Chikashshanompa'
Chickasaw
Muskogean
Chickasaw, called Chikashshanompa’ by its speakers (ISO 639-3: cic), is a severely endangered Muskogean language historically spoken by the Chickasaw people in the southeastern United States and now centered in Oklahoma. It is closely related to Choctaw but remains a distinct language with its own phonology and grammar. Fewer than 35 first-language speakers remain, most of them elders, and English has displaced natural transmission to children. The Chickasaw Nation began its Language Revitalization Program in 2007 and supports community and university classes, youth activities, digital resources, and Rosetta Stone courses; written materials use the Humes and Munro–Willmond Latin-based orthographies.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Chickasaw
Sources
- Munro, Pamela & Catherine Willmond. 1994. Chickasaw: An Analytical Dictionary. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press — as carried by English Wiktionary Chickasaw entries (okaꞌ, lowak, hashiꞌ, yaakniꞌ, ishkoboꞌ, chokkaꞌ, akankoshiꞌ, shookolaꞌ, kafiꞌ, ayoppánchi match the row; row writes ʼ for Wiktionary ꞌ); cross-checked with ASJP CHICKASAW
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Muskogean
| Meaning | Chickasaw | Choctaw | Muscogee | Samoan | Itzá Maya | Asháninka | Yucatec Maya |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | okaʼ /okaʔ/ | oka /oka/ | uewv /oíwə/ | vai /vai/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | nija /niha/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ |
| Fire | lowak /lowak/ | luak /luak/ | totkv /tótkə/ | afi /afi/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | paamari /paːmaɾi/ | kʼáakʼ /kʼaːkʼ/ |
| Sun | hashiʼ /haʃiʔ/ | hashi /haʃi/ | hvse /həsi/ | lā /laː/ | kʼin /kʼin/ | oorya /oːɾja/ | kʼiin /kʼiːn/ |
| Moon | hashiʼ ninak /haʃiʔ ninak/ | hashi ninak /haʃi ninak/ | hvresse /həɾisːi/ | māsina /maːsina/ | uj /uh/ | kashiri /kaʃiɾi/ | uj /uh/ |
| Star | fochik /fotʃik/ | fichik /fitʃik/ | kocvmpv /kotʃámpa/ | fetū /fetuː/ | ekʼ /ekʼ/ | impoquiro /impokiɾo/ | eekʼ /eːkʼ/ |
| Night | ninak /ninak/ | ninak /ninak/ | nere /niɬi/ | pō /poː/ | akʼabʼ /akʼaɓ/ | tsiteni /tsiteni/ | áakʼabʼ /aːkʼaɓ/ |
| Rain | omba /omba/ | umba /omba/ | oske /oski/ | ua /ua/ | — | inkani /iŋkani/ | cháak /tʃáːk/ |
| Snow | oktiʼ /oktiʔ/ | oktosha /oktoʃa/ | hetute /hitoti/ | kiona /kiona/ | — | sharaka /ʃaɾaka/ | nieve /njebe/ |
| Wind | mahli /mahli/ | mahli /mahli/ | hotvle /hotəli/ | matagi /mataŋi/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | tampea /tampea/ | iikʼ /iːkʼ/ |
| Earth | yaakniʼ /jaːkniʔ/ | yakni /jaːkni/ | ekvnv /ikana/ | ʻeleʻele /ʔeleʔele/ | luʼum /luʔum/ | kipatsi /kipatsi/ | luʼum /luʔum/ |
