Mvskoke
Muscogee
Muskogean (Eastern)
Muscogee (Mvskoke, also called Creek) is an Eastern Muskogean language of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation in Oklahoma and the Seminole peoples of Florida and Oklahoma. Closely related to Hitchiti-Mikasuki and more distantly to Choctaw (cho). Forcibly relocated from Alabama and Georgia during the Trail of Tears (1830s). Active revitalization through the Muscogee Nation Department of Languages and the Seminole Tribe's immersion preschool. Notable for its complex switch-reference verb morphology.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Muscogee
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Muskogean (Eastern)
| Meaning | Muscogee | Choctaw | Chickasaw | Asháninka | Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl | Shipibo-Conibo | Central Huasteca Nahuatl |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | uewv /oíwə/ | oka /oka/ | okaʼ /okaʔ/ | nija /niha/ | atl /atɬ/ | jene /hɨnɨ/ | atl /atɬ/ |
| Fire | totkv /tótkə/ | luak /luak/ | lowak /lowak/ | paamari /paːmaɾi/ | tlitl /tɬitɬ/ | chii /tʃiː/ | tlitl /tɬitɬ/ |
| Sun | hvse /həsi/ | hashi /haʃi/ | hashiʼ /haʃiʔ/ | oorya /oːɾja/ | tonatih /tonatih/ | bari /bari/ | tonati /tonati/ |
| Moon | hvresse /həɾisːi/ | hashi ninak /haʃi ninak/ | hashiʼ ninak /haʃiʔ ninak/ | kashiri /kaʃiɾi/ | metztli /metstɬi/ | oxe /oʂɨ/ | metztli /metstɬi/ |
| Star | kocvmpv /kotʃámpa/ | fichik /fitʃik/ | fochik /fotʃik/ | impoquiro /impokiɾo/ | sitlalij /siˈtɬalih/ | wishti /wiʃtĩ/ | sitlalij /siˈtɬalih/ |
| Night | nere /niɬi/ | ninak /ninak/ | ninak /ninak/ | tsiteni /tsiteni/ | yohuali /jowali/ | yame /jamɨ/ | youali /jowali/ |
| Rain | oske /oski/ | umba /omba/ | omba /omba/ | inkani /iŋkani/ | quiyahuitl /kijawitɬ/ | oi /oi/ | kiyawit /kiˈjawit/ |
| Snow | hetute /hitoti/ | oktosha /oktoʃa/ | oktiʼ /oktiʔ/ | sharaka /ʃaɾaka/ | citlal cetl /sitɬal setɬ/ | — | sital set /sital set/ |
| Wind | hotvle /hotəli/ | mahli /mahli/ | mahli /mahli/ | tampea /tampea/ | ajacatl /ahakatɬ/ | niwe /niwɨ/ | ajakatl /ahakatɬ/ |
| Earth | ekvnv /ikana/ | yakni /jaːkni/ | yaakniʼ /jaːkniʔ/ | kipatsi /kipatsi/ | tlali /tɬali/ | mai /mai/ | tlali /tɬali/ |
| Stone | cvto /tʃəto/ | tali /ˈtali/ | taliʼ /taliʔ/ | mapi /mapi/ | tetl /tetɬ/ | makan /makan/ | tetl /tetɬ/ |
| Mountain | ekvnhvlwe /ikanhalwi/ | nanih /nanih/ | onchaba /ontʃaba/ | otishi /otiʃi/ | tepetl /ˈtepeːtɬ/ | manan /manan/ | tepetl /ˈtepeːtɬ/ |
| Sea | uehvtkv /oihatkə/ | okhata /okhata/ | okhata /okhata/ | inkajare /iŋkahaɾe/ | hueyiatl /weˈjiatɬ/ | aniparo /anipaɾo/ | hueyatl /ˈwejatɬ/ |
