Dakhótiyapi
Dakota
Siouan
Dakota is an Eastern Siouan language closely related to Lakota — the same lexeme often differs only in /d/ (Dakota) vs /l/ (Lakota), e.g. dakhóta/lakhóta. Comprises four divisions (Santee, Sisseton, Wahpeton, Yankton-Yanktonai) with ~290 fluent L1 speakers. Severely endangered after 19th-century US assimilation policy and the 1862 Dakota War. Active revitalization through Dakota Wicohan (Minnesota) and bilingual schools. Written in Riggs orthography (Latin) since the 1830s.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Dakota
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Siouan
| Meaning | Dakota | Lakota | Osage | Ho-Chunk | Crow | Cheyenne | Pirahã |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | mní /mní/ | mní /mní/ | ni /ni/ | nįį /nĩː/ | bilé /bilé/ | mahpe /mahpe/ | pií /pií/ |
| Fire | phéta /pʰéta/ | pȟéta /pˣéta/ | péje /péʒe/ | peec /peːtʃ/ | bilée /biléː/ | hoʼēsta /hoʔesta/ | hoaí /hoaí/ |
| Sun | aŋpétuwí /aŋpétuwí/ | wí /wí/ | mį́ /mĩ́/ | wira /ˈwiɾa/ | áxxaashe /áχːaːʃe/ | éšeʼhe /éʃeʔhe/ | hisí /hisí/ |
| Moon | haŋyétuwí /haŋjétuwí/ | haŋhépi wí /haŋhépi wí/ | mį́ hǫ́bre /mĩ́ hṍbɾe/ | hąąhewira /hãːhewiɾa/ | bilítaache /bilítaːtʃe/ | taaʼéešeʼhe /taːʔéeʃeʔhe/ | kaháíxáii /kaháíʔáii/ |
| Star | wičaȟpi /witʃaχpi/ | wičháȟpi /witʃʰáχpi/ | mikákʼe /mikákʔe/ | wiragošge /wiɾaɡoʃɡe/ | ihké /ihké/ | hotohke /hotohke/ | — /—/ |
| Night | haŋyetu /hãjetu/ | haŋhépi /hãhépi/ | hą́ /hã́/ | hąąhe /hãːhe/ | óotchia /óːttʃia/ | táaʼe /táːʔe/ | xahoái /ʔahoái/ |
| Rain | maǧažu /maɣaʒu/ | maǧážu /maɣáʒu/ | — | nįžú /nĩʒu/ | xaleé /χaleé/ | — | pii /pii/ |
| Snow | wá /wá/ | wá /wá/ | pá /pá/ | waa /waː/ | bíia /bíːa/ | héstaʼse /héstaʔse/ | — |
| Wind | tate /tateˀ/ | tȟaté /tʰaˈte/ | — | caac /tʃaːtʃ/ | huché /hutʃé/ | háaʼháeše /háːʔháeʃe/ | xohói /ʔohói/ |
| Earth | makȟá /makʰá/ | makȟá /maˈkʰa/ | mąðį́hka /mãðĩ́hka/ | mąą /mãː/ | awé /awé/ | hoʼe /hoʔə/ | bigí /biɡí/ |
| Stone | íŋyaŋ /ĩ́jã/ | íŋyaŋ /ˈĩjã/ | — | įnį /ĩnĩ/ | biiá /biːá/ | hoʼhonááʼe /hoʔhonáːʔe/ | xaxái /ʔaʔái/ |
| Mountain | ȟé /χé/ | ȟé /χé/ | — | xee /xeː/ | awaxaawé /awaχaːwé/ | hoʼhonáevose /hoʔhonáevose/ | — |
| Sea | mniwáŋča /mniwã́tʃa/ | mniwáŋča /mniwã́tʃa/ | — | teeją́ /teːˈdʒã/ | bilisée /biliséː/ | tséh-mȧhóomoēha /tséhmahóːmoēha/ | piigiotigai /piiɡiotiɡai/ |