| Stone | taliʼ /taliʔ/ | tali /ˈtali/ | cvto /tʃəto/ | maʻa /maʔa/ | tunich /tunitʃ/ | mapi /mapi/ | tuunich /tuːˈnitʃ/ |
| Mountain | onchaba /ontʃaba/ | nanih /nanih/ | ekvnhvlwe /ikanhalwi/ | mauga /mauŋa/ | — | otishi /otiʃi/ | wiits /wiːts/ |
| Sea | okhata /okhata/ | okhata /okhata/ | uehvtkv /oihatkə/ | sami /sami/ | — | inkajare /iŋkahaɾe/ | kʼáaʼnáab /kʼaːʔnaːb/ |
| Mother | ishkiʼ /iʃkiʔ/ | ishki /iʃki/ | ecke /itʃki/ | tinā /tinaː/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | ina /ina/ | naʼ /naʔ/ |
| Father | inkiʼ /inkiʔ/ | inki /inki/ | erke /iɾki/ | tamā /tamaː/ | tat /tat/ | apa /apa/ | taata /taːta/ |
| Daughter | oshiitiik /oʃiːtiːk/ | ushetik /uʃitik/ | eccuste /itʃːosti/ | afafine /afafine/ | — | noshinto /noʃinto/ | x aal /ʃaːl/ |
| I | anoʼ /anoʔ/ | ano /ano/ | vne /ani/ | aʻu /aʔu/ | ten /ten/ | naaka /naːka/ | teen /teːn/ |
| You | ishnoʼ /iʃnoʔ/ | chishno /tʃiʃno/ | cēme /tʃiːmi/ | ʻoe /ʔoe/ | tech /tetʃ/ | aviro /aβiɾo/ | teech /teːtʃ/ |
| We | poshnoʼ /poʃnoʔ/ | pishno /piʃno/ | pome /pomi/ | tātou / mātou /taːtou / maːtou/ | toʼon /toʔon/ | arori / narori /aɾoɾi / naɾoɾi/ | toʼon /toʔon/ |
| Name | holhchifo /hoɬtʃifo/ | hohchifo /hohtʃifo/ | hocefkv /hotʃífka/ | igoa /iŋoa/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ | ivairo /iβaiɾo/ | kʼaabaʼ /kʼaːɓaʔ/ |
| Person | hattak /hatːak/ | hattak /hatːak/ | este /isti/ | tagata /taŋata/ | — | atiri /atiɾi/ | máak /maːk/ |
| Head | ishkoboʼ /iʃkoboʔ/ | nushkobo /noʃkobo/ | ekv /ikə/ | ulu /ulu/ | — | noito /noito/ | pool /poːl/ |
| Eye | ishkin /iʃkin/ | nishkin /niʃkin/ | torofke /toɬofki/ | mata /mata/ | ich /itʃ/ | noki /noki/ | ich /itʃ/ |
| Ear | haksibish /haksibiʃ/ | haksobish /haksobiʃ/ | hvcko /hatʃko/ | taliga /taliŋa/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | noyempita /nojempita/ | xikin /ʃikin/ |
| Nose | ibichchalaʼ /ibitʃːalaʔ/ | ibishakni /ibiʃakni/ | yopo /jopo/ | isu /isu/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | noirina /noiɾina/ | niʼ /niʔ/ |
| Tooth | notiʼ /notiʔ/ | noti /noti/ | nute /noti/ | nifo /nifo/ | koh /koh/ | nayi /naji/ | koh /koh/ |
| Tongue | iso̱lash /isõːlaʃ/ | isunlash /isunlaʃ/ | tolaswa /tolaswa/ | laulaufaiva /laulaufaiva/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | nene /nene/ | aakʼ /aːkʼ/ |
| Hand | ilbak /ilbak/ | ibbak /ibbak/ | enke /iŋki/ | lima /lima/ | kʼab /kʼab/ | nako /nako/ | kʼabʼ /kʼaɓ/ |
| Foot | iyyiʼ /ijːiʔ/ | iyyi /ijji/ | ele /ili/ | vae /vae/ | — | noiti /noiti/ | ook /oːk/ |
| Heart | chonkash /tʃonkaʃ/ | chunkash /tʃunkaʃ/ | fēke /fiːki/ | loto /loto/ | pukʼsikʼal /pukʼsikʼal/ | nosanto /nosanto/ | puksiʼikʼal /puksiʔikʼal/ |
