pa̠rauk
Parauk Wa
Austroasiatic (Palaungic)
Parauk Wa (ISO 639-3: prk), also called Wa or Paraok, is a Waic language of the Palaungic branch of Austroasiatic, spoken by roughly 399,000–849,000 people across northeastern Myanmar and adjacent Yunnan, China. It is the largest and most widely standardized Wa variety, alongside other varieties such as Awa and Vo. Its sound system contrasts clear and breathy registers, has a large inventory of initial consonants and clusters, and uses no inflection on verbs; tense, aspect, modality, and negation are expressed mainly by particles. Both VSO and SVO orders are common, with information structure influencing their choice. Parauk is written in several Latin-based orthographies, including Bible-derived and later Wa State and Chinese systems.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Parauk Wa
Sources
- Justin Watkins 2013, Dictionary of Wa (Leiden: Brill; online database, SOAS Wa Dictionary Project, humancomp.org/wadict), Wa-CN (Chinese Wa orthography) headwords and IPA; en.wiktionary Parauk lemmas (refs Watkins 2013); Wa Bible (bible.com 325) for usage
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austroasiatic (Palaungic)
| Meaning | Parauk Wa | Wa | Eastern Lawa | Rumai De'ang | Proto-Austroasiatic | Khmu | Shwe Palaung |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | rom /rɔm/ | rawm /rɔm/ | lʼauem /lᵊʔaɨ̯m/ | Ɂəm /ʔəm/ | *ɗaːk /ɗaːk/ | ʔom /ʔom/ | ʔoːm /ʔoːm/ |
| Fire | ngū /ŋṳ/ | ngu /ŋu/ | ngoa /ŋɔ/ | ŋaiɁ /ŋaiʔ/ | *ʔuːs /ʔuːs/ | pʰrɨə /pʰrɨə/ | ŋal /ŋal/ |
| Sun | si ngāix /siŋa̤iʔ/ | singaix /siŋaiʔ/ | sngaiʼ /sᵊŋajˀ/ | saŋaj /saŋaj/ | *tŋiːʔ /tŋiːʔ/ | mat briʔ /mat briʔ/ | saŋi /saŋi/ |
| Moon | kix /kʰiʔ/ | khix /kʰiʔ/ | kheʼ /kʰeʔ/ | pakjəː /pakjəː/ | *khe(ː)ʔ /kheːʔ/ | moŋ /moŋ/ | plaŋ kiər /plaŋ kiər/ |
| Star | sim uing /sim ʔuɲ/ | simuing /simʔuɲ/ | sboeng /sᵊɓəŋ/ | laːw /laːw/ | *smʔaɲ /smʔaɲ/ | sərmeɲ /sərmeɲ/ | səmiŋ /səmiŋ/ |
| Night | som /sɔm/ | ponsawm /ponsɔm/ | ma sauem /ma saɨ̯m/ | kasəm /kasəm/ | *cəːm /cəːm/ | psɨəm /psɨəm/ | hmɯ /m̥ɯ/ |
| Rain | hliex /lʰɛʔ/ | lhiex /l̥ɛʔ/ | hlaiʼ /l̥ajˀ/ | klaːj /klaːj/ | *gmaʔ /ɡmaʔ/ | kəmaʔ /kəmaʔ/ | ɟuŋ /ɟuŋ/ |
| Snow | hra /rʰa/ | rhax /r̥aʔ/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Wind | npaeng /bʰaɯŋ/ | bhaung /bʰaɯŋ/ | kaue /kaɨ̯/ | khuː /kʰuː/ | *kjɔʔ /kjɔʔ/ | hndrəːj /hndrəːj/ | khuːr /kʰuːr/ |