| Mother | iná /iná/ | iná /iná/ | iną́ /inã́/ | hiʼųnį́ /hiʔũnĩ/ | isahké /isahké/ | náhkoʼéehe /náhkoʔéːhe/ | baíxi /baíʔi/ |
| Father | até /até/ | até /até/ | indáce /indátse/ | jáji /dʒadʒi/ | iilápxe /iːlápχe/ | néhoʼéehe /néhoʔéːhe/ | baíxi /baíʔi/ |
| Daughter | čuŋkší /tʃũkʃí/ | čhuŋwíŋtku /tʃʰuŋwíŋtku/ | wižǫ́ke /wiʒṍke/ | hinųkáxjį /hinũˈkaxdʒĩ/ | dáakbia /dáːkbia/ | nȧhtona /nahtona/ | hoísai /hoísai/ |
| I | miyé /mijé/ | miyé /mijé/ | wíe /wíe/ | nee /neː/ | bíi /bíː/ | nánéehove /nánéːhove/ | ti /ti/ |
| You | niyé /nijé/ | niyé /nijé/ | ðíe /ðíe/ | nee /neː/ | díi /díː/ | — /—/ | gixai /ɡiʔai/ |
| We | uŋkiyepi /ũkijepi/ | uŋkíyepi /ũkíjepi/ | ąkóta /ãkóta/ | nee /neː/ | balee /baleː/ | nénéehóvema / nánéehóvéme /nénéːhóvema / nánéːhóvéme/ | tiatiso /tiatiso/ |
| Name | čažé /tʃaʒé/ | čhažé /tʃʰaʒé/ | žáže /ʒáʒe/ | raš /raʃ/ | dáashe /dáːʃe/ | véhestȯtse /véhestotse/ | karí /karí/ |
| Head | phá /pʰá/ | natá /naˈta/ | — | nąąsu /nãːˈsu/ | aashúua /aːʃúːa/ | meʼko /meʔko/ | xapapai /ʔapapai/ |
| Eye | ištá /iʃtá/ | ištá /iʃtá/ | ištá /iʃtá/ | hišjasu /hiʃdʒasu/ | ishté /iʃté/ | maʼexa /maʔexa/ | kosi /kosi/ |
| Ear | nuŋǧe /nũɣe/ | núŋǧe /nṹɣe/ | — | nąącawa /nãːtʃawa/ | ahpé /ahpé/ | mȧhtovooʼȯtse /mahtovoːʔotse/ | xáooí /ʔáooí/ |
| Nose | phasú /pʰasú/ | pȟasú /pˣasú/ | — | paa /paː/ | apé /apé/ | maʼevo /maʔevo/ | xitaoí /ʔitaoí/ |
| Mouth | í /í/ | í /í/ | — | ii /iː/ | íia /íːa/ | mahtse /mahtse/ | kao /kao/ |
| Tooth | hi /hi/ | hi /hi/ | hi /hi/ | hii /hiː/ | iiá /iːá/ | véeʼėse /véːʔese/ | aitoi /aitoi/ |
| Tongue | čeži /tʃeʒi/ | čhejí /tʃʰeʒí/ | ðéže /ðéʒe/ | reezí /reːzi/ | déeshe /déːʃe/ | vétanove /vétanove/ | ipopai /ipopai/ |
| Hand | napé /naˈpe/ | napé /napé/ | nǫbé /nũbé/ | nąąp /nãːp/ | isché /istʃé/ | maʼahtse /maʔahtse/ | xoái /ʔoái/ |
| Foot | sihá /sihá/ | sihá /sihá/ | si /si/ | sii /siː/ | iché /itʃé/ | mahtseʼko /matsʰeʔko/ | xaaí /ʔaaí/ |
| Heart | čhaŋté /tʃʰaŋté/ | čhaŋté /tʃʰaŋté/ | náⁿʒe /nã́ʒe/ | nąącge /nãːtʃɡe/ | daasé /daːsé/ | hēsta /hesta/ | — /—/ |
| Bone | huhú /huhú/ | hohú /hohú/ | wahú /wahú/ | huušerek /huːʃerek/ | hulé /hulé/ | heʼko /heʔko/ | xaí /ʔaí/ |
| Blood | we /we/ | wé /wé/ | wapi /wapĩ/ | waʼí /waʔi/ | íile /íːle/ | maʼe /maʔe/ | biipai /biipai/ |
| Poop | čhesdí /tʃʰesdí/ | čheslí /tʃʰeslí/ | — | wakere /wakeɾe/ | peelé /peːlé/ | matse /matse/ | — |
| Love | thečhíȟida /tʰetʃʰíχida/ | thečhíȟila /tʰetʃʰíxila/ | ðakʰíðe /ðakʰíðe/ | woxéte /woˈxete/ | íchisshe /ítʃiʃːe/ | méhósáne /méhósáne/ | — /—/ |
