Norrǿnt mál
Old Norse
Germanic · historical / hidden variety
Old Norse (c. 700-1300 CE) was the language of the Viking Age sagas, Eddas, and runic inscriptions, spoken from Iceland and the Faroes through Scandinavia and the Norse colonies of the British Isles, Greenland, and Vinland. It split into East Norse (giving rise to Danish and Swedish) and West Norse (Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese), and left a substantial loanword stratum in English (sky, leg, take, they) from the Danelaw period.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Old Norse
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Germanic
| Meaning | Old Norse | Norwegian Nynorsk | Old Frisian | Icelandic | Norwegian | Old Saxon | Swedish |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | vatn /vɑtn/ | vatn /vɑːtn/ | wetir /wetir/ | vatn /vahtn/ | vann /vɑnː/ | watar /ˈwatar/ | vatten /vatːɛn/ |
| Fire | eldr /eldr/ | eld /ɛld/ | fiur /fjuːɾ/ | eldur /ɛltʏɹ/ | ild /ilː/ | fiur /fiur/ | eld /ɛld/ |
| Sun | sól /soːl/ | sol /suːl/ | sunne /sunːe/ | sól /souːl/ | sol /suːl/ | sunna /ˈsunːa/ | sol /suːl/ |
| Moon | máni /mɑːni/ | måne /moːnə/ | mōna /moːnɑ/ | tungl /tʰuŋkl/ | måne /moːnə/ | māno /ˈmaːno/ | måne /moːnɛ/ |
| Star | stjarna /ˈstjarna/ | stjerne /ˈstjæːɳə/ | stera /ˈstɛra/ | stjarna /ˈstjadna/ | stjerne /ˈstjæːɳə/ | sterro /ˈsterro/ | stjärna /ˈɧæːɳa/ |
| Night | nótt /noːtː/ | natt /nɑtː/ | nacht /naxt/ | nótt /nouht/ | natt /nɑtː/ | naht /naxt/ | natt /natː/ |
| Rain | regn /rɛɣn/ | regn /rɛjn/ | rein /rɛin/ | rigning /ˈrɪknɪŋk/ | regn /rɛjn/ | regan /reɣan/ | regn /rɛŋn/ |
| Snow | snjór /snjoːr/ | snø /snøː/ | snē /sneː/ | snjór /snjouːr/ | snø /snøː/ | snēo /ˈsneːo/ | snö /snøː/ |
| Wind | vindr /vindr/ | vind /vɪnː/ | wind /wind/ | vindur /ˈvɪntʏr/ | vind /vɪnː/ | wind /wind/ | vind /vɪnd/ |
| Earth | jörð /jœrð/ | jord /juːr/ | irthe /irθe/ | jörð /jœrð/ | jord /juːr/ | ertha /erθa/ | jord /juːrd/ |
| Stone | steinn /stɛinː/ | stein /stæɪn/ | stēn /steːn/ | steinn /steitn̥/ | stein /stæɪn/ | stēn /steːn/ | sten /steːn/ |
| Mountain | fjall /fjɑlː/ | fjell /fjɛlː/ | berch /berx/ | fjall /fjatl̥/ | fjell /fjɛlː/ | berg /berɡ/ | berg /bærj/ |
| Sea | haf /hav/ | hav /hɑːʋ/ | sē /seː/ | haf /haːv/ | hav /hɑːv/ | seo /ˈseːo/ | hav /hɑːv/ |
