Fulfulde
Fula
Atlantic-Congo (Senegambian, Fula)
Fula (Fulfulde, Pulaar, Pular) is a major Atlantic-Congo language of the Senegambian branch, with ~40M speakers spread across the entire Sahel from Senegal to Sudan — the most geographically dispersed African language. Its speakers, the traditionally pastoralist Fulani/Peul people, played a major role in West African Islamic empires (Sokoto Caliphate, Fulani jihads of the 18th-19th c.). Multiple regional varieties (Pulaar, Pular, Fulfulde, Fulani Adamawa) form a continuum. The Adlam script, invented in 1989 by Guinean brothers Ibrahima and Abdoulaye Barry to better fit Fula phonology, gained Unicode status in 2016.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Fula
WiFi
sushi
Sources
- Ethnologue: ful
- Sylla (1982) Grammaire moderne du pulaar
- Adlam Unicode Block (U+1E900-1E95F)
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Atlantic-Congo (Senegambian, Fula)
| Meaning | Fula | Serer | Soninke | Wolaytta | Wolof | Akkadian | Donno So |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ndiyam /ndijam/ | foofi /foːfi/ | ji /dʒi/ | haatta /haːtːa/ | ndox /ndɔx/ | 𒀀 /muː/ | di /di/ |
| Fire | yiite /jiːte/ | fiɗel /fiɗel/ | yinbe /jimbe/ | tama /tama/ | safara /safaɾa/ | 𒉈𒌋 /iʃaːtu/ | nyaŋ /ɲaŋ/ |
| Sun | naange /naːŋɡe/ | — /—/ | kiye /kije/ | awa /awa/ | jant /dʒant/ | 𒀭𒌓 /ʃamʃu/ | naŋ /naŋ/ |
| Moon | lewru /lewɾu/ | nqool /ŋɢoːl/ | xaso /xaso/ | aginaa /aɡinaː/ | weer /wɛːɾ/ | 𒌗 /warχu/ | ugɔ /uɡɔ/ |
| Star | hoodere /hoːdeɾe/ | xoor /xoːɾ/ | saane /saːne/ | xoolinttee /tʼoːlintːeː/ | biddiw /biddiw/ | 𒀯 /kakːabu/ | tolo /tolo/ |
| Night | jemma /dʒemːa/ | yeng /jeŋ/ | wuro /wuro/ | qamma /kʼamːa/ | guddi /ɡudːi/ | 𒈬𒋗 /muːʃu/ | diga /diɡa/ |
| Rain | toɓo /ˈtoɓo/ | teɓ /teɓ/ | kanme /kanme/ | iraa /iraː/ | taw /taw/ | 𒍪𒌦𒉡 /ˈzunnu/ | ana /ana/ |
| Wind | henndu /hendu/ | nqeñ /ŋɢeɲ/ | fanke /faŋke/ | carkko /tsʼarkːo/ | ngelaw /ŋɡelaw/ | 𒊭𒀀𒊒 /ʃaːru/ | gɛɛdɛ /ɡɛːdɛ/ |
| Earth | leydi /lejdi/ | lanq /laŋɢ/ | ñiiñe /ɲiːɲe/ | saʼaa /saʔaː/ | suuf /suːf/ | 𒅕𒍢𒌅 /ˈersˤetu/ | tay /taj/ |
| Stone | haayre /ˈhaːjre/ | ɓil /ɓil/ | gide /ɡide/ | shuchcha /ʃutʃːa/ | doj /doːj/ | 𒀊𒉡 /abnu/ | tibu /tibu/ |
| Mountain | fello /fello/ | pimb /pimb/ | segenda /seɡenda/ | deriya /derija/ | tangor /taŋɡor/ | 𒆳 /ʃaduː/ | pɛgɛlɛŋ /pɛɡɛlɛŋ/ |
| Sea | geec /ɡeːtʃ/ | maag /maːɡ/ | geeji /ɡeːdʒi/ | abbaa /abːaː/ | géej /ɡeːj/ | 𒀀𒀊𒁀 /tiaːmtu/ | dibe /dibe/ |
