakka /tʃakka/ | — | carvang /karvaŋ/ |
| Kula | jum /dʒum/ | ᱡᱳᱢ /dʒom/ | jom /dʒom/ | jom /dʒom/ | cha·a /tʃaʔa/ | kuman /kuman/ | cha /tʃa/ |
| Kunywa | ga- /ɡa/ | ᱧᱩ /ɲu/ | nu /nu/ | nu /nu/ | ringa /riŋa/ | minum /minum/ | ngoot /ŋoːt/ |
| Kulala | dib-mʼad-da /dibmʔadda/ | ᱡᱟᱯᱤᱫ /dʒapid/ | duum /duːm/ | durum /durum/ | tua /tua/ | mitkeh /mitkəh/ | bếq /ɓeʔ/ |
| Moja | aboy /aboj/ | ᱢᱤᱫ /mit/ | miyad /mijad/ | mid /mid/ | sa /sa/ | asa /asa/ | muoi /muoi/ |
| Mbili | baguu /baɡuː/ | ᱵᱟᱨ /bar/ | bariya /barija/ | baria /barija/ | gni /ɡni/ | doa /doa/ | bar /ɓaːr/ |
| Tatu | yagi /jaɡi/ | ᱯᱮ /pɛ/ | apiya /apija/ | apia /apija/ | gittam /ɡittam/ | tilo /tilo/ | pái /paːi/ |
| Nne | unji /undʒi/ | ᱯᱩᱱ /pun/ | upunia /upunija/ | upunia /upunija/ | bri /bri/ | apat /apat/ | pôn /põːn/ |
| Tano | monloy /monloj/ | ᱢᱚᱬᱮ /mɔɽɛ/ | mooya /moːja/ | morea /moɽea/ | bonga /boŋa/ | lima /lima/ | sỡng /sɤŋ/ |
| Habari | limtam /limtam/ | ᱡᱳᱦᱟᱨ /dʒohar/ | johar /dʒohar/ | johar /dʒohar/ | name dongama /name doŋama/ | akokay /akokaj/ | te /te/ |
| Asante | surai /surai/ | ᱫᱷᱚᱱᱭᱚᱵᱟᱫ /dʱonjobad/ | dhanybad /dʱaɲbad/ | dhonyobad /dʱoɲobad/ | mittela /mitːela/ | ayoy /ajoj/ | kuhng /kuhŋ/ |
| Nzuri | bangsa /baŋsa/ | ᱵᱮᱥ /bes/ | bugin /buɡin/ | bugin /buɡin/ | nama /nama/ | mapia /mapia/ | huom /huom/ |
| Mpya | tamme /tamme/ | ᱱᱟᱣᱟ /nawa/ | nama /nama/ | nawa /nawa/ | gittal /ɡittal/ | vayo /vajo/ | tamái /təmaj/ |
| Nyekundu | jʼe /dʒʔe/ | ᱟᱨᱟᱜ /araɡ/ | jenga /dʒeŋɡa/ | arag /araʔ/ | gitchak /ɡittʃak/ | mivalah /mivalah/ | kusaw /kəsaw/ |
| Nyeupe | palu /palu/ | ᱯᱳᱱᱰ /ponɖ/ | pundi /puɳɖi/ | pundi /puɳɖi/ | gipbok /ɡipbok/ | malavang /malavaŋ/ | cloc /klɔːk/ |
| Nyeusi | jaga /dʒaɡa/ | ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ /hɛnde/ | hende /hende/ | hende /hende/ | gisim /ɡisim/ | mavaheng /mavahəŋ/ | cũm /kum/ |
| Kijani | gən /ɡən/ | ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ /hərijəɽ/ | — | hariar /harijar/ | tangsek /taŋsek/ | mogaraw /moɡaraw/ | ramoong /rəmɔːŋ/ |
Ukurasa 1/8
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