| Mother | móðir /moːðir/ | mor /muːr/ | moder /moːdeɾ/ | móðir /mouːðɪɹ/ | mor /muːr/ | modar /ˈmoːdar/ | mamma /mamːa/ |
| Father | faðir /fɑðir/ | far /fɑːr/ | feder /fedeɾ/ | faðir /faðɪɹ/ | far /fɑːr/ | fader /ˈfadər/ | pappa /papːa/ |
| Daughter | dóttir /doːttir/ | dotter /ˈdɔtːər/ | dochter /ˈdoxteɾ/ | dóttir /ˈtouhtɪr/ | datter /ˈdatːər/ | dohtar /ˈdoxtar/ | dotter /ˈdɔtːɛr/ |
| I | ek /ek/ | eg /eːɡ/ | ik /ik/ | ég /jɛːɣ/ | jeg /jæɪ/ | ik /ik/ | jag /jɑːɡ/ |
| You | þú /θuː/ | du /dʉː/ | thū /θuː/ | þú /θuː/ | du /dʉː/ | thu /θuː/ | du /dʉː/ |
| We | vér /veːr/ | me /meː/ | wī /wiː/ | við /vɪːð/ | vi /viː/ | wī /wiː/ | vi /viː/ |
| Name | nafn /nafn/ | namn /nɑmn/ | nama /ˈnama/ | nafn /napn̥/ | navn /nɑʋn/ | namo /ˈnamo/ | namn /namn/ |
| Person | maðr /maðr/ | menneske /ˈmɛnːəskə/ | — | manneskja /ˈmanːɛskja/ | menneske /ˈmɛnːəskə/ | man /man/ | människa /ˈmɛnːɪɧa/ |
| Head | hǫfuð /ˈhɔvuð/ | hovud /ˈhuːvʉ/ | hāved /ˈhaːved/ | höfuð /ˈhœːvʏð/ | hode /ˈhuːdə/ | hōbid /ˈhoːβid/ | huvud /ˈhʉːvɵd/ |
| Eye | auga /ɑuɣɑ/ | auga /æʉɡɑ/ | āge /aːɣe/ | auga /œyːɣa/ | øye /øjə/ | ōga /ˈoːɡa/ | öga /øːɡa/ |
| Ear | eyra /øyra/ | øyra /øːyra/ | are /ˈaːrə/ | eyra /ˈeiːra/ | øre /øːrə/ | ōra /ˈoːra/ | öra /øːra/ |
| Nose | nef /nɛv/ | nase /ˈnɑːsə/ | nose /nozə/ | nef /nɛːv/ | nese /ˈneːsə/ | nasa /nasa/ | näsa /ˈnɛːsa/ |
| Mouth | munnr /munːr/ | munn /mʉnː/ | mūth /muːθ/ | munnur /ˈmʏnːʏr/ | munn /mʉnː/ | mūth /muːθ/ | mun /mɵn/ |
| Tooth | tǫnn /tɔnː/ | tann /tanː/ | tōth /toːθ/ | tönn /tʰœnː/ | tann /tɑnː/ | tand /tand/ | tand /tand/ |
| Tongue | tunga /ˈtuŋɡa/ | tunge /ˈtʉŋə/ | tunge /ˈtuŋɡe/ | tunga /ˈtʰuŋka/ | tunge /ˈtʊŋə/ | tunga /ˈtuŋɡa/ | tunga /ˈtɵŋa/ |
| Hand | hǫnd /hɔnd/ | hand /hɑnd/ | hond /hond/ | hönd /hœnt/ | hånd /hɔnː/ | hand /hand/ | hand /hand/ |
| Foot | fótr /foːtr/ | fot /fuːt/ | fōt /foːt/ | fótur /ˈfouːtʏr/ | fot /fuːt/ | fōt /foːt/ | fot /fuːt/ |
| Heart | hjarta /hjɑrtɑ/ | hjarte /jɑːrtə/ | herte /heɾte/ | hjarta /çaɹta/ | hjerte /ˈjæʈə/ | herta /ˈherta/ | hjärta /ˈjæʈːa/ |
| Bone | bein /bɛin/ | bein /bæɪn/ | bēn /beːn/ | bein /peiːn/ | bein /bæɪn/ | bēn /beːn/ | ben /beːn/ |
| Blood | blóð /bloːð/ | blod /bluː/ | blōd /bloːd/ | blóð /plouð/ | blod /bluː/ | blōd /bloːd/ | blod /bluːd/ |