| Earth | diex /tɛʔ/ | tiex /tɛʔ/ | — | kataːj /kataːj/ | *tiʔ /tiʔ/ | pteʔ /pteʔ/ | kəɗɛː /kəɗɛː/ |
| Stone | si māox /sima̤uʔ/ | simaox /simauʔ/ | smoʼ /sᵊmoʔ/ | maːw /maːw/ | *tmɔʔ /tmɔʔ/ | glaŋ /ɡlaŋ/ | mo /mo/ |
| Mountain | mgōng /ɡɔ̤ŋ/ | gawng /ɡɔŋ/ | moa /mɔ/ | kɔŋ /kɔŋ/ | *bruʔ /bruʔ/ | mok /mok/ | sor /sor/ |
| Sea | rom si mgrid si mgra /rɔm siɡrit siɡra/ | rawm sigrit sigra /rɔm siɡrit siɡra/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Mother | mīex /mɛ̤ʔ/ | miex /mɛʔ/ | maʼ /maʔ/ | — /—/ | *maʔ /maʔ/ | maʔ /maʔ/ | ma /ma/ |
| Father | geeing /kɯɲ/ | keeing /kɯɲ/ | pueaʼ /pɨaʔ/ | — /—/ | *ɓa(ː)ʔ /ɓaːʔ/ | joŋ /joŋ/ | kun /kun/ |
| Daughter | gon nbun /kɔn bun/ | kawn bun /kɔn bun/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| I | aex /ʔaɯʔ/ | aux /ʔaɯʔ/ | ʔoʔ /ʔoʔ/ | Ɂaw /ʔaw/ | *ʔaɲ /ʔaɲ/ | oʔ /ʔoʔ/ | ʔɔ /ʔɔ/ |
| You | maix /maiʔ/ | maix /maiʔ/ | maiʔ /maiʔ/ | maj /maj/ | *miːʔ /miːʔ/ | meʔ /meʔ/ | mi /miː/ |
| We | — /—/ | ix /ʔiʔ/ | ʔɛ /ʔɛ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | iʔ /ʔiʔ/ | ʔɛ / jɛ /ʔɛ / jɛ/ |
| Name | jē gaex /tɕɤ̤ kaɯʔ/ | ceu kaux /tɕɤ kaɯʔ/ | yum /jɔm/ | ʨɨː /tɕɨː/ | *ɟmuh /ɟmuh/ | sŋməh /sŋməh/ | ʨɨː /ʨɨː/ |
| Person | būi /pṳi/ | pui /pui/ | pui /puj/ | taɁiː /taʔiː/ | *m-raʔ /mraʔ/ | gon /ɡon/ | bi /bi/ |
| Head | gaing /kaɲ/ | kaing: /kaɲ/ | kany /kaɲ/ | kən /kən/ | *ɓoːkʔ /ɓoːkʔ/ | kəmpoŋ /kəmpoŋ/ | kiŋ /kiŋ/ |
| Eye | ngai /ŋai/ | ngai /ŋai/ | ʼia /ʔia̯/ | ŋaːj /ŋaːj/ | *mat /mat/ | mat /mat/ | ŋai /ŋai/ |
| Ear | hyaog /ʑʰauk/ | yhaok /j̊auk/ | — | ʨhok /tɕʰok/ | *Ctoːr /Ctoːr/ | rəməj /rəməj/ | hjɔʔ /hjɔʔ/ |
| Nose | mēeih /mɯ̤ih/ | meeih /mɯih/ | maueh /maɨ̯h/ | kaduŋmuh /kaduŋmuh/ | *muh /muh/ | muh /muh/ | kɔŋmuh /kɔŋmuh/ |
| Mouth | nqeeih /dʑʰɯih/ | jheeh /dʑʰɯih/ | ʼmboam /ʔᵊᵐbɔm/ | mojɁ /mojʔ/ | *miəŋʔ /miəŋʔ/ | tənɔh /tənɔh/ | mur /mur/ |
| Tooth | hrang /rʰaŋ/ | rhang /r̥aŋ/ | pioeng /piə̯ŋ/ | xaːŋ /xaːŋ/ | *lmVɲ /lməɲ/ | hraŋ /hraŋ/ | hraŋ /r̥aːŋ/ |
| Tongue | ndag /dak/ | dak /dak/ | tak /tak/ | sataɁ /sataʔ/ | *lntaːk /lntaːk/ | həntak /həntak/ | kərdaʼ /kərɗaʔ/ |
| Hand | daix /taiʔ/ | taix /taiʔ/ | miŋ /miŋ/ | taiɁ /taiʔ/ | *tiːʔ /tiːʔ/ | tiʔ /tiʔ/ | tiː /tiː/ |
| Foot | jāong /tɕa̤uŋ/ | caong /tʃaɔŋ/ | cuang /cua̯ŋ/ | ʥɔːn /dʑɔːn/ | *ɟəːŋ /ɟəːŋ/ | krwɛh /krwɛh/ | ɟɯŋ /ɟɯŋ/ |
