ဘာသာ မန်
Old Mon
Austroasiatic (Mon-Khmer, Monic) · historical / hidden variety
Old Mon was the language of the Dvaravati civilization (modern Thailand) and the Mon kingdoms of Lower Burma from the 6th to 11th centuries. Inscriptions from Pagan show it was a high-prestige court language even after Burmese ascendancy. The Mon script (Brahmic) became the ancestor of the Burmese, Shan, and Karen scripts. Reconstructions follow Shorto (1971) and Diffloth.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Old Mon
Sources
- Shorto, H. L. (1971) A Dictionary of the Mon Inscriptions from the Sixth to the Sixteenth Centuries. Oxford University Press
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austroasiatic (Mon-Khmer, Monic)
| Meaning | Old Mon | Mon | Proto-Austroasiatic | Bahnar | Kuy | Rumai De'ang | Eastern Bru |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ဍာက် /ɗaik/ | ဍာ် /ɗaik/ | *ɗaːk /ɗaːk/ | đak /ɗaːk/ | diaʔ /diaʔ/ | Ɂəm /ʔəm/ | daak /daːk/ |
| Fire | ပ်ၟ /pmaʔ/ | ပၟတ် /kəmot/ | *ʔuːs /ʔuːs/ | unh /uɲ/ | uh /ʔuh/ | ŋaiɁ /ŋaiʔ/ | oih /ʔoiʔ/ |
| Sun | တ္ၚဲ /tŋai/ | တ္ၚဲ /ŋoa/ | *tŋiːʔ /tŋiːʔ/ | măt ʼnăr /mat ʔnar/ | tʰaj /tʰaj/ | saŋaj /saŋaj/ | mat plei /mat plei/ |
| Moon | ဂျိုၚ် /klɔŋ/ | ဂိတု /hətaoʔ/ | *khe(ː)ʔ /kheːʔ/ | khei /kʰɛːj/ | luəŋ /luəŋ/ | pakjəː /pakjəː/ | kasai /kasai/ |
| Star | ကၟာဲ /həmoa/ | သၞံၚ် /hnɔŋ/ | *smʔaɲ /smʔaɲ/ | sơnglŏng /səŋlɔŋ/ | ntar /ntaːr/ | laːw /laːw/ | mansơ /mənsɤ/ |
| Night | ဗိရ္တံ /birtam/ | ဗ္တံ /hətɔm/ | *cəːm /cəːm/ | măng /maŋ/ | sadaw /sədaw/ | kasəm /kasəm/ | sadâu /sədaw/ |
| Rain | ဗြဲ /brɔj/ | ဗြဲ /pròa/ | *gmaʔ /ɡmaʔ/ | ʼmi /ʔmiː/ | məmia /məmia/ | klaːj /klaːj/ | mia /mia/ |
| Wind | ကျာ /kjal/ | ကျာ /ca/ | *kjɔʔ /kjɔʔ/ | kial /kjaːl/ | — | khuː /kʰuː/ | cuyal /kujal/ |
| Earth | တိ /tiʔ/ | တိ /tɔeʔ/ | *tiʔ /tiʔ/ | teh /tɛh/ | ktɛːʔ /ktɛːʔ/ | kataːj /kataːj/ | cutễq /kuteʔ/ |
| Stone | တၟံ /tmɔʔ/ | တၟံ /mɔʔ/ | *tmɔʔ /tmɔʔ/ | tơmo /təmo/ | tamaw /təmaw/ | maːw /maːw/ | tamáu /təmaw/ |
| Mother | မိ /mi/ | မိ /mìʔ/ | *maʔ /maʔ/ | mei /mei/ | mə /mə/ | — /—/ | amey /amej/ |
