๐๐ญ๐๐ฐ๐บ ๐๐พ๐ฆ๐๐ข๐๐ฏ๐
Tocharian A
Indo-European (Tocharian) ยท historical / hidden variety
Tocharian A (also called Eastern Tocharian, East Tocharian or Agnean/Turfanian) is the more eastern of the two Tocharian Indo-European languages, attested in Buddhist manuscripts (5th-9th c. CE) from the Tarim Basin oasis kingdoms of Agni (Karashahr) and Turfan. Together with Tocharian B (txb, more western, around Kucha), it forms the Tocharian branch โ a unique Indo-European subfamily separated from all other IE branches and surprisingly Centum (despite its eastern location, contradicting the Centum-Satem geographic divide). Texts include translations from Sanskrit Buddhist sutras and the dramatic Maitreyasamiti-Nฤแนญaka. Disappeared in the 9th-10th c. as the Tarim Basin Turkified under the Uyghurs.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Tocharian A
Sources
- Sieg, Siegling & Schulze (1931) Tocharische Grammatik
- Ringe (1996) On the Chronology of Sound Changes in Tocharian
- Glottolog: tokh1242
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Indo-European (Tocharian)
| Meaning | Tocharian A | Tocharian B | Proto-Tocharian | Hittite | Luwian | Mycenaean Greek | Wichita |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ๐ฏ๐ญ๐ /wรฆr/ | ๐ฏ๐ญ๐ /war/ | *wรคr /wษr/ | ๐ฟ๐๐ป /waหtar/ | wฤr /waหr/ | ๐๐ /hudษหr/ | kicสa /kitsสa/ |
| Fire | ๐ง๐๐ญ๐ /por/ | ๐ง๐ผ๐ฏ๐ญ๐ /puwar/ | *pลญwฤr /puwaหr/ | ๐บ๐ด๐ฏ /paxหur/ | pฤแธซur /หpaหxur/ | ๐ข /pyหr/ | heหcสa /heหtsสa/ |
| Sun | ๐๐๐ /kom/ | ๐๐ ๐ /kauล/ | *kฤunรค /kaหunษ/ | โ /โ/ | ๐๐ /หtiwad/ | ๐๐ธ๐ช๐ /haหwelios/ | saหkhirสa /saหkสฐiษพสa/ |
| Moon | ๐ซ๐๐ /mรฆษฒ/ | ๐ซ๐๐๐ /meษฒe/ | *mฤรฑฤ /meหษฒeห/ | ๐๐ ๐ /arma/ | ๐๐๐ฆ /หarmas/ | ๐ /mษหn/ | waหh /waหh/ |
| Star | ๐ฐ๐๐ญ๐๐ /ษreโฟ/ | ๐ฐ๐๐๐บ๐ญ๐๐ฌ๐ /ษtษirje/ | *scรคr /stsษr/ | ๐ฉ๐ธ๐ผ๐ ๐ /xasterts/ | โ /โ/ | ๐๐ณ๐ซ /astษหr/ | hiหkwirikสa /hiหkสทiษพikสa/ |
| Night | ๐ฏ๐ฑ๐ /wสe/ | ๐ฌ๐ฑ๐ป๐ฌ๐ /jสiหje/ | *wyรคแนฃi /wjษสi/ | ๐ ๐บ๐ญ๐ /ispants/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | ckhaหrสa /tskสฐaหษพสa/ |
