Ye'kwana
Maquiritari
Cariban
Ye’kwana, also known as Maquiritari and De’kwana, is a Cariban language spoken by Ye’kwana communities in southern Venezuela, especially in Amazonas and Bolívar states, and in northern Brazil’s Roraima state. Communities are distributed around tributaries of the upper Orinoco and upper Rio Negro, across an international border that creates different patterns of contact with Spanish and Portuguese. Linguistic descriptions characterize Ye’kwana as predominantly head-final: objects precede verbs, clauses with an overt subject tend toward subject–object–verb order, and adpositions are postpositions. Verbs have rich morphology indexing participants and marking tense, aspect, and mood. The language displays ergative patterns in parts of its grammar alongside other alignment patterns, so describing the entire system as uniformly ergative-absolutive would be an oversimplification.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Maquiritari
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Cariban
| Meaning | Maquiritari | Galibi Carib | Akawaio | Pemón | Makuxi | Wolaytta | Cora |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | tuna /tuna/ | tuna /tuna/ | tuna /tuna/ | tuna /tuna/ | tuna /tuna/ | haatta /haːtːa/ | hapɨn /hapɨn/ |
| Fire | waʼto /waʔto/ | wàto /wahto/ | apok /apok/ | apok /apok/ | apóó /apóó/ | tama /tama/ | taʼai /taʔai/ |
| Sun | shii /ʃiː/ | weju /weju/ | wïi /wɨi/ | wei /wei/ | wéi /wéi/ | awa /awa/ | tahaapuá /tahaːpwa/ |
| Moon | nuunö /nuːnə/ | nuno /nuno/ | kapïi /kapɨi/ | kapüi /kapɨi/ | kapói /kapói/ | aginaa /aɡinaː/ | mɨhka /mɨhka/ |
| Star | shidiichö /ʃiɾ̠iːtʃə/ | siriko /siɾiko/ | sirikö /siɾikɔ/ | chirikö /tʃiɾikə/ | sírikɨ́ /sírikɨ́/ | xoolinttee /tʼoːlintːeː/ | sɨɨrabe /sɨːˈrabe/ |
| Night | chomomüdü /tʃomomɨɾ̠ɨ/ | koko /koko/ | ewaron /ewaɾon/ | ewaron /ewaɾon/ | ewaron /ewaron/ | qamma /kʼamːa/ | tika /tika/ |
| Rain | konoojo /konoːho/ | konopo /konopo/ | — | konok /konok/ | konoʔ /konoʔ/ | iraa /iraː/ | biite /biːte/ |
| Wind | jejeenchö /heheːntʃə/ | pepeito /pepeito/ | aʼsetun /aʔsetun/ | aʼchitun /aʔtʃitun/ | aʔsitun /aʔsitun/ | carkko /tsʼarkːo/ | eeca /eːka/ |
| Earth | nono /nono/ | nono /nono/ | non /non/ | non /non/ | non /non/ | saʼaa /saʔaː/ | chuej /tʃweh/ |
| Stone | töʼju /təʔhu/ | topu /topu/ | tök /tɔk/ | ötök /ətək/ | tɨʔ /tɨʔ/ | shuchcha /ʃutʃːa/ | teté /teˈte/ |