| Bone | foniʼ /foniʔ/ | foni /foni/ | fvni /fəni/ | ivi /ivi/ | bʼak /ɓak/ | tonki /tonki/ | bʼaak /ɓaːk/ |
| Blood | issish /isːiʃ/ | issish /isːiʃ/ | catv /tʃatə/ | toto /toto/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ | iraja /iɾaha/ | kʼiʼikʼ /kʼiʔikʼ/ |
| Love | ayoppánchi /ajopːántʃi/ | hullo /hulːo/ | vnokeckv /ənokitʃkə/ | alofa /alofa/ | yakunti /jakunti/ | nonintsi /nonintsi/ | yaakuntej /jaːkunteh/ |
| Tree | ittiʼ /itːiʔ/ | itti /itti/ | eto /itoː/ | laʻau /laʔau/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | inchato /intʃato/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ |
| Dog | ofiʼ /ofiʔ/ | ofi /ofi/ | efv /ifə/ | maile /maile/ | pekʼ /pekʼ/ | otsiti /otsiti/ | peekʼ /peːkʼ/ |
| Cat | kowiʼ /kowiʔ/ | katos /katos/ | pose /pose/ | pusi /pusi/ | mis /mis/ | mishito /miʃito/ | miis /miːs/ |
| Fish | naniʼ /naniʔ/ | nani /nani/ | rvro /ɬaɬo/ | iʻa /iʔa/ | käy /kɨj/ | shima /ʃima/ | kay /kaj/ |
| Bird | foshiʼ /foʃiʔ/ | hushi /hoʃiʔ/ | fuswv /foswa/ | manu /manu/ | chʼiichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ | tsimeri /tsimeɾi/ | chʼíichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ |
| Butterfly | hatalhposhik /hataɬpoʃik/ | hatapushik /hatapoʃik/ | tvffolupv /təfːolopa/ | pepe /pepe/ | — | tsampi /tsampi/ | péepen /peːpen/ |
| Egg | akankoshiʼ /akankoʃiʔ/ | akankushi /akankoʃi/ | custake /tʃostaki/ | fuamoa /fuamoa/ | jeʼ /heʔ/ | iitsoki /iːtsoki/ | jeʼ /heʔ/ |
| Bear | nitaʼ /nitaʔ/ | nita /nita/ | nokose /nokosi/ | pea /pea/ | — | meeni /meːni/ | oso /oso/ |
| Horse | issoba /isːoba/ | issuba /issuba/ | corakko /tʃoɬákːo/ | solofanua /solofanua/ | — | kavayo /kaβajo/ | tsíimin /tsiːmin/ |
| House | chokkaʼ /tʃokːaʔ/ | chukka /tʃukka/ | cuko /tʃoko/ | fale /fale/ | nah /nah/ | pankotsi /paŋkotsi/ | naj /nah/ |
| Milk | pishokchiʼ /piʃoktʃiʔ/ | pishukchi /piʃoktʃi/ | pesse /pissi/ | susu /susu/ | — | tsomitsi /tsomitsi/ | leche /letʃe/ |
| Honey | fohiʼ /fohiʔ/ | foi bila /foi bila/ | fo-encvmpe /fo intʃəmpi/ | meli /meli/ | — | ija pitsi /iha pitsi/ | kaab /kaːb/ |
| Salt | hapiʼ /hapiʔ/ | hapi /hapi/ | okcvnwv /oktʃənwə/ | masima /masima/ | tab /tab/ | tivi /tiβi/ | taʼab /taʔaɓ/ |
| Chocolate | chaklit /tʃaklit/ | — | — | sukalati /sukalati/ | — | — | chukwaʼ /tʃukwaʔ/ |
| Book | holisso /holisːo/ | holisso /holisso/ | nakcokv /naktʃokə/ | tusi /tusi/ | Juʼumilxok /huʔumilʃok/ | sankenarentsi /saŋkenaɾentsi/ | juʼun /huʔun/ |
| Eat | apa /apa/ | impa /impa/ | hompetv /hompitə/ | ʻai /ʔai/ | jant /hant/ | noyaki /nojaki/ | jaant /haːnt/ |
| Drink | ishko /iʃko/ | ishko /iʃko/ | eskvketv /iskəkitə/ | inu /inu/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | noiri /noiɾi/ | ukʼul /ukʼul/ |