| Mother | yumma /jumːa/ | yaay /jaːj/ | ma /ma/ | aayyiyo /aːjːijo/ | yaay /jaːj/ | 𒌝𒈬 /umːu/ | na /na/ |
| Father | baaba /baːba/ | faap /faːp/ | baaba /baːba/ | aawa /aːwa/ | baay /baːj/ | 𒀊 /abu/ | ba /ba/ |
| Daughter | ɓiɗɗo debbo /ɓiɗːo debːo/ | — | renyaxare /renjaxare/ | naʼiyo /naʔijo/ | doom ju jigéen /doːm dʒu dʒiɡeːn/ | 𒈥𒌅 /maːrtu/ | yaana ii /jaːna iː/ |
| I | miin /miːn/ | mi /mi/ | in /in/ | taani /taːni/ | man /man/ | 𒀀𒈾𒆪 /anaːku/ | mi /mi/ |
| You | aan /aːn/ | wo /wo/ | an /an/ | neeni /neːni/ | yow /jow/ | 𒀜𒋫 /atːa/ | u /u/ |
| We | enen / minen /enen / minen/ | in /in/ | o /o/ | nuuni /nuːni/ | nun /nun/ | 𒉌𒉡 /niːnu/ | ɛmmɛ /ɛmːɛ/ |
| Name | innde /inːde/ | gon /ɡon/ | toxo /toxo/ | sunttaa /suntːaː/ | tur /tur/ | 𒈬 /ʃumu/ | boy /bɔj/ |
| Person | neɗɗo /neɗːo/ | kin /kin/ | sere /sere/ | asaa /asaː/ | nit /nit/ | 𒀀𒉿𒈝 /awiːlu/ | inde /indɛ/ |
| Head | hoore /hoːre/ | xoox /xoːx/ | yinme /jinme/ | huuphiya /huːpʼija/ | bopp /bɔp/ | 𒊕𒆕 /qaqːadu/ | kuu /kuː/ |
| Eye | yitere /jiteɾe/ | ngid /ŋɡid/ | yaaxe /jaːxe/ | ayfee /ajfeː/ | bët /bət/ | 𒅆 /iːnu/ | giru /ɡiru/ |
| Ear | nofru /nofru/ | nof /nof/ | toro /toro/ | hayttaa /hajtːaː/ | nopp /nop/ | 𒍑𒉡 /ˈuznu/ | sugulu /suɡulu/ |
| Nose | hinere /hinere/ | ñis /ɲis/ | nuxune /nuxune/ | siiriya /siːrija/ | bakkan /bakːan/ | 𒀊𒁍 /appu/ | kinu /kinu/ |
| Mouth | hunuko /hunuko/ | don /dɔn/ | raqe /raqe/ | doonaa /doːnaː/ | gémmiñ /ɡemːiɲ/ | 𒅗 /puː/ | kɛnnɛ /kɛnːɛ/ |
| Tooth | ñiire /ɲiːre/ | ñiñ /ɲiɲ/ | kanbe /kambe/ | achcha /atʃːa/ | bëñ /bəɲ/ | 𒅆𒅔𒉡 /ʃinːu/ | inu /inu/ |
| Tongue | ɗemngal /ɗemŋɡal/ | ɗelem /ɗelem/ | nene /nene/ | inxxarssa /intʼarsːa/ | làmmiñ /lamːiɲ/ | 𒇷𒊭𒉡 /liʃaːnu/ | nɛndɛ /nɛndɛ/ |
| Hand | junngo /dʒuŋːɡo/ | ɓay /ɓaj/ | kitte /kitːe/ | kushiyaa /kuʃijaː/ | loxo /lɔxɔ/ | 𒋗 /qaːtu/ | numɔ /numɔ/ |
| Foot | koyngal /kojŋɡal/ | caf /tʃaf/ | — | tohuwa /tohuwa/ | tànk /taŋk/ | 𒄊 /ʃeːpu/ | kubɔ /kubɔ/ |
| Heart | ɓernde /ɓeɾnde/ | xeeñ /xeːɲ/ | sondome /sondome/ | wozanaa /wozanaː/ | xol /xɔl/ | 𒇷𒅁 /libːu/ | kindɛ /kindɛ/ |
| Bone | ƴiʼal /ʄiʔal/ | hid /hid/ | xotte /xotːe/ | meqetta /mekʼetːa/ | yax /jax/ | 𒂊𒍢𒅎𒌅 /esˤemtu/ | kee /keː/ |
| Blood | ƴiiƴam /ʄiːʄam/ | foʼoy /foʔoj/ | fare /fare/ | suutta /suːtːa/ | deret /deret/ | 𒁕𒈬 /daːmu/ | ni /ni/ |
| Poop | kuudi /kuːdi/ | — | xullu /xulːu/ | shiyaa /ʃijaː/ | — | 𒍪𒌑 /zuː/ | bede /bede/ |
