𒉈𒅆𒇷

Hittite

Anatolian (Indo-European) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyAnatolian (Indo-European) SpeakersExtinct ScriptCuneiform / Hieroglyphic Luwian CountriesHatti (central Anatolia) Official inHittite Empire Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3hit

Hittite (Nešili) is the earliest attested Indo-European language (c. 1650-1178 BCE), the official language of the powerful Hittite Empire centered on Hattusa (modern Boğazkale, central Anatolia, Turkey). Its decipherment by Bedřich Hrozný in 1915 revolutionized Indo-European studies — it preserves laryngeal consonants reconstructed for Proto-Indo-European but lost in nearly every other branch, confirming Saussure's 1879 theoretical reconstruction. Written in cuneiform borrowed from Akkadian on clay tablets, with around 30,000 surviving tablets from the royal archives.

Where it is spoken

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87 core words in Hittite

Water

𒉿𒀀𒋻

waːtar

Fire

𒉺𒄴𒄯

paxːur

Sun

—

—

Moon

𒀀𒅈𒈠

arma

Star

𒄩𒀸𒋼𒅕𒍝

xasterts

Night

𒅖𒉺𒀭𒍝

ispants

Rain

𒄭𒂊𒍑

xeːus

Wind

𒄷𒌋𒉿𒀭𒍝

xuwants

Earth

𒋼𒂊𒅗𒀭

teːkan

Stone

𒉺𒀸𒅆𒆷𒀸

pasːilas

Sea

𒀀𒊒𒈾𒀸

arunas

Mother

𒀭𒈾

anːa

Father

𒀜𒋫

atːa

I

𒌑𒊌

uːk

You

𒍣𒅅

tsik

We

𒌑𒂊𒌍

weːs

Name

𒆷𒀀𒈠𒀭

laːman

Person

𒀭𒌅𒉿𒀪𒄩𒀸

antuwaxːas

Head

𒄩𒅈𒊭𒅈

xarsar

Eye

𒊭𒆪𒉿

sakuwa

Ear

𒅖𒋫𒈠𒀭

istaman

Mouth

𒀀𒄿𒅖

ajs

Tooth

𒅗𒀀𒂵

kaːɡa

Tongue

𒆷𒀀𒆷

laːla

Hand

𒆠𒅖𒊭𒅈

kesːar

Foot

𒉺𒋫

pata

Heart

𒆠𒅕

ker

Bone

𒄩𒀸𒋫𒄿

xastaːi

Blood

𒂊𒌍𒄯

eːsxar

Poop

𒊭𒀝𒋼𒀀

sakːar

Love

𒀀𒀸𒅆𒅀𒋻

aːsːijatar

Tree

𒋫𒊒

taru

Dog

𒆪𒉿𒀭

kuwan

Cat

—

—

Fish

—

—

Bear

𒄯𒁖𒂵𒀸

xartaɡːas

House

𒂍

peːr

Honey

𒈪𒇷𒀉

milit

Wine

𒉿𒅀𒈾𒀸

wijanas

Iron

𒄩𒉺𒀠𒆠

xapalki

Wheel

𒄷𒌨𒆠𒅖

xurkis

Eat

𒂊𒄑𒍝𒊍𒍣

eːtsːatsːi

Drink

𒂊𒆪𒍣

ekutsi

Sleep

𒊺𒌍𒍣

sestsi

One

𒀸

as

Two

—

—

Three

𒋼𒊑

teri

Four

𒈪𒂊𒉿𒀸

miewas

Hello

—

—

Thank you

—

—

Good

𒀸𒋗

asːu

New

𒉈𒂊𒉿𒀸

neːwas

Red

𒈪𒄿𒋾𒅖

miːtis

White

𒄯𒆠𒅖

xarkis

Black

𒁕𒀭𒆪𒅖

dankuis

Sources

Words compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Anatolian (Indo-European)

Meaning HittiteLuwianMycenaean GreekOld PersianAvestanTocharian APhrygian
Water 𒉿𒀀𒋻 /waːtar/ wār /waːr/ 𐀄𐀈 /hudɔːr/ 𐎠𐎱 /aːpi/ 𐬁𐬞 /aːp/ 𑀯𑀭𑁆 /wær/ bedu /ˈbedu/
Fire 𒉺𒄴𒄯 /paxːur/ pāḫur /ˈpaːxur/ 𐀢 /pyːr/ 𐎠𐎫𐎼 /aːtar/ 𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭 /aːtar/ 𑀧𑁄𑀭𑁆 /por/ — /—/
Sun — /—/ 𔖖𔓚 /ˈtiwad/ 𐀀𐀸𐀪𐀍 /haːwelios/ 𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎼 /huwar/ 𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 /huwarə/ 𑀓𑁄𑀁 /kom/ — /—/
Moon 𒀀𒅈𒈠 /arma/ 𔓜𔒄𔗦 /ˈarmas/ 𐀕 /mɛːn/ 𐎶𐎠𐏃 /maːha/ 𐬨𐬁𐬵 /maːh/ 𑀫𑀜𑁆 /mæɲ/ masê /maˈseː/
Star 𒄩𒀸𒋼𒅕𒍝 /xasterts/ — /—/ 𐀀𐀳𐀫 /astɛːr/ 𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎼 /staːra/ 𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭 /star/ 𑀰𑁆𑀭𑁂𑀁 /ɕreⁿ/ — /—/
Night 𒅖𒉺𒀭𒍝 /ispants/ — /—/ — /—/ 𐎧𐏁𐎱 /xʃapa/ 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬞 /xʃap/ 𑀯𑀱𑁂 /wʂe/ — /—/
Rain 𒄭𒂊𒍑 /xeːus/ — — — 𐬬𐬁𐬭𐬀 /ˈʋaːra/ 𑀲𑁆𑀯𑀲𑁂 /swase/ —
Wind 𒄷𒌋𒉿𒀭𒍝 /xuwants/ — 𐀀𐀚𐀗 /anemos/ — 𐬬𐬁𐬙𐬀 /ˈʋaːta/ 𑀯𑀦𑁆𑀢𑁆 /want/ —
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Word order compared

Compare with major world languages

Hittite
uk sakhi washi wasippa kuin uskun anda happiriyati peran ašušanni
I want to try on a suit I saw ‌in a shop across from the hotel
Ich möchte einen Anzug anprobieren den ich in einem Geschäft gegenüber vom Hotel gesehen habe
मैं होटल के सामने एक दुकान में देखा सूट को पहनकर देखना चाहता हूँ
私は ホテルの 向かいの お店 で 見た スーツを 試着 したいです
我 想 试穿 酒店 对面的 商店 里 看到的 那套西装
أنا أريد أن أجرب بدلة رأيتها في محل مقابل الفندق
Я хочу примерить костюм который я увидел в магазине напротив отеля

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