| Sleep | nosi /nosi/ | nusi /nosi/ | nocetv /notʃitə/ | moe /moe/ | wenel /wenel/ | nomai /nomai/ | wenel /wenel/ |
| One | chaffa /tʃafːa/ | achafa /atʃafa/ | hvmken /həmkin/ | tasi /tasi/ | jun /hun/ | aparoni /apaɾoni/ | jun /hun/ |
| Two | toklo /toklo/ | tuklo /toklo/ | hokkolen /hokkoːlin/ | lua /lua/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | apite /apite/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ |
| Three | tochchiʼna /totʃːiʔna/ | tuchchina /totʃːina/ | tutcenen /totʃːiːnin/ | tolu /tolu/ | ox /oʃ/ | maava /maːβa/ | óox /ʔoːʃ/ |
| Four | oshta /oʃta/ | ushta /oʃta/ | osten /oːstin/ | fā /faː/ | kan /kan/ | otsipasati /otsipasati/ | kan /kan/ |
| Five | talhlhaapi /taɬːaːpi/ | tahlápi /taɬaːpi/ | cahkepen /tʃahkiːpin/ | lima /lima/ | — | apapacoroni /apapakoɾoni/ | joʼ /hoʔ/ |
| Hundred | talhipa /taɬipa/ | talhepa /taɬipa/ | cokpe /tʃokpi/ | selau /selau/ | — | — | joʼokʼáal /hoʔokʼaːl/ |
| Hello | chokma /tʃokma/ | halito /halito/ | hensci /hinsdʒi/ | talofa /talofa/ | bʼix a tʼan /biʃ a tʼan/ | aviro /aβiɾo/ | baʼax ka waʼalik /baʔaʃ ka waʔalik/ |
| Thank you | chokmaʼshki /tʃokmaʔʃki/ | yakoke /jakoke/ | mvto /məto/ | faʻafetai /faʔafetai/ | dios bʼotik /dios botik/ | naranki /naɾaŋki/ | dios boʼotik /dios boʔotik/ |
| Good | chokma /tʃokma/ | chukma /tʃukma/ | herv /hiɾə/ | lelei /lelei/ | malobʼ /malob/ | kameetsa /kameːtsa/ | maʼalob /maʔalob/ |
| New | himitta /himitːa/ | himona /himona/ | mucvse /motʃəsi/ | fou /fou/ | — | iroakera /iɾoakeɾa/ | túumben /tuːmben/ |
| Red | homma /homːa/ | homma /homːa/ | cate /tʃati/ | mūmū /muːmuː/ | chäk /tʃɨk/ | kitioncari /kitionkaɾi/ | chak /tʃak/ |
| White | tohbi /tohbi/ | tohbi /tohbi/ | hatke /hatki/ | paʻepaʻe /paʔepaʔe/ | säk /sək/ | kitamaari /kitamaːɾi/ | sak /sak/ |
| Black | losa /losa/ | lusa /losa/ | lvste /ləsti/ | uliuli /uliuli/ | — | potsitari /potsitaɾi/ | box /boʃ/ |
| Green | okchamali /oktʃamali/ | okchamali /oktʃamali/ | lane /lani/ | lanumeamata /lanumeamata/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | kenashi /kenaʃi/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ |
| Blue | okchamali /oktʃamali/ | okchamali /oktʃamali/ | holatte /holatːi/ | lanumoana /lanumoana/ | — | — | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ |
| Tea | tii /tiː/ | ti /ti/ | vsse /ássi/ | tī /tiː/ | — | — | té /te/ |
| Coffee | kafiʼ /kafiʔ/ | kafi /kafi/ | kvfe /kəfi/ | kofe /kofe/ | — | — | café /kafe/ |
| Sugar | shookolaʼ /ʃoːkolaʔ/ | hapi champuli /hapi tʃampoli/ | vsoklv /əsoklə/ | suka /suka/ | chʼuuk /tʃʼuːk/ | — | asukaar /asukaːr/ |
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