| Poop | drit /drit/ | bæsj /bæʃ/ | — | kúkur /kʰuːkʏr/ | bæsj /bæʃ/ | — | bajs /bajs/ |
| Love | ást /ɑːst/ | kjærleik /çæːrlɛik/ | minne /minːe/ | ást /auːst/ | kjærlighet /ˈçæːɭɪˌheːt/ | minnea /ˈminːea/ | kärlek /ɕæːɭɛk/ |
| Tree | tré /treː/ | tre /treː/ | bām /baːm/ | tré /tʰrjɛː/ | tre /treː/ | bōm /boːm/ | träd /trɛːd/ |
| Dog | hundr /hundr/ | hund /hʉnd/ | hund /hund/ | hundur /hʏntʏɹ/ | hund /hʉnː/ | hund /hund/ | hund /hɵnd/ |
| Cat | kǫttr /kɔtːr/ | katt /kɑtː/ | katte /katːe/ | köttur /kʰœhtʏɹ/ | katt /kɑtː/ | katta /ˈkatːa/ | katt /katː/ |
| Fish | fiskr /fiskr/ | fisk /fɪsk/ | fisk /fisk/ | fiskur /ˈfɪskʏr/ | fisk /fɪsk/ | fisk /fisk/ | fisk /fɪsk/ |
| Bird | fugl /fuɡl/ | fugl /fʉːl/ | fugel /ˈfuɡəl/ | fugl /fʏɣl̥/ | fugl /fʉːɡl/ | fugal /ˈfuɡal/ | fågel /ˈfoːɡɛl/ |
| Butterfly | fífrildi /fiːfrildi/ | sommarfugl /ˈsɔmɑrfʉːl/ | — | fiðrildi /ˈfɪðrɪltɪ/ | sommerfugl /ˈsɔmərfʉːl/ | — | fjäril /ˈfjæːrɪl/ |
| Egg | egg /ɛɡː/ | egg /æɡ/ | ei /ɛi/ | egg /ɛɡ/ | egg /æɡ/ | ei /ɛi/ | ägg /ɛɡː/ |
| Bear | bjǫrn /bjɔrn/ | bjørn /bjœːɳ/ | — | björn /pjœrtn̥/ | bjørn /bjœːɳ/ | bero /ˈbero/ | björn /bjœːɳ/ |
| Horse | hestr /hestr/ | hest /hɛst/ | hors /hors/ | hestur /ˈhɛstʏr/ | hest /hɛst/ | hros /hros/ | häst /hɛst/ |
| House | hús /huːs/ | hus /huːs/ | hūs /huːs/ | hús /huːs/ | hus /hʉːs/ | hūs /huːs/ | hus /hʉːs/ |
| Milk | mjólk /mjoːlk/ | mjølk /mjœlk/ | melok /ˈmelok/ | mjólk /mjoulk/ | melk /mɛlk/ | miluk /ˈmiluk/ | mjölk /mjœlk/ |
| Honey | hunang /ˈhunɑŋɡ/ | honning /ˈhɔnːɪŋ/ | hunich /ˈhunix/ | hunang /ˈhʏːnauŋk/ | honning /ˈhɔnːɪŋ/ | huneg /ˈhunɛɣ/ | honung /ˈhoːnɵŋ/ |
| Salt | salt /salt/ | salt /sɑlt/ | salt /salt/ | salt /salt/ | salt /sɑlt/ | salt /salt/ | salt /salt/ |
| Wine | vín /viːn/ | vin /viːn/ | wīn /wiːn/ | vín /viːn/ | vin /viːn/ | wīn /wiːn/ | vin /viːn/ |
| Iron | járn /jaːrn/ | jarn /jɑːɳ/ | īsern /ˈiːsern/ | járn /jaurtn/ | jern /jæːɳ/ | īsarn /ˈiːsarn/ | järn /jæːɳ/ |
| Wheel | hjól /hjoːl/ | hjul /jʉːl/ | hwēl /hweːl/ | hjól /çouːl/ | hjul /juːl/ | rath /raθ/ | hjul /juːl/ |
| Silk | silki /silki/ | silke /ˈsɪlkə/ | — | silki /ˈsɪlkɪ/ | silke /ˈsɪlkə/ | — | silke /ˈsɪlkɛ/ |
| Book | bók /boːk/ | bok /buːk/ | bōk /boːk/ | bók /pouk/ | bok /buːk/ | bōk /boːk/ | bok /buːk/ |