| Mother | ecke /itʃki/ | ishki /iʃki/ | ishkiʼ /iʃkiʔ/ | ina /ina/ | mama /mama/ | tita /tita/ | nana /nana/ |
| Father | erke /iɾki/ | inki /inki/ | inkiʼ /inkiʔ/ | apa /apa/ | tata /tata/ | papa /papa/ | tata /tata/ |
| Daughter | eccuste /itʃːosti/ | ushetik /uʃitik/ | oshiitiik /oʃiːtiːk/ | noshinto /noʃinto/ | noichpoca /noitʃˈpoka/ | bake ainbo /bake ãĩbo/ | noichpoca /noitʃˈpoka/ |
| I | vne /ani/ | ano /ano/ | anoʼ /anoʔ/ | naaka /naːka/ | na /na/ | ea /ea/ | na /na/ |
| You | cēme /tʃiːmi/ | chishno /tʃiʃno/ | ishnoʼ /iʃnoʔ/ | aviro /aβiɾo/ | ta /ta/ | mia /mia/ | ta /ta/ |
| We | pome /pomi/ | pishno /piʃno/ | poshnoʼ /poʃnoʔ/ | arori / narori /aɾoɾi / naɾoɾi/ | tohuanti /toˈwanti/ | noa /noa/ | tohuanti /toˈwanti/ |
| Name | hocefkv /hotʃífka/ | hohchifo /hohtʃifo/ | holhchifo /hoɬtʃifo/ | ivairo /iβaiɾo/ | tocaxtli /toˈkaʃtɬi/ | jane /hanɨ/ | tocaxtli /toˈkaʃtɬi/ |
| Person | este /isti/ | hattak /hatːak/ | hattak /hatːak/ | atiri /atiɾi/ | tlacatl /ˈtɬakatɬ/ | joni /honi/ | masehuali /maseˈwali/ |
| Head | ekv /ikə/ | nushkobo /noʃkobo/ | ishkoboʼ /iʃkoboʔ/ | noito /noito/ | tzontecomitl /tsonteˈkomitɬ/ | mapo /mapo/ | tzontecomitl /tsonteˈkomitɬ/ |
| Eye | torofke /toɬofki/ | nishkin /niʃkin/ | ishkin /iʃkin/ | noki /noki/ | ixtiyol /iʃtijol/ | bero /bɨɾo/ | ixtioli /iʃtioli/ |
| Ear | hvcko /hatʃko/ | haksobish /haksobiʃ/ | haksibish /haksibiʃ/ | noyempita /nojempita/ | nacastli /nakastɬi/ | pabíki /pabiki/ | nacastli /nakastɬi/ |
| Nose | yopo /jopo/ | ibishakni /ibiʃakni/ | ibichchalaʼ /ibitʃːalaʔ/ | noirina /noiɾina/ | yacatl /jakatɬ/ | rekin /ɾɨkin/ | yakatsoli /jakatsoli/ |
| Mouth | cukwv /tʃokwə/ | iti /iti/ | — | novante /noβante/ | camactli /kaˈmaktɬi/ | kexa /kɨʂa/ | camactli /kaˈmaktɬi/ |
| Tooth | nute /noti/ | noti /noti/ | notiʼ /notiʔ/ | nayi /naji/ | tlankoch /tɬankotʃ/ | xeta /ʂɨta/ | tlankoch /tɬankotʃ/ |
| Tongue | tolaswa /tolaswa/ | isunlash /isunlaʃ/ | iso̱lash /isõːlaʃ/ | nene /nene/ | nenepil /nenepil/ | jana /hana/ | nenepili /nenepili/ |
| Hand | enke /iŋki/ | ibbak /ibbak/ | ilbak /ilbak/ | nako /nako/ | maitl /maitɬ/ | meken /mɨkɨn/ | maitl /maitɬ/ |
| Foot | ele /ili/ | iyyi /ijji/ | iyyiʼ /ijːiʔ/ | noiti /noiti/ | icxitl /ikʃitɬ/ | tae /taɨ/ | icxitl /ikʃitɬ/ |
| Heart | fēke /fiːki/ | chunkash /tʃunkaʃ/ | chonkash /tʃonkaʃ/ | nosanto /nosanto/ | yollotl /jolːotɬ/ | joínti /hoˈinti/ | yolotl /jolotɬ/ |
| Bone | fvni /fəni/ | foni /foni/ | foniʼ /foniʔ/ | tonki /tonki/ | omitl /omitɬ/ | xao /ʂao/ | omitl /omitɬ/ |
| Blood | catv /tʃatə/ | issish /isːiʃ/ | issish /isːiʃ/ | iraja /iɾaha/ | estli /estɬi/ | jimi /himi/ | estli /estɬi/ |