| Mountain | jüü /hʷɨː/ | wypy /wɨpɨ/ | — | wük /wɨk/ | wɨʔ /wɨʔ/ | deriya /derija/ | jɨrí /hɨˈri/ |
| Sea | dama /dama/ | parana /paɾana/ | parau /paɾau/ | — | pɨranna /pɨranːa/ | abbaa /abːaː/ | muájete /mwaˈhete/ |
| Mother | denü /denɨ/ | sano /sano/ | saŋ /saŋ/ | mamã /mamɑ̃/ | maʔmá /maʔmá/ | aayyiyo /aːjːijo/ | naana /naːna/ |
| Father | jaja /haha/ | papa /papa/ | papai /papai/ | papai /papai/ | paʔpá /paʔpá/ | aawa /aːwa/ | hahuá /hahwa/ |
| I | üwü /ɨwɨ/ | au /au/ | urɨ /uɾɨ/ | yuurö /juːɾø/ | urɨ /urɨ/ | taani /taːni/ | neʼu /ˈneʔu/ |
| You | amöödö /aməːɾ̠ə/ | amoro /amoɾo/ | amürü /amɯɾɯ/ | amörö /amøɾø/ | ámɨrɨ́ /ámɨrɨ́/ | neeni /neːni/ | aʼu /ˈaʔu/ |
| We | künwanno /kɨnwanːo/ | kʉʼkaron / naʼna /kəʔkaɾon / naʔna/ | urüʼnokon / ina /uɾɯʔnokon / ina/ | urönokon / ina /uɾønokon / ina/ | uurɨʔnɨkon / anna /uurɨʔnɨkon / anna/ | nuuni /nuːni/ | ta /ta/ |
| Name | eesedi /eːseɾ̠i/ | eeti /eːti/ | eseʼ /eseʔ/ | eseʼ /eseʔ/ | yeseʔ /jeseʔ/ | sunttaa /suntːaː/ | yeuwa /ˈjeuwa/ |
| Person | soto /soto/ | kariʼna /kaɾiʔna/ | kaʼpon /kaʔpon/ | pemon /pemon/ | pemonkon /pemoŋkoŋ/ | asaa /asaː/ | tebi /tebi/ |
| Head | juʼhö /huʔhə/ | upuʼpo /upuʔpo/ | puʼpai /puʔpai/ | pupai /pupai/ | puʔpai /puʔpai/ | huuphiya /huːpʼija/ | muʼú /muˈʔu/ |
| Eye | enu /enu/ | enu /enu/ | enu /enu/ | enu /enu/ | énu /énu/ | ayfee /ajfeː/ | húi /hwi/ |
| Ear | jaana /haːna/ | panari /panari/ | pana /pana/ | pana /pana/ | pana /pana/ | hayttaa /hajtːaː/ | naxai /naʃai/ |
| Nose | önna /ənna/ | anàta /anahta/ | enna /enna/ | yeuna /jeuna/ | yeuna /jeuna/ | siiriya /siːrija/ | tzúʼuri /ˈtsuʔuri/ |
| Mouth | önta /ənta/ | pota /pota/ | mïta /mɨta/ | müta /mɨta/ | mutá /mutá/ | doonaa /doːnaː/ | teni /teni/ |
| Tooth | dedü /deɾ̠ɨ/ | yerï /jelə/ | ɨ /ɨ/ | ye /je/ | yé /jé/ | achcha /atʃːa/ | tame /tame/ |
| Tongue | ñudu /ɲuɾ̠u/ | nuru /nuɾu/ | unu /unu/ | unu /unu/ | nu /nu/ | inxxarssa /intʼarsːa/ | nanu /nanu/ |
| Hand | amoodü /amoːɾ̠ɨ/ | aina /aina/ | emiyaʼ /emijaʔ/ | yenna /jenːa/ | míá /míá/ | kushiyaa /kuʃijaː/ | mam /mam/ |
| Foot | uju /uhu/ | pupu /pupu/ | pïta /pɨta/ | pʉta /pɨta/ | puu /puu/ | tohuwa /tohuwa/ | ɨɨka /ɨːka/ |
| Heart | yeewanü /jeːwanɨ/ | emanga /emaŋɡa/ | ewan /ewan/ | sïköpoka /sikøpoka/ | yewan /jewan/ | wozanaa /wozanaː/ | hɨurí /hɨuri/ |
| Bone | yeʼhö /jeʔhə/ | yepo /jepo/ | eʼpï /eʔpɨ/ | epʉ /epɨ/ | yeʔpɨ /jeʔpɨ/ | meqetta /mekʼetːa/ | ɨka /ɨka/ |
| Blood | munu /munu/ | mʉnʉ /mənə/ | mïn /mɨn/ | mün /mɨn/ | mɨ́ŋ /mɨ́ŋ/ | suutta /suːtːa/ | xuuri /ʃuːɾi/ |
