العربية الفصحى التراثية

Quranic Arabic

Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, Central, Arabic, Classical) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyAfro-Asiatic (Semitic, Central, Arabic, Classical) SpeakersActive liturgical/pedagogical use (no L1 community) ScriptArabic (with full vocalization and Tajwid notation in mushaf editions) CountriesOriginally Hijaz (Mecca, Medina); now global through Islam Official inReligious/liturgical language of Islam; canonical reading of every madrasa worldwide Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3arb

Quranic Arabic (العربية الفصحى التراثية al-ʿarabiyya al-fuṣḥā al-turāthiyya) is the Classical Arabic of the Qurʾān (610-632 CE revelation; codified ʿUthmānic codex c. 650), pre-Islamic poetry (al-muʿallaqāt, Mufaḍḍaliyyāt), and classical exegesis (Tafsīr). Distinguished from Modern Standard Arabic (ar, also called al-fuṣḥā al-muʿāṣira "contemporary fuṣḥā") by: (1) fully retained Classical morphology including all case-final vowels (iʿrāb) where MSA tolerates pausal forms; (2) codified Tajwid (تجويد) recitation rules — phonetic prescriptions including imāla (front-vowel raising), tafkhīm (emphatic-consonant velarization), idghām (assimilation), qalqalah (echo on قطبجد), madd lengthening, and ghunnah nasalization that govern correct Qurʾān recitation but are not normally applied in MSA speech; (3) Classical pre-Islamic and Qurʾānic vocabulary, including ~3% of Qurʾānic words that occur only in the Qurʾān; (4) sajʿ (rhymed prose) and the rhetorical iʿjāz tradition. The canonical pedagogical reading tradition of every madrasa worldwide and the form taught for Qur'an memorization (ḥifẓ), Tajwid certification, and traditional Islamic scholarship.

Where it is spoken

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87 core words in Quranic Arabic

Water

ماء

maːʔ

Fire

نار

naːr

Sun

شمس

ʃams

Moon

قمر

qamar

Star

نجم

nadʒm

Night

ليل

lajl

Rain

مطر

matˤar

Snow

ثلج

θaldʒ

Wind

ريح

riːħ

Earth

تراب

turaːb

Stone

حجر

ħadʒar

Mountain

جبل

dʒabal

Sea

بحر

baħr

Mother

أم

ʔumm

Father

أب

ʔab

Daughter

بنت

bint

I

أنا

ʔanaː

You

أنتَ

ʔanta

We

نحن

naħnu

Name

اسم

ism

Person

إنسان

ʔinsaːn

Head

رأس

raʔs

Eye

عين

ʕajn

Ear

أذن

ʔuðun

Nose

أنف

ʔanf

Tooth

سن

sinː

Tongue

لسان

lisaːn

Hand

يد

jad

Foot

رجل

ridʒl

Heart

قلب

qalb

Bone

عظم

ʕaðˤm

Blood

دم

dam

Love

حب

ħubb

Tree

شجرة

ʃadʒara

Dog

كلب

kalb

Cat

قط

qitˤtˤ

Fish

حوت

ħuːt

Bird

طائر

tˤaːʔir

Butterfly

فراش

faraːʃ

Egg

بيضة

bajdˤa

Bear

دب

dubb

Horse

فرس

faras

House

بيت

bajt

Milk

لبن

laban

Honey

عسل

ʕasal

Salt

ملح

milħ

Wine

خمر

xamr

Iron

حديد

ħadiːd

Wheel

عجلة

ʕadʒala

Silk

حرير

ħariːr

Book

كتاب

kitaːb

Eat

أكل

ʔakala

Drink

شرب

ʃariba

Sleep

نام

naːma

One

واحد

waːħid

Two

اثنان

iθnaːn

Three

ثلاثة

θalaːθa

Four

أربعة

ʔarbaʕa

Five

خمسة

xamsa

Hundred

مائة

miʔa

Hello

السلام عليكم

assalaːmu ʕalajkum

Thank you

الحمد لله

alħamdu lillaːh

Good

طيب

tˤajjib

New

جديد

dʒadiːd

Red

أحمر

ʔaħmaru

White

أبيض

ʔabjadˤu

Black

أسود

ʔaswadu

Green

أخضر

ʔaxdˤaru

Computer

حَاسِبِينَ

ħaːsibiːna

Sources

Words compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Afro-Asiatic (Semitic, Central, Arabic, Classical)

Meaning Quranic ArabicModern Standard ArabicYemeni ArabicHijazi ArabicNajdi ArabicSudanese ArabicQatari Arabic
Water ماء /maːʔ/ ماء /maːʔ/ ماء /mɑːʔ/ موية /ˈmoːja/ مويه /ˈmoːjah/ موية /moːja/ مي /meː/
Fire نار /naːr/ نار /naːr/ نار /naːr/ نار /naːɾ/ نار /naːɾ/ نار /naːɾ/ نار /naːr/
Sun شمس /ʃams/ شمس /ʃams/ شمس /ʃɑms/ شمس /ʃams/ شمس /ʃams/ شمس /ʃams/ شمس /ʃɑms/
Moon قمر /qamar/ قمر /qamar/ قمر /ɡɑmɑr/ قمر /ɡamaɾ/ قمر /ɡamaɾ/ قمر /ɡamaɾ/ قمر /ɡɑmɑr/
Star نجم /nadʒm/ نجم /nadʒm/ نجمة /ˈnadʒma/ نجمة /nadʒma/ نجمة /ˈnadʒma/ نجمة /ˈnadʒma/ نجمة /nɪjma/
Night ليل /lajl/ ليل /lajl/ ليل /lajl/ ليل /leːl/ ليل /leːl/ ليل /leːl/ ليل /leːl/
Rain مطر /matˤar/ مطر /matˤar/ مطر /mɑtˤɑr/ مطر /matˤar/ مطر /matˤar/ مطر /matˤar/ مطر /mɪtˤar/
Snow ثلج /θaldʒ/ ثلج /θalʒ/ ثلج /θaldʒ/ ثلج /taldʒ/ ثلج /θaldʒ/ تلج /taldʒ/ ثلج /θaldʒ/
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