| Love | vnokeckv /ənokitʃkə/ | hullo /hulːo/ | ayoppánchi /ajopːántʃi/ | nonintsi /nonintsi/ | tlasojtla /tɬasohtɬa/ | noi /noi/ | tlazohtla /tɬasoʔtɬa/ |
| Tree | eto /itoː/ | itti /itti/ | ittiʼ /itːiʔ/ | inchato /intʃato/ | cuahuitl /kʷawitɬ/ | jiwi /hiwi/ | cuahuitl /kʷawitɬ/ |
| Dog | efv /ifə/ | ofi /ofi/ | ofiʼ /ofiʔ/ | otsiti /otsiti/ | chichi /tʃitʃi/ | ochiti /otʃiti/ | chichi /tʃitʃi/ |
| Cat | pose /pose/ | katos /katos/ | kowiʼ /kowiʔ/ | mishito /miʃito/ | mizto /misto/ | mishito /miʃito/ | misto /misto/ |
| Fish | rvro /ɬaɬo/ | nani /nani/ | naniʼ /naniʔ/ | shima /ʃima/ | michi /mitʃi/ | yapa /japa/ | michi /mitʃi/ |
| Bird | fuswv /foswa/ | hushi /hoʃiʔ/ | foshiʼ /foʃiʔ/ | tsimeri /tsimeɾi/ | tototl /ˈtototɬ/ | isa /isa/ | tototl /tototɬ/ |
| Butterfly | tvffolupv /təfːolopa/ | hatapushik /hatapoʃik/ | hatalhposhik /hataɬpoʃik/ | tsampi /tsampi/ | papalotl /paˈpalotɬ/ | pëpë /pɨ̃pɨ̃/ | papalotl /paˈpalotɬ/ |
| Egg | custake /tʃostaki/ | akankushi /akankoʃi/ | akankoshiʼ /akankoʃiʔ/ | iitsoki /iːtsoki/ | tejquistli /tehkistɬi/ | bachi /batʃi/ | tejsistli /tehsistɬi/ |
| Bear | nokose /nokosi/ | nita /nita/ | nitaʼ /nitaʔ/ | meeni /meːni/ | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ |
| Horse | corakko /tʃoɬákːo/ | issuba /issuba/ | issoba /isːoba/ | kavayo /kaβajo/ | kawayoh /kaˈwaːjoh/ | kabayo /kabajo/ | kauayoj /kaˈwajoh/ |
| House | cuko /tʃoko/ | chukka /tʃukka/ | chokkaʼ /tʃokːaʔ/ | pankotsi /paŋkotsi/ | cali /kali/ | xobo /ʂobo/ | kali /kali/ |
| Milk | pesse /pissi/ | pishukchi /piʃoktʃi/ | pishokchiʼ /piʃoktʃiʔ/ | tsomitsi /tsomitsi/ | lechi /letʃi/ | xoma /ʂoma/ | lechi /letʃi/ |
| Honey | fo-encvmpe /fo intʃəmpi/ | foi bila /foi bila/ | fohiʼ /fohiʔ/ | ija pitsi /iha pitsi/ | nectli /nektɬi/ | bona jene /bona hɨnɨ/ | necti /nekti/ |
| Salt | okcvnwv /oktʃənwə/ | hapi /hapi/ | hapiʼ /hapiʔ/ | tivi /tiβi/ | istatl /istatɬ/ | tashi /taʃi/ | istatl /istatɬ/ |
| Wine | ue-homē-cate /oihomiːtʃáːti/ | oka pa̱ki /oka pãki/ | — | ovaja /oβaha/ | xocomeca atl /ʃokomeka atɬ/ | vino /ˈbino/ | xocomeca at /ʃokomeka at/ |
| Rice | aloso /aloso/ | onush lakchi /onoʃ laktʃi/ | — | aroso /aɾoso/ | — | aros /aɾos/ | arroz /aˈros/ |
| Wheel | emfulotkv /imfolotkə/ | chanalli /tʃanalli/ | — | — | rueda /rweda/ | karotae /kaɾotae/ | rueda /rweda/ |
| Book | nakcokv /naktʃokə/ | holisso /holisso/ | holisso /holisːo/ | sankenarentsi /saŋkenaɾentsi/ | amoxtli /aˈmoʃtɬi/ | kirika /kiɾika/ | amochtli /aˈmotʃtɬi/ |
| Eat | hompetv /hompitə/ | impa /impa/ | apa /apa/ | noyaki /nojaki/ | tlacua /tɬakʷa/ | piti /piti/ | tlacua /tɬakʷa/ |
| Drink | eskvketv /iskəkitə/ | ishko /iʃko/ | ishko /iʃko/ | noiri /noiɾi/ | atli /atɬi/ | xeati /ʂɨati/ | atli /atɬi/ |