| Father | ဖ /pʰɛʔ/ | အပါ /ʔəpa/ | *ɓa(ː)ʔ /ɓaːʔ/ | bă /bə/ | pə /pə/ | — /—/ | amung /amuŋ/ |
| I | အဲ /ʔua/ | အဲ /ʔoa/ | *ʔaɲ /ʔaɲ/ | inh /iɲ/ | aɲ /ʔaɲ/ | Ɂaw /ʔaw/ | cứq /kɯʔ/ |
| You | ဗှ်ေ /peh/ | ဗှေ် /pèh/ | *miːʔ /miːʔ/ | ih /ʔih/ | may /maj/ | maj /maj/ | mới /mɤːj/ |
| We | ပိုဲ /poj/ | ပိုဲ /poi/ | — /—/ | bơn / nhon /bən / ɲon/ | hmai /m̥aj/ | — /—/ | hái / hếq /haj / heʔ/ |
| Name | ယု /jəmu/ | ယၟု /cəmùʔ/ | *ɟmuh /ɟmuh/ | anĕ /anɛ/ | mah /məh/ | ʨɨː /tɕɨː/ | ramoh /rəmɔːh/ |
| Person | ညး /mɲah/ | မၞိဟ် /nìh/ | *m-raʔ /mraʔ/ | bơngai /bəŋaːj/ | kuj /kuj/ | taɁiː /taʔiː/ | cũai /kuaj/ |
| Eye | မတ် /mɔt/ | မတ် /mòt/ | *mat /mat/ | mat /mat/ | mɜ̤t /mɜt/ | ŋaːj /ŋaːj/ | mat /mat/ |
| Ear | က္တောဝ် /ktor/ | က္တောဝ် /kəto/ | *Ctoːr /Ctoːr/ | đon /ɗɔːn/ | katɔr /kətɔr/ | ʨhok /tɕʰok/ | cutũr /kutur/ |
| Nose | မိုဟ် /mɯh/ | မိုဟ် /mùh/ | *muh /muh/ | muh /muh/ | muh /muh/ | kaduŋmuh /kaduŋmuh/ | muh /muh/ |
| Mouth | ပါၚ် /paiŋ/ | ပါၚ် /paiŋ/ | *miəŋʔ /miəŋʔ/ | ʼbơ̆r /ɓər/ | nɔh /nɔh/ | mojɁ /mojʔ/ | bỗq /ɓoʔ/ |
| Tooth | ငေက် /ŋiak/ | ၚေက် /ŋɛ̀ak/ | *lmVɲ /lməɲ/ | sơneng /səneŋ/ | kaneːŋ /kəneːŋ/ | xaːŋ /xaːŋ/ | kanêng /kəneŋ/ |
| Tongue | ကတာက် /kətaik/ | လတာ် /kətaik/ | *lntaːk /lntaːk/ | rơpiêt /rəpiet/ | ntaʔ /ntaʔ/ | sataɁ /sataʔ/ | liayh /liajh/ |
| Hand | တၟုိ /toi/ | တဲ /toa/ | *tiːʔ /tiːʔ/ | ti /ti/ | təy /təj/ | taiɁ /taiʔ/ | ati /ati/ |
| Foot | ဇုၚ် /ɟɯŋ/ | ဇိုၚ် /càŋ/ | *ɟəːŋ /ɟəːŋ/ | tơpang jơ̆ng /təpaːŋ ɟəŋ/ | ɟɯːŋ /ɟɯːŋ/ | ʥɔːn /dʑɔːn/ | ayững /ajɨːŋ/ |
| Heart | စိုတ် /cət/ | ဂြိုဟ် /krɜ̀h/ | *nuːɕ /nuːɕ/ | blei /blei/ | chlaj /tʃʰlaj/ | poŋkanɔh /poŋkanɔh/ | plong /ploŋ/ |
| Bone | ဇုတ် /ɟut/ | ဇုတ် /cùt/ | *cʔaːŋ /cʔaːŋ/ | kơting /kətiŋ/ | hŋaːŋ /ŋ̊aːŋ/ | kaɁaːŋ /kaʔaːŋ/ | nghang /ŋhaŋ/ |
| Blood | ဆိမ် /cʰim/ | ဆီ /cʰim/ | *mham /mham/ | phăm /pʰam/ | ʔəham /ʔəham/ | n̥aːm /n̥aːm/ | aham /ʔaham/ |
| Love | ဆာန် /cʰan/ | ဆာန် /cʰan/ | — /—/ | rơngư /rəŋɨ/ | phɯ /pʰɯ/ | — /—/ | hong /hoŋ/ |
