上代日本語

Old Japanese

Japonic · historical / hidden variety

FamilyJaponic SpeakersExtinct (~600-794 CE) ScriptMan'yōgana (Chinese characters used phonetically) CountriesAncient Japan (Asuka and Nara periods) Official inYamato court Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3ojp

Old Japanese (上代日本語, c. 600-794 CE) is the earliest attested form of Japanese, recorded in the 7th-8th centuries via Man'yōgana (Chinese characters used phonetically) in the Kojiki (712), Nihon Shoki (720), and Man'yōshū (~759). Distinguished by an eight-vowel system (the jōdai tokushu kanazukai distinction between two i, e, o vowels) collapsed in Early Middle Japanese, /p/ where Modern Japanese has /h/, and absence of voiced obstruent contrasts. Subject to extensive philological reconstruction since Motoori Norinaga (18th c.).

Where it is spoken

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87 core words in Old Japanese

Water

水

midu

Fire

火

pi

Sun

日

pi

Moon

月

tukï

Star

星

posi

Night

夜

jo

Rain

雨

amə

Snow

雪

juki

Wind

風

kadze

Earth

土

tuti

Stone

石

isi

Mountain

山

jama

Sea

海

umi

Mother

母

papa

Father

父

titi

I

吾

wa

You

汝

na

We

我等

ware

Name

名

na

Person

人

pito

Head

頭

kasira

Eye

目

mə

Ear

耳

mimi

Nose

鼻

pana

Mouth

口

kuti

Tooth

歯

pa

Tongue

舌

sita

Hand

手

te

Foot

足

asi

Heart

心

kəkərə

Bone

骨

pone

Blood

血

ti

Poop

屎

kuso

Love

加奈志

kanasi

Tree

木

kï

Dog

犬

inu

Cat

—

—

Fish

魚

uwo

Bird

鳥

tori

Egg

卵

kapiɡo

Bear

熊

kuma

Horse

馬

uma

House

家

ipey

Salt

塩

sipo

Wine

酒

sakey

Rice

米

kəmey

Eat

多夫

tabu

Drink

能牟

nəmu

Sleep

寝

nu

One

比登都

pitətu

Two

二

puta

Three

三

mitu

Four

四

jətu

Five

いつ

itu

Hundred

百

momo

Hello

—

—

Thank you

—

—

Good

与之

josi

New

新し

aratasi

Red

赤し

akasi

White

白し

sirosi

Black

黒し

kurosi

Cuckoo

ほととぎす

pototoɡisu

Computer

算木

saŋɡi

Sushi

鮓

susi

Ninety-nine

ここのそあまりここのつ

kəkənəsə amari kəkənətu

Sources

Words compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Japonic

Meaning Old JapaneseProto-JaponicHeian-period JapaneseProto-RyukyuanMiddle JapaneseJapanese Kanbun ReadingEdo-period Japanese
Water 水 /midu/ *mentu /mentu/ 水 /midu/ *midu /midu/ 水 /midu/ 水 /mizɯ/ 水 /midzɯ/
Fire 火 /pi/ *poy /poy/ 火 /ɸi/ *pii /piː/ 火 /ɸi/ 火 /hi/ 火 /hi/
Sun 日 /pi/ *pi /pi/ 日 /ɸi/ *teda /teda/ 日 /ɸi/ 日 /hi/ 日 /hi/
Moon 月 /tukï/ *tukuy /tukuy/ 月 /tukï/ *tuki /tuki/ 月 /tuki/ 月 /tsɯki/ 月 /tsɯki/
Star 星 /posi/ *pəsi /pəsi/ 星 /ɸosi/ *posi /posi/ 星 /ɸoɕi/ 星 /hoɕi/ 星 /hoɕi/
Night 夜 /jo/ *yo /jo/ 夜 /joru/ *yoru /joru/ 夜 /joru/ 夜 /joru/ 夜 /joɾɯ/
Rain 雨 /amə/ *amay /amay/ 雨 /ame/ *ame /ame/ 雨 /ame/ 雨 /ame/ 雨 /ame/
Snow 雪 /juki/ *yoki /joki/ 雪 /juki/ *yuki /juki/ 雪 /juki/ 雪 /jɯki/ 雪 /jɯki/
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