| Heart | hrom /rʰɔm/ | rhawm /r̥ɔm/ | kavüa /kavɨa/ | poŋkanɔh /poŋkanɔh/ | *nuːɕ /nuːɕ/ | tlɔːm ŋok /tlɔːm ŋok/ | nuər /nuər/ |
| Bone | si ang /siʔaŋ/ | si-ang /siʔaŋ/ | sʼang /sᵊʔaŋ/ | kaɁaːŋ /kaʔaːŋ/ | *cʔaːŋ /cʔaːŋ/ | cʼaaŋ /tʃʔaːŋ/ | kaʼang /kaʔaŋ/ |
| Blood | hnam /nʰam/ | nham /n̥am/ | hnam /n̥am/ | n̥aːm /n̥aːm/ | *mham /mham/ | maːm /maːm/ | hnam /n̥aːm/ |
| Poop | aing /ʔaɲ/ | aing /ʔaɲ/ | ʼioeng /ʔiə̯ŋ/ | — | *ʔicʔ /ʔicʔ/ | — | — |
| Love | mōuh /mo̤h/ | moh /moh/ | kruŋ /kɾuŋ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | kɔɔh /kɔːh/ | ʔoŋ /ʔoŋ/ |
| Tree | kaox /kʰauʔ/ | khaox /kʰauʔ/ | khoʼ /kʰoʔ/ | taŋhɔj /taŋhɔj/ | *ɟɕɨːʔ /ɟɕɨːʔ/ | sʔɔːŋ /sʔɔːŋ/ | tiŋ he /tiŋ he/ |
| Dog | soux /soʔ/ | sox /soʔ/ | souʼ /sɒʔ/ | sow /sow/ | *cɔː /cɔː/ | sɔʔ /sɔʔ/ | sɔ /sɔ/ |
| Cat | miao /miau/ | miao: /miau/ | mai /mai/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | mɛːw /mɛːw/ | ʔəŋaw /ʔəŋaw/ |
| Fish | gax /kaʔ/ | kax /kaʔ/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | kaː /kaː/ | *kaʔ /kaʔ/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | ka /kaː/ |
| Bird | sim /sim/ | sim /sim/ | sany /saɲ/ | siːm /siːm/ | *ciːm /ciːm/ | sim /sim/ | sim /sim/ |
| Butterfly | būng bīang /pṳŋ pi̤aŋ/ | pung piang /puŋ piaŋ/ | mbung mbang /ᵐbuŋ ᵐbaŋ/ | — | — | tlaːmpaːm /tlaːmpaːm/ | kərla /kərla/ |
| Egg | dom /tɔm/ | tawm ia /tɔm ʔia/ | toum /tɒm/ | bəːn /bəːn/ | *ktam /ktam/ | kədoŋ /kədoŋ/ | kadam /kaɗam/ |
| Bear | grih /krih/ | krih /krih/ | khleh /kʰleh/ | — | — | huəl /huəl/ | — |
| Horse | nbrūng /brṳŋ/ | brung /bruŋ/ | — | — | — | — | brəŋ /brəŋ/ |
| House | nyīex /ɲi̤ɛʔ/ | nyiex /ɲiɛʔ/ | nyueaʼ /ɲɨa̯ʔ/ | — /—/ | *ɲaːʔ /ɲaːʔ/ | gaːŋ /ɡaːŋ/ | gaŋ /ɡaŋ/ |
| Milk | deeih /tɯih/ | teeh /tɯih/ | — | — | — | — | ʔom bu /ʔom bu/ |
| Honey | rom hia /rɔm hia/ | rawm hia /rɔm hia/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Salt | gīh /ki̤h/ | kih /kih/ | kih /kih/ | — | *ɓɔːh /ɓɔːh/ | hmaar /hmaːr/ | sɔʔ /sɔʔ/ |
| Wine | rom blix siad /rɔm pliʔ siat/ | rawm plix siiet /rɔm pliʔ siat/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Rice | mgaox /ɡauʔ/ | gaox /ɡauʔ/ | — | — | *rŋkoːʔ /rŋkoːʔ/ | ʰŋɔʔ /ʰŋɔʔ/ | — |
| Iron | hleig /lʰek/ | lhek /l̥ek/ | hlaec /l̥ɛc/ | — | — | cndroh /cndroh/ | — |
| Wheel | ling /liɲ/ | ling: /liɲ/ | — | — | — | — | — /—/ |