| Tree | ဆု /tɕu/ | ဆု /cʰuʔ/ | *ɟɕɨːʔ /ɟɕɨːʔ/ | lông /loŋ/ | ʔəŋ /ʔəŋ/ | taŋhɔj /taŋhɔj/ | aleng /aleŋ/ |
| Dog | ခၠဵု /kʰlou/ | ကၠဵု /klɜ/ | *cɔː /cɔː/ | kŏ /kɔʔ/ | ca /caː/ | sow /sow/ | acho /atʃo/ |
| Cat | ဂျိ /kluj/ | ဗဂဲ /həkòa/ | — /—/ | miao /miao/ | chhlɔːk /tʃʰlɔːk/ | — /—/ | miew /mieu/ |
| Fish | က /kaʔ/ | က /kaʔ/ | *kaʔ /kaʔ/ | ka /kaː/ | ka /kaː/ | kaː /kaː/ | aka /ʔəka/ |
| Bird | ဂစေမ် /kəcem/ | ဂစေံ /həcem/ | *ciːm /ciːm/ | sem /səm/ | cɛm /cɛm/ | siːm /siːm/ | chớm /tʃɤm/ |
| Horse | ချေံ /kseh/ | ချေံ /cʰeh/ | — | aseh /ʔasɛh/ | — | — | aséh /aseh/ |
| House | သ္ၚိ /sŋiʔ/ | သ္ၚိ /hɔeʔ/ | *ɲaːʔ /ɲaːʔ/ | hnam /hnam/ | pno /pno/ | — /—/ | dung /duŋ/ |
| Eat | စိ /tɕiʔ/ | စ /cɛʔ/ | *ɟaː /ɟaː/ | sa /sa/ | sap /sap/ | hoːm /hoːm/ | cha /tʃa/ |
| Drink | သုက် /sok/ | သုၚ် /sɜŋ/ | *ɲuʔ /ɲuʔ/ | ngoah /ŋoah/ | suəm /suəm/ | ʨoŋ /tɕoŋ/ | ngoot /ŋoːt/ |
| One | မွဲ /mwɛ/ | မွဲ /mòa/ | *muːj /muːj/ | minh /miɲ/ | mṳːy /muj/ | Ɂuː /ʔuː/ | muoi /muoi/ |
| Two | ၜါ /ɓa/ | ၜါ /ɓa/ | *ɓaːr /ɓaːr/ | bar /ɓaːr/ | bia /bia/ | Ɂaː /ʔaː/ | bar /ɓaːr/ |
| Three | ပိ /poi/ | ပိ /pɔeʔ/ | *peʔ /peʔ/ | pêng /peːŋ/ | pei /pəj/ | Ɂoj /ʔoj/ | pái /paːi/ |
| Four | ပန် /pan/ | ပန် /pɔn/ | *punʔ /punʔ/ | puăn /pwan/ | apɔːn /ʔapɔːn/ | phon /pʰon/ | pôn /põːn/ |
| Five | မသုန် /msun/ | မသုန် /məsɔn/ | *pɗam /pɗam/ | pơđăm /pəʔɗam/ | asʌːŋ /ʔasʌːŋ/ | — | sỡng /sɤŋ/ |
| Hundred | ကၠံ /klɔm/ | ကၠံ /klɔm/ | — | hreng /hreŋ/ | muːj ruʌj /muːj ruʌj/ | — | culam /kulam/ |
| Hello | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ô /o/ | sabaaj /sabaːj/ | — /—/ | te /te/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | သ္တၚ်ဂုန် /tɛŋ kùn/ | — /—/ | kơbi /kəbi/ | khɔp /kʰɔp/ | — /—/ | kuhng /kuhŋ/ |
| Good | ခိုဟ် /kʰɔh/ | ခိုဟ် /kʰɒh/ | — /—/ | ʼlơ̆ng /ʔləŋ/ | ɟɔ /ɟɔ/ | — /—/ | huom /huom/ |
| Red | — /—/ | ဗ္ကေတ် /həket/ | *roːŋ /roːŋ/ | bre /ɓreː/ | kəsaw /kəsaw/ | — /—/ | kusaw /kəsaw/ |
| White | ဗ္တာၚ် /bətaiŋ/ | ဗု /pùʔ/ | *ɓɔːk /ɓɔːk/ | kok /kɔːk/ | buaʔ /buaʔ/ | Ɂiluj /ʔiluj/ | cloc /klɔːk/ |
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