| Rain | ๐ฒ๐๐ฏ๐ฒ๐ /swase/ | ๐ฒ๐๐ฏ๐๐ฒ๐ /swese/ | *sลญwese /suwese/ | ๐ญ๐๐ /xeหus/ | โ | โ | โ |
| Wind | ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐๐ข๐ /want/ | ๐ฌ๐๐ฆ๐๐ข๐ /jente/ | *wyente /wjente/ | ๐ท๐๐ฟ๐ญ๐ /xuwants/ | โ | ๐๐๐ /anemos/ | niweสeหrสa /niweสeหษพสa/ |
| Earth | ๐ข๐๐๐ /tkam/ | ๐๐๐ /kem/ | *tken /tken/ | ๐ผ๐๐ ๐ญ /teหkan/ | tiyamma- /tijamma/ | โ | โ |
| Stone | ๐๐ญ๐๐ฏ๐ธ๐๐ /kษrwaษฒ/ | ๐๐ญ๐๐ฏ๐๐๐ /kษrweษฒe/ | โ | ๐บ๐ธ๐ ๐ท๐ธ /pasหilas/ | assu- /หasหu/ | โ | โ |
| Mountain | ๐ฑ๐ผ๐ฎ๐ /สul/ | ๐ฑ๐ฎ๐ /สale/ | *แนฃwyรคle /สwjษle/ | โ | watti- /หwatหi/ | โ | โ |
| Sea | ๐ฒ๐ธ๐ซ๐ผ๐ค๐๐ข๐ญ๐ /saหmudtษr/ | ๐ฒ๐ซ๐ผ๐ค๐๐ข๐ญ๐ /samudtษr/ | โ | ๐๐๐พ๐ธ /arunas/ | โ | โ | โ |
| Mother | ๐ซ๐ธ๐๐ญ๐ /maหtsar/ | ๐ซ๐ธ๐๐๐ญ๐ /maหtษer/ | *mฤcer /maหtser/ | ๐ญ๐พ /anหa/ | anni- /หanni/ | ๐๐ณ /maหtษหr/ | eciyeหh /etsijeหh/ |
| Father | ๐ง๐ธ๐๐ญ๐ /paหtsar/ | ๐ง๐ธ๐๐๐ญ๐ /paหtษer/ | *ฤppo /aหppo/ | ๐๐ซ /atหa/ | ๐๐ฃ๐ฏ๐ /หtadis/ | ๐๐ณ /patษหr/ | taหtah /taหtah/ |
| Daughter | ๐๐๐๐ธ๐๐ญ๐ /tskaหtsar/ | ๐ข๐๐๐ธ๐๐๐ญ๐ /tkaหtษer/ | *t(ลญ)kฤcฤr /tkaหtseหr/ | โ | duttariyati- /หdutหarijati/ | ๐ถ๐๐ณ /tสฐuษกatษหr/ | โ |
| I | ๐ฆ๐ฑ๐ /nษส/ | ๐๐ฐ๐ /ษฒษษ/ | *รฑรคล /ษฒษษ/ | ๐๐ /uหk/ | ๐ /หamu/ | ๐๐ /eษกษห/ | nacสih /natsสih/ |
| You | ๐ข๐ผ /tu/ | ๐ข๐ผ๐ฏ๐ /tuwe/ | *tuwe /tuwe/ | ๐ฃ๐ /tsik/ | tu /tu/ | ๐ถ /tuห/ | nasสih /nasสih/ |
| We | ๐ฏ๐ฒ๐ /was/ | ๐ฏ๐๐ฒ๐ /wes/ | โ /โ/ | ๐๐๐ /weหs/ | anzฤลก /หantsaหs/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ |
| Name | ๐๐๐ /ษฒom/ | ๐๐๐ซ๐ /ษฒem/ | *รฑฤmรค /ษฒeหmษ/ | ๐ท๐๐ ๐ญ /laหman/ | ๐๐๐๐ช /หalamantsa/ | ๐๐๐ /onoma/ | hissaหrสa /hissaหษพสa/ |
| Person | ๐ฆ๐ง๐๐ /napem/ | ๐ฐ๐ ๐ซ๐ /ษauฬฏmo/ | *ฤฤumo /tษaหumo/ | ๐ญ๐ ๐ฟ๐ช๐ฉ๐ธ /antuwaxหas/ | ziti- /หtsiti/ | ๐๐ต๐ซ๐ฆ /antสฐrษหkสทos/ | ihaas /ihaas/ |
| Head | ๐ฎ๐ง๐ /lap/ | ๐๐ฐ๐๐๐ /aหษtษe/ | *ฤรคpฤlรค /tษษpaหlษ/ | ๐ฉ๐ ๐ญ๐ /xarsar/ | แธซarmaแธซi- /หxarmaxi/ | โ | โ |
| Eye | ๐ ๐๐ /ak/ | ๐๐๐ /ek/ | *รซk /ษk/ | ๐ญ๐ช๐ฟ /sakuwa/ | tawi- /หtawi/ | โ /โ/ | kirikสa /kiษพikสa/ |
| Ear | ๐๐๐ฎ๐๐ข๐๐ฒ๐ /klots/ | ๐๐๐ฎ๐ ๐ข๐๐ฒ๐ /klauฬฏtso/ | *kleutsฤn /kleutsaหn/ | ๐ ๐ซ๐ ๐ญ /istaman/ | tummant- /หtumหant/ | โ | โ |