| Silk | man brēi /man pre̤/ | pre /pre/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Book | pug lāi /pʰuk la̤i/ | phuk lai /pʰuk lai/ | — | — | — | pɨːm /pɨːm/ | boʔok /boʔok/ |
| Eat | ih /ʔih/ | ih /ʔih/ | som /som/ | hoːm /hoːm/ | *ɟaː /ɟaː/ | mah /mah/ | hɔm /hɔm/ |
| Drink | nyāex /ɲa̤ɯʔ/ | nyaux /ɲaɯʔ/ | nyoʼ /ɲoʔ/ | ʨoŋ /tɕoŋ/ | *ɲuʔ /ɲuʔ/ | ʔɨək /ʔɨək/ | tiəŋ /tiəŋ/ |
| Sleep | id /ʔit/ | it /ʔit/ | ʼac /ʔac/ | ɁiɁ /ʔiʔ/ | *ɓic /ɓic/ | sih /sih/ | ʔit /ʔit/ |
| One | dīx /ti̤ʔ/ | tix /tiʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | Ɂuː /ʔuː/ | *muːj /muːj/ | moj /moj/ | ʔu /ʔu/ |
| Two | ra /ra/ | ra /ra/ | lʼa /lᵊʔa/ | Ɂaː /ʔaː/ | *ɓaːr /ɓaːr/ | baar /baːr/ | ar /ʔar/ |
| Three | loui /loi/ | loe /lɤ/ | lʼoi /lᵊʔoj/ | Ɂoj /ʔoj/ | *peʔ /peʔ/ | peʼ /peʔ/ | ʼuai /ʔuaj/ |
| Four | boun /pon/ | pon /pon/ | paueng /paɨ̯ŋ/ | phon /pʰon/ | *punʔ /punʔ/ | pon /pon/ | phon /pʰon/ |
| Five | puan /pʰuan/ | phuan /pʰuan/ | phuan /pʰua̯n/ | — | *pɗam /pɗam/ | — | phən /pʰən/ |
| Hundred | yīeh /ʑi̤ɛh/ | yieh /jiɛh/ | ʼyuea /ʔᵊjɨa̯/ | — | — | — | pəriah /pəriah/ |
| Hello | nob nom /nɔp nɔm/ | nawp nawm /nɔp nɔm/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | lɔh /lɔh/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | nbuan soun /buan son/ | bwanson /buan son/ | kop khun /kop kʰun/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ɔrkun /ʔɔrkun/ | — /—/ |
| Good | hmom /mʰɔm/ | mhawm /m̥ɔm/ | mac /mac/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ləʔ /ləʔ/ | laʔ /laʔ/ |
| New | kraox /kʰrauʔ/ | khraox /kʰrauʔ/ | khroʼ /kʰroʔ/ | tamaːj /tamaːj/ | *tmeːʔ /tmeːʔ/ | həmmeʔ /həmmeʔ/ | kənmɛ /kənmɛ/ |
| Red | raoh /rauh/ | raoh /rauh/ | skhrak /sᵊkʰrak/ | — /—/ | *roːŋ /roːŋ/ | jim /jim/ | kho /kho/ |
| White | bāing /pa̤ɲ/ | paing /paɲ/ | ping /piŋ/ | Ɂiluj /ʔiluj/ | *ɓɔːk /ɓɔːk/ | klɔɔk /klɔːk/ | blɔʔ /blɔʔ/ |
| Black | lūng /lṳŋ/ | lung /luŋ/ | loang /lɔŋ/ | Ɂivɔŋ /ʔivɔŋ/ | *Cjoŋ /Cjoŋ/ | hiəŋ /hiəŋ/ | yim /jim/ |
| Green | glāi /kla̤i/ | klai /klai/ | snga /sᵊŋa/ | niɨ /niɨ/ | — | siw /siw/ | ɲər /ɲər/ |
| Cuckoo | eeb bīd /ʔɯp pi̤t/ | eeppid /ʔɯp pit/ | — | — | — | — | pək tuʔ /pək tuʔ/ |
| Tea | qax /tɕʰaʔ/ | chax /tɕʰaʔ/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Coffee | ka feui /kʰa fɤi/ | kha: feue: /kʰa fɤi/ | — | — | — | — | khəpi /kʰəpi/ |
| Sugar | nām oi /na̤m ʔɔi/ | nam oi: /nam ʔɔi/ | — | — | — | — | — |
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