| Sleep | nocetv /notʃitə/ | nusi /nosi/ | nosi /nosi/ | nomai /nomai/ | cochi /ˈkotʃi/ | oxa /oʂa/ | cochi /ˈkotʃi/ |
| One | hvmken /həmkin/ | achafa /atʃafa/ | chaffa /tʃafːa/ | aparoni /apaɾoni/ | ce /se/ | westíora /wɨstioɾa/ | ce /se/ |
| Two | hokkolen /hokkoːlin/ | tuklo /toklo/ | toklo /toklo/ | apite /apite/ | ome /ˈome/ | rabé /ɾabɨ/ | ome /ˈome/ |
| Three | tutcenen /totʃːiːnin/ | tuchchina /totʃːina/ | tochchiʼna /totʃːiʔna/ | maava /maːβa/ | eyi /ejiː/ | kimisha /kimiʃa/ | eyi /ejiː/ |
| Four | osten /oːstin/ | ushta /oʃta/ | oshta /oʃta/ | otsipasati /otsipasati/ | nahui /naːwi/ | chosko /tʃosko/ | nahui /naːwi/ |
| Five | cahkepen /tʃahkiːpin/ | tahlápi /taɬaːpi/ | talhlhaapi /taɬːaːpi/ | apapacoroni /apapakoɾoni/ | macuili /maˈkʷili/ | pichika /pitʃika/ | makuili /maˈkʷili/ |
| Hundred | cokpe /tʃokpi/ | talhepa /taɬipa/ | talhipa /taɬipa/ | — | cien /sjen/ | pacha /patʃa/ | cien /sjen/ |
| Hello | hensci /hinsdʒi/ | halito /halito/ | chokma /tʃokma/ | aviro /aβiɾo/ | nimitzpaca /nimitspaka/ | jakon raoma /xakon raoma/ | niltze /niltse/ |
| Thank you | mvto /məto/ | yakoke /jakoke/ | chokmaʼshki /tʃokmaʔʃki/ | naranki /naɾaŋki/ | tlascamati /tɬaskamati/ | irake /iɾake/ | tlaskamati /tɬaskamati/ |
| Good | herv /hiɾə/ | chukma /tʃukma/ | chokma /tʃokma/ | kameetsa /kameːtsa/ | cuali /kʷali/ | jakon /hakon/ | kuali /kʷali/ |
| New | mucvse /motʃəsi/ | himona /himona/ | himitta /himitːa/ | iroakera /iɾoakeɾa/ | yancuic /ˈjankʷik/ | bena /bɨna/ | yancuic /ˈjankʷik/ |
| Red | cate /tʃati/ | homma /homːa/ | homma /homːa/ | kitioncari /kitionkaɾi/ | chichiltik /tʃitʃiltik/ | joshin /hoʃin/ | chichiltik /tʃitʃiltik/ |
| White | hatke /hatki/ | tohbi /tohbi/ | tohbi /tohbi/ | kitamaari /kitamaːɾi/ | chipahuac /tʃipawak/ | joxo /hoʂo/ | istak /istak/ |
| Black | lvste /ləsti/ | lusa /losa/ | losa /losa/ | potsitari /potsitaɾi/ | yayahuic /jaˈjawik/ | wiso /wiso/ | yayahuic /jaˈjawik/ |
| Green | lane /lani/ | okchamali /oktʃamali/ | okchamali /oktʃamali/ | kenashi /kenaʃi/ | xoxohuic /ʃoˈʃowik/ | yãkõ /jãkõ/ | xoxohuic /ʃoˈʃowik/ |
| Blue | holatte /holatːi/ | okchamali /oktʃamali/ | okchamali /oktʃamali/ | — | azultic /aˈsultik/ | yãkõ /jãkõ/ | azultic /aˈsultik/ |
| Tea | vsse /ássi/ | ti /ti/ | tii /tiː/ | — | — | — | té /te/ |
| Coffee | kvfe /kəfi/ | kafi /kafi/ | kafiʼ /kafiʔ/ | — | cafe /kafe/ | — | kafej /kafeh/ |
| Sugar | vsoklv /əsoklə/ | hapi champuli /hapi tʃampoli/ | shookolaʼ /ʃoːkolaʔ/ | — | tzopelictli /tsopeliktɬi/ | asokaro /asokaɾo/ | chanchaka /tʃantʃaka/ |
| Orange | yvlahv /jaláːha/ | — | — | — | alaxox /ˈalaʃoːʃ/ | — | lalax /ˈlalaːʃ/ |
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