| Tree | čháŋ /tʃʰáŋ/ | čháŋ /tʃʰáŋ/ | žą́ /ʒã́/ | ną /nã/ | balapáale /balapáːle/ | hoohtsėstse /hoːhtsestse/ | xií /ʔií/ |
| Dog | šúŋka /ʃúŋka/ | šúŋka /ʃúŋka/ | šǫ́ke /ʃṍke/ | šųk /ʃũk/ | bishké /biʃké/ | oeškēso /oeʃkeso/ | giopaíxi /ɡiopaíʔi/ |
| Cat | igmúŋ /iɡmúŋ/ | igmúŋke /iɡmúŋke/ | įgðǫíka /ĩɡðũíka/ | wijúk /wiˈdʒuk/ | iishpíiwishke /iːʃpíːwiʃke/ | póéso /póéso/ | xowí /ʔowí/ |
| Fish | hogan /hoɣã/ | hogán /hoɣã́/ | ho /ho/ | hoo /hoː/ | buá /buá/ | nómaʼne /nómaʔne/ | tíxisi /tíʔisi/ |
| Bird | zitkána /zitˈkana/ | ziŋtkála /zĩˈtkala/ | wažį́ka /waʒĩ́ka/ | wanįk /wanĩk/ | dakáake /dakáːke/ | véʼkése /véʔkése/ | piibigi /piibiɡi/ |
| Butterfly | kímama /kímama/ | kimímila /kimímila/ | — | mįįmįké /mĩːmĩˈke/ | bilítaashisshe /bilítaːʃiʃːe/ | hevávȧhkema /hevávahkema/ | sibíoí /sibíoí/ |
| Egg | witka /witˈka/ | witká /witˈka/ | hpáata /hpáːta/ | hiicgé /hiːˈtʃɡe/ | — | vovȯtse /vovotse/ | sitoí /sitoí/ |
| Bear | mathó /matʰó/ | matȟó /matʰó/ | wasápe /wasápe/ | hų́ųc /hũːtʃ/ | — | náhkohe /náhkohe/ | — |
| House | thípi /tʰípi/ | thípi /tʰípi/ | cí /tsí/ | cii /tʃiː/ | ashé /aʃé/ | mȧhēōʼo /maheoʔo/ | kaiíi /kaiíi/ |
| Milk | asáŋpi /asã́pi/ | asáŋpi /aˈsãpi/ | paazénii /paːzéniː/ | ceewáznį /tʃeːˈwaznĩ/ | áachiwile /áːtʃiwile/ | matana /matana/ | xíbogi /ʔíboɡi/ |
| Salt | mniskúya /mniskúja/ | mniskúya /mniskúja/ | niskúðe /niskúðe/ | nįįsgú /nĩːsˈɡu/ | awaxóose /awaχóːse/ | vóhpomaʼȯhtse /vóhpomaʔohtse/ | — |
| Wine | mníša /mníʃa/ | mníša /mníʃa/ | — | haaznį́ /haːzˈnĩ/ | — | — | — |
| Rice | psíŋ /psĩ́/ | psíŋ /psíŋ/ | — | sįį /sĩː/ | bisheetchichée /biʃeːttʃitʃéː/ | heʼéhesono /heʔéhesono/ | xahóikasí /ʔahóikasí/ |
| Iron | máza /máza/ | máza /máza/ | — | mą́ąs /mãːs/ | úuwate /úːwate/ | maʼaata /maʔaːta/ | — |
| Wheel | čhaŋhdéska /tʃʰaŋhdéska/ | — | — | hogís /hoˈɡis/ | baaiihulé /baːiːhulé/ | onéstȧhké-mȧhtseʼko /onéstahkémahtseʔko/ | — |
| Book | wówapi /wówapi/ | wówapi /wówapi/ | — | wagáx /waˈɡax/ | baawaalaáche /baːwaːláːtʃe/ | mȯxeʼėstooʼo /moxeʔestoːʔo/ | — |
| Eat | yúta /júta/ | yúta /júta/ | ðatʰé /ðatʰé/ | waruc /waˈɾutʃ/ | duushé /duːʃé/ | mésehe /mésehe/ | xohoái /ʔohoái/ |
| Drink | yatkáŋ /jatkáŋ/ | yatkáŋ /jatkáŋ/ | iðátʰǫ /iðátʰũ/ | racgą /ratʃɡã/ | isshíia /iʃːíːa/ | mane /mane/ | gao /ɡao/ |