| Nose | ๐ซ๐ฎ๐ /mal/ | ๐ซ๐๐ฎ๐บ /meli/ | *mele- /mele/ | โ | โ | โ | โ |
| Tooth | ๐๐ซ /kษm/ | ๐๐๐ซ๐ /keme/ | *keme /keme/ | ๐ ๐๐ต /kaหษกa/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | aหkสa /aหkสa/ |
| Tongue | ๐๐ฆ๐๐ข๐ผ /kษntu/ | ๐๐ฆ๐๐ข๐๐ฏ๐ /kantwo/ | *kรคntwo /kษntwo/ | ๐ท๐๐ท /laหla/ | lฤli- /หlaหli/ | โ /โ/ | hacสผa /hatsสa/ |
| Hand | ๐ข๐๐ฒ๐ญ๐ /tsar/ | ๐ฑ๐ญ๐ /สar/ | *แนฃar /สar/ | ๐ ๐ ๐ญ๐ /kesหar/ | ๐๐ฏ๐ถ๐ธ /หistri/ | ๐๐ /kสฐษหr/ | iskสa /iskสa/ |
| Foot | ๐ง๐ /pe/ | ๐ง๐๐ฌ๐๐ฌ๐ /paijหe/ | *peine /peine/ | ๐บ๐ซ /pata/ | pฤta- /หpaหta/ | ๐ก๐ /podei/ | asสa /asสa/ |
| Heart | ๐ ๐ญ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ /araหษฒts/ | ๐ ๐ญ๐พ๐๐๐๐ /araษฒtษe/ | *ฤrรครฑce /aหrษษฒtse/ | ๐ ๐ /ker/ | zฤrt- /tsaหrt/ | โ /โ/ | sikicสa /sikitsสa/ |
| Bone | ๐๐ฌ๐ /aหj/ | ๐๐ฌ๐ /aหj/ | *ฤyรค /aหjษ/ | ๐ฉ๐ธ๐ซ๐ฟ /xastaหi/ | แธซฤssa- /หxaหsหa/ | โ /โ/ | kiหsสa /kiหsสa/ |
| Blood | ๐ฌ๐๐ฒ๐ธ๐ญ๐ /jsaหr/ | ๐ฌ๐ฒ๐ญ /jasar/ | *yรคฬsar /jษฬsar/ | ๐๐๐ฏ /eหsxar/ | ฤลกแธซar- /หaหsxar/ | โ /โ/ | waหckicสa /waหtskitsสa/ |
| Love | ๐ข๐ผ๐๐๐ /tuลk/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | ๐๐ธ๐ ๐ ๐ป /aหsหijatar/ | azza- /หatsหa/ | ๐ ๐ซ /pสฐilos/ | โ /โ/ |
| Tree | ๐ฒ๐๐ข๐ธ๐ซ๐ /staหm/ | ๐ฒ๐๐ข๐ธ๐ซ๐ /staหm/ | โ /โ/ | ๐ซ๐ /taru/ | โ /โ/ | ๐๐ฌ /doru/ | tiyaหhkw /tijaหhkสท/ |
| Dog | ๐๐ผ /ku/ | ๐๐ผ /ku/ | *ku /ku/ | ๐ช๐ฟ๐ญ /kuwan/ | zuwana- /tsuหwana/ | ๐๐บ /kuwษหn/ | kiciyeหh /kitsijeหh/ |
| Cat | ๐๐ผ๐ซ๐ฝ๐ฑ๐ /kumuหส/ | ๐ซ๐ธ๐ญ๐๐๐ธ๐ญ๐ /maหrdสaหre/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ |
| Fish | ๐ฎ๐๐๐ฑ /laks/ | ๐ฎ๐๐๐ฑ /laks/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | kaหcสa /kaหtsสa/ |
| Horse | ๐ฌ๐ผ๐๐ /juk/ | ๐ฌ๐๐๐ฏ๐ /jakwe/ | *yรคkwe /jษkwe/ | โ | azzu- /หatsหu/ | ๐๐ฆ /ikkสทos/ | โ |
| House | ๐ฏ๐ฑ๐๐ข๐ /waสt/ | ๐๐ฒ๐๐ข๐ /ost/ | *wostลญ /wostu/ | ๐ /peหr/ | ๐๐ค๐ช /หparnantsa/ | ๐บ๐๐ /woikos/ | akhaหrสa /akสฐaหษพสa/ |
| Milk | ๐ซ๐ฎ๐๐๐ /malke/ | ๐ซ๐ฎ๐๐๐๐ฏ๐๐ญ๐ /malkwer/ | โ | โ | โ | โ | โ |
| Honey | ๐ซ๐บ๐ข๐ /mit/ | ๐ซ๐บ๐ข๐ /mit/ | *แธฟษtษ /mสฒษtษ/ | ๐ช๐ท๐ /milit/ | malli- /หmalหi/ | ๐๐ช /meli/ | โ |
| Salt | ๐ฒ๐ธ๐ฎ๐ /saหle/ | ๐ฒ๐ฎ๐๐ฌ๐บ๐ฌ๐ /saสije/ | โ | โ | โ | โ | โ |