| Love | yiɗde /jiɗde/ | fex /fex/ | xanuye /xanuje/ | siiqaa /siːqaː/ | mbëggeel /mbəɡːɛːl/ | 𒊏𒄠 /raːmu/ | ibɛ /ibɛ/ |
| Tree | lekki /lekːi/ | ndaxar /ndaxaɾ/ | yitte /jitːe/ | mittaa /mitːaː/ | garab /ɡaɾab/ | 𒄑 /isˤu/ | timmɛ /timːɛ/ |
| Dog | rawaandu /ɾawaːndu/ | ɓox /ɓox/ | wulle /wulːe/ | kanaa /kanaː/ | xaj /xaj/ | 𒌨𒁇 /kalbu/ | idu /idu/ |
| Cat | ullundu /ulːundu/ | muus /muːs/ | muusine /muːsine/ | gaaduwaa /ɡaːduwaː/ | muus /muːs/ | 𒋗𒊏𒉡 /ʃuraːnu/ | gamma /ɡamːa/ |
| Fish | liingu /liːŋɡu/ | lib /lib/ | ñexe /ɲexe/ | moliya /molija/ | jën /dʒən/ | 𒄩 /nuːnu/ | — /—/ |
| Bird | sonndu /sonndu/ | ndid /ndid/ | yeliŋe /jeliŋe/ | kafo /kafo/ | picc /pitʃ/ | 𒅖𒍪𒊒 /isˤsˤuːru/ | sadaa /sadaː/ |
| Egg | boofo /boːfo/ | ɓoof /ɓoːf/ | xabaane /xabaːne/ | phuuphulliya /pʼuːpʼulːija/ | nen /nɛn/ | 𒉭 /peːlu/ | talu /talu/ |
| Horse | puccu /putʃːu/ | pis /pis/ | si /si/ | paraa /paraː/ | fas /fas/ | 𒀲𒆳𒊏 /sisuː/ | soŋ /soŋ/ |
| House | suudu /suːdu/ | mbind /mbind/ | kaa /kaː/ | keettaa /keːtːaː/ | kër /kəɾ/ | 𒂍 /biːtu/ | ginɛ /ɡinɛ/ |
| Milk | kosam /kosam/ | ɗeen /ɗeːn/ | xati /xati/ | maatta /maːtːa/ | meew /meːw/ | 𒅆𒅖𒁍 /ʃizbu/ | iru /iru/ |
| Honey | njuumri /ndʒuːmri/ | suum /suːm/ | yaage /jaːɡe/ | eessaa /eːsːaː/ | lem /lɛm/ | 𒁲𒅖𒁍 /diʃpu/ | igɛ /iɡɛ/ |
| Salt | lamɗam /lamɗam/ | jem /dʒem/ | sape /sape/ | maxiniyaa /matʼinijaː/ | xorom /xorom/ | 𒋰𒌅 /tˤaːbtu/ | neŋ /neŋ/ |
| Wine | wiiñu /wiːɲu/ | biiñ /biːɲ/ | — | woine eessa /woine eːsːa/ | biiñ /biːɲ/ | 𒅗𒊏𒉡 /karaːnu/ | — |
| Rice | maaro /maːro/ | maalo /maːlo/ | maaro /maːro/ | ruuziya /ruːzija/ | ceeb /tʃeːb/ | — | ara /ara/ |
| Chocolate | sokola /sokola/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Iron | njamndi /ˈndʒamndi/ | njelem /ndʒelem/ | mexe /mexe/ | birataa /birataː/ | weñ /weɲ/ | 𒁇𒍣𒅋𒇻 /parzillu/ | inɛ /inɛ/ |
| Wheel | irel /iɾel/ | — | — | irzzuwaa /irzːuwaː/ | ruu /ruː/ | 𒈠𒃻𒊒 /maɡarru/ | — |
| Book | deftere /deftere/ | safe /safe/ | kitaabe /kitaːbe/ | maxaafaa /matʼaːfaː/ | téere /teːre/ | — | — |
| Eat | ñaamde /ɲaːmde/ | ñaam /ɲaːm/ | yiga /jiɡa/ | miya /miːja/ | lekk /lɛkː/ | 𒀀𒅗𒇻 /akaːlu/ | nyaa /ɲaː/ |
| Drink | yarude /jaɾude/ | yer /jeɾ/ | mini /mini/ | uyiya /ujija/ | naan /naːn/ | 𒊮𒌅 /ʃatuː/ | nɔ /nɔ/ |
| Sleep | ɗaanaade /ɗaːnaːde/ | ɗaan /ɗaːn/ | xenqe /xeŋqe/ | xiskkiya /tʼiskːija/ | nelaw /nelaw/ | 𒍝𒆷𒇻 /sˤalaːlu/ | girii yeyyee /ɡiriː jejːeː/ |