| Eat | eta /etɑ/ | eta /eːtɑ/ | eta /etɑ/ | borða /pɔrða/ | spise /spiːsə/ | etan /ˈetan/ | äta /ɛːta/ |
| Drink | drekka /drekːɑ/ | drikka /drɪkːɑ/ | drinka /dɾinkɑ/ | drekka /trɛhka/ | drikke /drɪkːə/ | drinkan /ˈdrinkan/ | dricka /drɪkːa/ |
| Sleep | sofa /ˈsova/ | sova /ˈsuːva/ | slēpa /ˈsleːpa/ | sofa /ˈsɔːva/ | sove /ˈsuːvə/ | slāpan /ˈslɑːpan/ | sova /ˈsuːva/ |
| One | einn /ɛinː/ | ein /ɛɪn/ | ān /aːn/ | einn /eitn/ | en /eːn/ | ēn /eːn/ | en /eːn/ |
| Two | tveir /tveir/ | to /tuː/ | twā /twaː/ | tveir /tʰveir/ | to /tuː/ | twēne /ˈtweːne/ | två /tvoː/ |
| Three | þrír /θriːr/ | tre /treː/ | thrē /θreː/ | þrír /θriːr/ | tre /treː/ | thrie /θriː/ | tre /treː/ |
| Four | fjórir /fjoːrir/ | fire /ˈfiːrə/ | fiuwer /ˈfiuwer/ | fjórir /ˈfjouːrɪr/ | fire /ˈfiːrə/ | fiuwar /ˈfiuwar/ | fyra /ˈfyːra/ |
| Five | fimm /fimː/ | fem /fɛm/ | fīf /fiːf/ | fimm /fɪmː/ | fem /fɛm/ | fīf /fiːf/ | fem /fɛmː/ |
| Hundred | hundrað /hundrɑð/ | hundre /ˈhʉndrə/ | hundred /hundred/ | hundrað /ˈhʏntrað/ | hundre /ˈhʉndrə/ | hund /hund/ | hundra /ˈhɵndra/ |
| Hello | heill /hɛilː/ | hei /hɛɪ/ | heil /heil/ | halló /halouː/ | hei /hɛɪ/ | heil /heil/ | hej /hɛj/ |
| Thank you | þǫkk /θɔkː/ | takk /tɑkː/ | thank /θank/ | takk /tʰahk/ | takk /tɑkː/ | thank /θaŋk/ | tack /takː/ |
| Good | góðr /ɡoːðr/ | god /ɡuːd/ | gōd /ɡoːd/ | góður /kouːðʏr/ | bra /brɑː/ | gōd /ɡoːd/ | bra /brɑː/ |
| New | nýr /nyːr/ | ny /nyː/ | nī /niː/ | nýr /niːr/ | ny /nyː/ | niuwi /ˈniuwi/ | ny /nyː/ |
| Red | rauðr /rɔuðr/ | raud /rœʉd/ | rād /raːd/ | rauður /ˈrœyðʏr/ | rød /røː/ | rōd /roːd/ | röd /røːd/ |
| White | hvítr /hwiːtr/ | kvit /kviːt/ | hwīt /hwiːt/ | hvítur /kʰviːtʏr/ | hvit /ʋiːt/ | hwīt /hwiːt/ | vit /viːt/ |
| Black | svartr /svartr/ | svart /svɑrt/ | swart /swart/ | svartur /ˈsvartʏr/ | svart /svɑʈ/ | swart /swart/ | svart /svart/ |
| Green | grǿnn /ɡrøːnː/ | grøn /ɡrøːn/ | grēne /ˈɡreːne/ | grænn /kraitn̥/ | grønn /ɡrœnː/ | grōni /ˈɡroːni/ | grön /ɡrøːn/ |
| Blue | blár /blaːr/ | blå /bloː/ | — | blár /plauːr̥/ | blå /bloː/ | — | blå /bloː/ |
| Cuckoo | gaukr /ˈɡɔukr̩/ | gauk /ɡæʉk/ | — | gaukur /ˈɡœyːkʏr/ | gjøk /jøːk/ | — | gök /jøːk/ |
| Sushi | skreið /ˈskreið/ | sushi /ˈsʉːʃi/ | — | sushi /ˈsuːsɪ/ | sushi /ˈsʉːʃi/ | — | sushi /ˈsʉːɧi/ |