| Poop | weetü /weːtɨ/ | — | — | watö /watə/ | — /—/ | shiyaa /ʃijaː/ | — |
| Love | hyummadü /hjumːadɨ/ | kataneko /kataneko/ | — /—/ | kemenü /kemeny/ | saʔnama /saʔnama/ | siiqaa /siːqaː/ | kaʼna /kaʔna/ |
| Tree | dee /deː/ | wewe /wewe/ | yïi /jɨi/ | yöi /jəi/ | yéi /jéi/ | mittaa /mitːaː/ | kɨré /kɨre/ |
| Dog | süʼna /sɨʔna/ | pero /peɾo/ | pero /peɾo/ | arimaraka /aɾimaɾaka/ | areimaraaká /areimaraaká/ | kanaa /kanaː/ | tsɨʼɨ /tsɨʔɨ/ |
| Cat | meeshi /meːʃi/ | meu /meu/ | — /—/ | pichana /pitʃana/ | pisana /pisana/ | gaaduwaa /ɡaːduwaː/ | mistú /mistu/ |
| Fish | nakukwano /nakukwano/ | woto /woto/ | moro /moɾo/ | morok /moɾok/ | moróʔ /moróʔ/ | moliya /molija/ | sasa /sasa/ |
| Bird | jawi /hawi/ | tonoro /tonoɾo/ | toron /toɾon/ | toron /toɾon/ | toron /toron/ | kafo /kafo/ | pinaʼa /ˈpinaʔa/ |
| Butterfly | matutu /matutu/ | palanpalan /palanpalan/ | wagau /waɡau/ | wakau /wakau/ | peppeʔ /pepːeʔ/ | muqo /mukʼo/ | átzipaʼu /ˈatsipaʔu/ |
| Egg | iʼmoi /iʔmoi/ | iʼmo /iʔmo/ | pïmoi /pɨmoi/ | pumoi /pumoi/ | pomói /pomói/ | phuuphulliya /pʼuːpʼulːija/ | taʼu /taʔu/ |
| Horse | kawaayu /kawaːju/ | kaware /kawaɾe/ | kaware /kawaɾe/ | kaware /kawaɾe/ | kaware /kaware/ | paraa /paraː/ | cahuaáyuʼu /kawaˈajuʔu/ |
| House | mmaa /mːaː/ | paty /pati/ | — /—/ | tapüi /tapɨi/ | wɨttɨ /wɨttɨ/ | keettaa /keːtːaː/ | kíh /kih/ |
| Milk | shuushu /ʃuːʃu/ | manaty aikuru /manatɨ aikuɾu/ | — | — | paaka manatɨ yekku /paaka manatɨ jekːu/ | maatta /maːtːa/ | léechi /ˈleːtʃi/ |
| Honey | wanö /wanə/ | wano /wano/ | teusan /teusan/ | wan /wan/ | wan /wan/ | eessaa /eːsːaː/ | sarate /saɾate/ |
| Salt | sayu /saju/ | wajo /wajo/ | waiyo /waijo/ | inönek /inənek/ | pan /pan/ | maxiniyaa /matʼinijaː/ | unáj /unah/ |
| Wine | chööjedüüdü ekkudu /tʃəːheɾ̠ɨːɾ̠ɨ ekːuɾ̠u/ | winu /winu/ | waain /waːin/ | vino /bino/ | wuku /wuku/ | woine eessa /woine eːsːa/ | viinu /ˈbiːnu/ |
| Rice | ado /aɾ̠o/ | — | — | — | arosi /arosi/ | ruuziya /ruːzija/ | — |
| Iron | sejaadadi /sehaːɾ̠aɾ̠i/ | siparari /sipaɾaɾi/ | waʼka pun /waʔka pun/ | ipotü /ipotɨ/ | — | birataa /birataː/ | tepuústiʼi /tepuːstiʔi/ |
| Book | jajeeda /haheːɾ̠a/ | kareta /kaɾeta/ | kareta /kaɾeta/ | — | kaareta /kaareta/ | maxaafaa /matʼaːfaː/ | liibru /ˈliːbɾu/ |
| Eat | äsuukai /ɨsuːkai/ | onökö /onøkø/ | — /—/ | manepotaro /manepoɾaɾɯ/ | entamoʔka /entamoʔka/ | miya /miːja/ | kuá /kwa/ |