| One | goʼo /ɡoʔo/ | leeng /leːŋɡ/ | baane /baːne/ | issuwa /isːuwa/ | benn /bɛnː/ | 𒁹 /iʃteːn/ | turu /turu/ |
| Two | ɗiɗi /ɗiɗi/ | ɗak /ɗak/ | fillo /filːo/ | naaʼʼa /naːʔːa/ | ñaar /ɲaːr/ | 𒈫 /ʃina/ | lɛy /lɛj/ |
| Three | tati /tati/ | tadik /tadik/ | sikko /sikːo/ | heezza /heːzːa/ | ñett /ɲɛtː/ | 𒐈 /ʃalaːʃ/ | taandu /taːndu/ |
| Four | nayi /naji/ | nahik /nahik/ | naxato /naɣato/ | oydda /ʔoidːa/ | ñeent /ɲɛnt/ | 𒐉 /erbe/ | nay /naj/ |
| Five | jowi /dʒoːwi/ | ɓetik /ɓetik/ | karago /karaˈɡo/ | ichchasha /itʃːaʃa/ | juróom /dʒuˈroːm/ | 𒄩𒈩 /χamiʃ/ | nnɔ /nːɔ/ |
| Hundred | teemedere /teːmedeɾe/ | teemeed /teːmeːd/ | kame /kãme/ | xeeta /tʼeːta/ | téeméer /teːmeːr/ | 𒈨𒀜 /meʔat/ | tɛmdɛrɛ /tɛmdɛrɛ/ |
| Hello | jam tan /dʒam tan/ | nam fiyo /nam fijo/ | an na siri /an na siɾi/ | saro /saro/ | na nga def /na ŋɡa dɛf/ | 𒁲 /ʃulmu/ | yaamɔ /jaːmɔ/ |
| Thank you | a jaaraama /a dʒaːɾaːma/ | jaaraama /dʒaːɾaːma/ | inkawu /iŋkawu/ | galatay /ɡalataj/ | jërëjëf /dʒəɾədʒəf/ | 𒁲𒌅 /taʃlimtu/ | gaanaa /ɡaːnaː/ |
| Good | moƴƴo /moʄːo/ | fax /fax/ | siita /siːta/ | loʼo /loʔo/ | baax /baːx/ | 𒄭𒄀 /damqu/ | seeƞ /sẽː/ |
| New | keso /keso/ | xas /xas/ | kurunba /kurunba/ | ooratta /oːratːa/ | bees /beːs/ | 𒉋 /eʃːu/ | kanda /kanda/ |
| Red | boɗeejo /boɗeːdʒo/ | yogu /joɡu/ | dumbi /dumbi/ | zoʼo /zoʔo/ | xonq /xonq/ | 𒊓𒀀𒈬 /saːmu/ | banu /banu/ |
| White | daneejo /daneːdʒo/ | rangu /raŋɡu/ | xulle /xulːe/ | bootta /boːtːa/ | weex /weːx/ | 𒌓 /pesˤuː/ | pilu /pilu/ |
| Black | ɓaleejo /ɓaleːdʒo/ | ɓaal /ɓaːl/ | binne /binːe/ | karetta /karetːa/ | ñuul /ɲuːl/ | 𒍝𒀠𒈬 /sˤalmu/ | gɛŋ /ɡɛŋ/ |
| Green | haakoojo /haːkoːdʒo/ | — | xalle /xalːe/ | — | wert /wɛrt/ | 𒅊 /warqu/ | wɛru /wɛru/ |
| Computer | ordinateer /oɾdinateːr/ | — | — | komppiiteriya /kompːiːterija/ | nosukaay /nɔsukaːj/ | — | — |
| Wi-Fi | WiFi | — | — | — | wifi /wifi/ | — | — |
| Sushi | sushi | — | — | — | — | 𒅆𒅅𒄣 /ʃiqːu/ | — |
| Sugar | sukar /sukar/ | — | sukkara /sukːara/ | — | suuker /suːkɛr/ | — | suugɔrɔ /suːɡɔrɔ/ |
| Orange | lemu /lemu/ | — | lenburu /lemburu/ | — | soraas /soraːs/ | — | — |
| Ninety-nine | cappanɗe jeenay e jeenay /tʃapːanɗe dʒeːnaj e dʒeːnaj/ | — | tankabe do kabu /tãkabe do kabu/ | uddufun tammanne uddufuna /udːufun tamːanːe udːufuna/ | juróom-ñeenti fukk ak juróom-ñeent /dʒuˈroːmɲeːnti fukː ak dʒuˈroːmɲeːnt/ | — | — |
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