| Ninety-nine | níu ok níu tigir /niːu ɔk niːu ˈtiɣir/ | nittini /ˈnɪtːiˌniː/ | — | níutíu og níu /ˈniːʏtʰiːʏ ɔɣ ˈniːʏ/ | nittini /ˈnɪtːiˌniː/ | — | nittionio /ˈnɪtːiuˌniːu/ |
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Word order compared
Compare with major world languages
I
want to
try on
a suit
I
saw
in
a shop
across from
the hotel
Ich
möchte
einen Anzug
anprobieren
den
ich
in einem
Geschäft
gegenüber vom
Hotel
gesehen habe
Old Norse
Ek
vil
reyna
klæði
er
ek
sá
í
búð
gagnvart
herberginu
मैं
होटल
के सामने
एक दुकान
में
देखा
सूट को
पहनकर देखना
चाहता हूँ
私は
ホテルの
向かいの
お店
で
見た
スーツを
試着
したいです
我
想
试穿
酒店
对面的
商店
里
看到的
那套西装
أنا
أريد
أن أجرب
بدلة
رأيتها
في
محل
مقابل
الفندق
Я
хочу
примерить
костюм
который
я увидел
в
магазине
напротив
отеля
My
name
is
Tanaka
Mein
Name
ist
Tanaka
Old Norse
Mitt
nafn
er
Tanaka
मेरा
नाम
तनाका
है
私の
名前は
田中
です
我的
名字
是
田中
اسمي
هو
تاناكا
Моё
имя
—
Танака
I
eat
breakfast
every morning
at 7 o'clock
Ich
frühstücke
jeden Morgen
um 7 Uhr
Old Norse
Hvern morgin
et
ek
dagverð
at sjaundu stund
मैं
हर सुबह
7 बजे
नाश्ता
करता हूँ
毎朝
7時に
朝ごはんを
食べます
我
每天早上
七点
吃
早饭
أتناول
أنا
الإفطار
كل صباح
الساعة السابعة
Я
завтракаю
каждое утро
в 7 часов
Where
is
the nearest
station
Wo
ist
der nächste
Bahnhof
Old Norse
Hvar
er
næsta
stǫð
सबसे नज़दीकी
स्टेशन
कहाँ
है
一番近い
駅は
どこ
です
か
最近的
车站
在
哪里
أين
تقع
أقرب
محطة
Где
находится
ближайшая
станция
This
coffee
is
very
delicious
Dieser
Kaffee
ist
sehr
lecker
Old Norse
Þessi
kaffi
er
mjǫk
gott
यह
कॉफ़ी
बहुत
स्वादिष्ट है
この
コーヒーは
とても
おいしいです
这
咖啡
很
好喝
هذه
القهوة
لذيذة
جداً
Этот
кофе
очень
вкусный
I
study
Japanese
at university
Ich
studiere
Japanisch
an der Universität
Old Norse
Ek
nemi
japanska
at háskóla
मैं
विश्वविद्यालय में
जापानी
पढ़ता हूँ
私は
大学で
日本語を
勉強しています
我
在大学
学
日语
أنا
أدرس
اللغة اليابانية
في الجامعة
Я
изучаю
японский язык
в университете
Tomorrow's
weather
will be
sunny
Morgen
wird
das Wetter
sonnig
sein
Old Norse
Á morgin
verðr
veðrit
sólskinsmikill
कल
मौसम
धूप वाला
होगा
明日の
天気は
晴れ
でしょう
明天
天气
会
晴天
سيكون
الطقس
غداً
مشمساً
Завтра
погода
будет
солнечной
My mother
cooks
dinner
every day
Meine Mutter
kocht
jeden Tag
Abendessen
Old Norse
Hvern dag
eldar
móðir mín
náttverð
मेरी माँ
हर रोज़
रात का खाना
बनाती है
お母さんは
毎日
夕食を
作ります
我妈妈
每天
做
晚饭
تطبخ
أمي
العشاء
كل يوم
Моя мама
готовит
ужин
каждый день
I
want to
go
to