| Rice | ๐๐๐ฎ๐ผ /klu/ | ๐๐๐ฎ๐ผ /klu/ | โ | โ | โ | โ | โ |
| Wheel | ๐๐ผ๐๐ฎ๐ /kukษl/ | โ /โ/ | โ | ๐ท๐จ๐ ๐ /xurkis/ | โ | ๐๐ /harmo/ | โ |
| Book | ๐ง๐๐ฒ๐๐ข๐๐ /postak/ | ๐ง๐๐ฒ๐๐ข๐๐ /postak/ | โ | โ | โ | โ | โ |
| Eat | ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ /ษรฆw/ | ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ฏ /ษuwa/ | โ /โ/ | ๐๐๐๐๐ฃ /eหtsหatsหi/ | ad- /ad/ | ๐๐๐๐ /edmenai/ | kaสac /kaสats/ |
| Drink | ๐ฌ๐๐๐ /jok/ | ๐ฌ๐๐๐ /jok/ | โ /โ/ | ๐๐ช๐ฃ /ekutsi/ | ลซ- /uห/ | ๐ก๐ /piหnษห/ | kikสa /kikสa/ |
| Sleep | ๐๐๐ฎ๐บ๐ฒ๐ /klis/ | ๐๐๐ฎ๐ฆ๐๐ข๐๐ฒ๐ /klษnts/ | โ | ๐บ๐๐ฃ /sestsi/ | โ | โ | โ |
| One | ๐ฒ๐ฒ๐ /sas/ | ๐ฑ๐ /สe/ | *sems /sems/ | ๐ธ /as/ | โ /โ/ | ๐ /hen/ | chiสass /tsสฐiสass/ |
| Two | ๐ฏ๐ผ /wu/ | ๐ฏ๐บ /wi/ | *wรซ /wษ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | ๐๐บ /duwoห/ | wic /wits/ |
| Three | ๐ข๐๐ญ๐ /tre/ | ๐ข๐๐ญ๐ฌ /traj/ | *treyรค /trejษ/ | ๐ผ๐ /teri/ | tarri- /หtarหi/ | ๐ฏ๐ช /tiri/ | taw /taw/ |
| Four | ๐ฐ๐๐ข๐๐ฏ๐ญ๐ /ษtwar/ | ๐ฐ๐๐ข๐๐ฏ๐๐ญ๐ /ษtwer/ | *ฤรคtwerรค /tษษtwerษ/ | ๐ช๐๐ฟ๐ธ /miewas/ | mฤuwa- /หmaหuwa/ | ๐ค๐ต๐ซ /kสทetoro/ | taหkwic /taหkสทits/ |
| Five | ๐ง๐๐ /pรฆษฒ/ | ๐ง๐บ๐ฐ๐ /piษ/ | *pสผรคฬรฑฤรค /pสฒษฬษฒtษษ/ | โ | panta /หpanta/ | โ | โ |
| Hundred | ๐๐ฆ๐๐ข๐ /kรฆnt/ | ๐๐ฆ๐๐ข๐ /kante/ | *kรคnte /kษnte/ | โ | โ | โ | โ |
| Hello | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ |
| Thank you | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ |
| Good | ๐๐ธ๐ฒ๐ผ /kaหsu/ | ๐๐ญ๐๐ข๐๐ฒ๐ /kartse/ | โ /โ/ | ๐ธ๐ /asหu/ | ๐ข /หwaหsu/ | ๐๐๐ณ /aษกatสฐos/ | acs /atss/ |
| New | ๐๐ผ /ษฒu/ | ๐๐ผ๐ฏ๐ /ษฒuwe/ | *รฑรคwe /ษฒษwe/ | ๐๐๐ฟ๐ธ /neหwas/ | nฤwa- /หnaหwa/ | ๐๐บ /newos/ | โ |
| Red | ๐ญ๐๐ข๐ธ๐ญ /rtaหr/ | ๐ญ๐ข๐๐ญ๐ /ratre/ | *rลญtรคre /rutษre/ | ๐ช๐ฟ๐พ๐ /miหtis/ | โ /โ/ | ๐๐ฌ๐ฒ๐จ /erutสฐraห/ | kwhaหc /kสทสฐaหts/ |
| White | ๐๐ญ๐๐๐บ /aหrki/ | ๐๐ญ๐๐๐๐ฏ๐บ /aหrkwi/ | *ฤrkwi /aหrkwi/ | ๐ฏ๐ ๐ /xarkis/ | โ | ๐ฉ๐๐ /leukos/ | โ |
| Black | ๐ ๐ญ๐๐๐ฆ๐๐ข๐ /arkant/ | ๐๐ญ๐๐๐๐ฆ๐๐ข๐ /erkent/ | *erkent /erkent/ | ๐๐ญ๐ช๐ /dankuis/ | โ | โ | โ |
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