| Sleep | ištíma /iʃtíma/ | ištíma /iʃˈtima/ | — | nąą /nãː/ | hiláwe /hiláwe/ | naóotse /naóːtse/ | xaití /ʔaití/ |
| One | waŋžidaŋ /waŋʒidaŋ/ | waŋží /waŋʒí/ | wį́xci /wĩ́xtsi/ | hižą́kira /hiʒɐ̃ˈkiɾa/ | hawáte /hawáːte/ | naʼėstse /naʔestse/ | hói /hói/ |
| Two | nųpa /nũpa/ | núŋpa /nṹpa/ | ðóⁿba /ðṍba/ | nųųp /nũːp/ | dúupe /dúːpe/ | neše /neʃe/ | hoí /hoí/ |
| Three | yamni /jamni/ | yámni /jámni/ | ðaabrį /ðaːbrĩ/ | taaní /taːni/ | dáawiia /dáːwiːa/ | naʼhe /naʔhe/ | baágiso /baáɡiso/ |
| Four | tópa /tópa/ | tópa /tópa/ | topa /topa/ | joop /dʒoːp/ | shoopé /ʃoːpé/ | neve /neve/ | — |
| Five | záptaŋ /záptã/ | záptaŋ /záptã/ | sáhta /sáhta/ | saacą /saːtʃã/ | chiaxxó /tʃiaχːó/ | noho /noho/ | — |
| Hundred | opáwiŋǧe /opáwĩɣe/ | opáwiŋǧe /opáwĩʁe/ | — | hogihí /hoɡihi/ | pilakisée /pilakiséː/ | noʼka mȧhtóhtȯhnóʼe /noʔka mahtóhtohnóʔe/ | — |
| Hello | háu /háu/ | háu /háu/ | Háwe /háwe/ | haho /haho/ | kahée /kahéː/ | haáahe /haáːhe/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | pidámayaye /pidámajaje/ | philámayaye /pʰilámajaje/ | Wíbthaxube /wíbðaxube/ | pįnagigi /pĩnaɡiɡi/ | ahóoh /ahóːh/ | néáʼeše /néáʔeʃe/ | kapiíhií /kapiíhií/ |
| Good | wašté /waʃté/ | wašté /waʃté/ | ðą́ /ðã́/ | pįį /pĩː/ | ítche /íttʃe/ | pėhévaʼe /pehévaʔe/ | báaxáí /báaʔáí/ |
| New | téča /tétʃa/ | tȟéča /tʰétʃa/ | — | ceek /tʃeːk/ | hilaaké /hilaːké/ | mónaʼe /mónaʔe/ | xasí /ʔasí/ |
| Red | šá /ʃa/ | šá /ʃa/ | žúce /ʒútse/ | šuuc /ʃuːtʃ/ | hísshe /híʃːe/ | maʼó /maʔó/ | biísi /biísi/ |
| White | ska /ska/ | ská /ská/ | ska /ska/ | ska /ska/ | chía /tʃía/ | vóʼkomó /vóʔkomó/ | kobiaí /kobiaí/ |
| Black | sápa /sápa/ | sápa /sápa/ | — | seep /seːp/ | shipíte /ʃipíte/ | moʼȯhtávo /moʔohtávo/ | kopaíai /kopaíai/ |
| Green | tȟó /txó/ | tȟózi /ˈtxozi/ | mąhį́ htóho /mãhĩ́ htóho/ | coo /tʃoː/ | shúa /ʃúa/ | hoxoʼȯhtsévo /hoxoʔohtsévo/ | xahoasai /ʔahoasai/ |
| Blue | tȟó /txó/ | tȟó /txó/ | htóho /htóho/ | coo /tʃoː/ | shúa /ʃúa/ | otáʼtavó /otáʔtavó/ | xahoasai /ʔahoasai/ |
| Tea | waȟpe /waχpe/ | waȟpé /waχpé/ | — | nąąʼáp /nãːˈʔap/ | — | véhpotséhohpe /véhpotséhohpe/ | — |
| Coffee | pežuta sapa /peʒuta sapa/ | wakȟályapi /wakˣáljapi/ | mąhkása /mãhkása/ | taaxú /taːˈxu/ | — | moʼȯhtávėhohpe /moʔohtávehohpe/ | kapíi /kapíi/ |
| Sugar | čaŋhaŋpi /tʃaŋhaŋpi/ | čhaŋháŋpi /tʃʰãhã́pi/ | — | taanį́žu /taːˈnĩʒu/ | — | véʼkeemahpe /véʔkeemahpe/ | — |
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