Japan
next
year
Ich
möchte
nächstes
Jahr
nach
Japan
fahren
Old Norse
Ek
vil
fara
til
Japan
á næsta
ári
मैं
अगले
साल
जापान
जाना
चाहता हूँ
私は
来
年
日本
に
行き
たいです
我
明
年
想
去
日本
أنا
أريد
أن أذهب
إلى
اليابان
العام
القادم
Я
хочу
поехать
в
Японию
в следующем
году
Can
you
speak
English
Können
Sie
Englisch
sprechen
Old Norse
Kant
þú
tala
enska
आप
अंग्रेज़ी
बोल
सकते हैं
あなたは
英語が
話せ
ます
か
你
会
说
英语
吗
هل
تستطيع
التحدث
باللغة الإنجليزية
Вы
умеете
говорить
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I
wanna
try on
a suit
I
seen
in
a shop
across from
the hotel
Ek
wil
'n pak
aanpas
wat
ek
gesien het
in
'n winkel
oorkant
die hotel
I
want to
try on
a suit
I
saw
in
a shop
across from
the hotel
Jeg
vil
prøve
et jakkesæt
som
jeg
så
i
en butik
overfor
hotellet
Old Norse
Ek
vil
reyna
klæði
er
ek
sá
í
búð
gagnvart
herberginu
My
name
Tanaka
My
naam
is
Tanaka
Me
name
's
Tanaka
Mit
navn
er
Tanaka
Old Norse
Mitt
nafn
er
Tanaka
I
eat
breakfast
every mornin'
at 7 o'clock
Ek
eet
elke oggend
om 7-uur
ontbyt
I
have
brekkie
every morning
at 7
Jeg
spiser
morgenmad
hver morgen
klokken 7
Old Norse
Hvern morgin
et
ek
dagverð
at sjaundu stund
Where
the nearest
station
at
Waar
is
die naaste
stasie
Where's
the closest
station
Hvor
er
den nærmeste
station
Old Norse
Hvar
er
næsta
stǫð
This
coffee
real
delicious
Hierdie
koffie
is
baie
lekker
This
coffee
is
bloody
good
Denne
kaffe
er
meget
lækker
Old Norse
Þessi
kaffi
er
mjǫk
gott
I
study
Japanese
at the university
Ek
studeer
Japannees
by die universiteit
I
study
Japanese
at uni
Jeg
studerer
japansk
på universitetet
Old Norse
Ek
nemi
japanska
at háskóla
Tomorrow
weather
gon' be
sunny
Môre se
weer
sal
sonnig wees
Tomorrow's
weather
'll be
sunny
Morgendagens
vejr
bliver
solrigt
Old Norse
Á morgin
verðr
veðrit
sólskinsmikill
My mama
cook
dinner
every day
My ma
maak
aandete
elke dag
Me mum
cooks
tea
every day
Min mor
laver
aftensmad
hver dag
Old Norse
Hvern dag
eldar
móðir mín
náttverð
I
wanna
go
to
Japan
next
year
Ek
wil
volgende
jaar
na
Japan
gaan
I
want to
go
to
Japan
next
year
Jeg
vil gerne
rejse
til
Japan
næste
år
Old Norse
Ek
vil
fara
til
Japan
á næsta
ári
Can
you
speak
English
Kan
jy
praat
Engels
Can
ya
speak
English
Kan
du
tale
engelsk
Old Norse
Kant
þú
tala
enska
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