| Drink | enku /enku/ | ëne /ɘne/ | ensi /ensi/ | atü /atu/ | enɨrɨ /enɨrɨ/ | uyiya /ujija/ | hiʼi /hiʔi/ |
| Sleep | ünükü /ɨnɨːkɨ/ | ònyky /ohnɨkɨ/ | — | — | wetun /wetun/ | xiskkiya /tʼiskːija/ | cutzú /kuˈtsu/ |
| One | tooni /toːni/ | o:wi /oːwi/ | teginnö /teɡinnɔ/ | taukin /taukin/ | tiwíŋ /tiwíŋ/ | issuwa /isːuwa/ | cei /tsei/ |
| Two | aaʼkö /aːʔkə/ | oko /oko/ | asaʼrö /asaʔɾɔ/ | saköne /sakøne/ | sáákɨné /sáákɨné/ | naaʼʼa /naːʔːa/ | huapoa /waˈpoa/ |
| Three | aduwawö /aɾ̠uwawə/ | oruwa /oɾuwa/ | eseurau /eseuɾau/ | eseurau /eseuɾau/ | séúruné /séúruné/ | heezza /heːzːa/ | waika /waika/ |
| Four | aaʼköiʼchea /aːʔkəiʔtʃea/ | okupaen /okupaen/ | — | saköröroʼne /sakøɾøɾoʔne/ | saakɨrɨrɨ /saakɨrɨrɨ/ | oydda /ʔoidːa/ | muaacua /mwaːkwa/ |
| Five | hyaatodea /hjaːtoɾ̠ea/ | ainatone /ainatone/ | — | — | miaʔtaikin /miaʔtaikin/ | ichchasha /itʃːaʃa/ | ansɨbi /ansɨbi/ |
| Hundred | hyaatodea soto /hjaːtoɾ̠ea soto/ | ainatone-kariʼna /ainatone kaɾiʔna/ | — | — | — | xeeta /tʼeːta/ | anxɨ́te /anˈʃɨte/ |
| Hello | etämä /etɨmɨ/ | mary /maɾi/ | kapon /kapon/ | apî /api/ | — /—/ | saro /saro/ | keʼkuanenki /keʔkwanenki/ |
| Thank you | enaña /enaɲa/ | irombo /iɾombo/ | tabe /tabe/ | waküpe man /wakɨpe man/ | — /—/ | galatay /ɡalataj/ | atsipiraá /atsipiraː/ |
| Good | aashicha /aːʃitʃa/ | epoja /epoja/ | wagï /waɡɨ/ | mïratö /miɾatø/ | morɨ /morɨ/ | loʼo /loʔo/ | huáʼi /hwaʔi/ |
| New | eduuwaato /eɾ̠uːwaːto/ | asery /aseɾɨ/ | emennaʼ /emennaʔ/ | amennak /amenːak/ | amenan /amenan/ | ooratta /oːratːa/ | jéjcua /ˈhehkwa/ |
| Red | seweichato /seweitʃato/ | tapyre /tapɨɾe/ | suweyu /suweju/ | suweyu /suweju/ | suyú /sujú/ | zoʼo /zoʔo/ | sabí /saˈbi/ |
| White | töʼkeʼne /təʔkeʔne/ | tamuʼne /tamuʔne/ | aimutun /aimutun/ | aimutun /aimutun/ | áímutun /áímutun/ | bootta /boːtːa/ | cuaiina /kʷaiˈina/ |
| Black | judumato /huɾ̠umato/ | tykaraije /tɨkaɾaije/ | — | rikutun /ɾikutun/ | arikkɨtun /arikːɨtun/ | karetta /karetːa/ | súʼumuaraʼa /suʔumwaɾaʔa/ |
| Green | sheene /ʃeːne/ | — | — | rorape /ɾoɾape/ | rora /rora/ | — | jamuámua /haˈmwamwa/ |
| Blue | sheene /ʃeːne/ | tupulu /tupulu/ | — | — | rora /rora/ | — | — |
Open the interactive map: Word Map · HanMap · Name Map · Word Order · Tree
Part of LangMap — a linguistic visualization project. This is a static, crawlable summary; the interactive maps offer pronunciation audio, filters, and a globe view.
Made by Heuron Inc. · GitHub · cho@heuron.com · LangMap home