Sm'algyax

Coast Tsimshian

Tsimshianic (Maritime)

FamilyTsimshianic (Maritime) Speakers~200 ScriptLatin (with apostrophes for ejectives, ḵ for /q/) CountriesCanada (BC north coast), USA (Alaska) Official inNo (recognized aboriginal) Vitalityseverely endangered ISO 639-3tsi

Coast Tsimshian (Sm’algyax; ISO 639-3: tsi) is a Tsimshianic language traditionally spoken along the northern coast of British Columbia and at Metlakatla in southeastern Alaska. It is related to Nisga’a, Gitxsan, and Southern Tsimshian but constitutes a distinct language with several community varieties. Its sound system includes ejective and uvular consonants, and its grammar makes extensive use of affixes, clitics, and connective elements to mark participants and clause structure. Sm’algyax is written in a community Latin-based orthography developed through language work with speakers. The language is severely endangered, but Ts’msyen communities and the Sm’algyax Language Authority support revitalization through school courses, adult learning, documentation, dictionaries, recordings, and digital resources such as the community-managed FirstVoices site and app.

Where it is spoken

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87 core words in Coast Tsimshian

Water

ax̱s

aχs

Fire

laḵw

laqʷ

Sun

gyemk

ɡʲemk

Moon

gyemgm aatk

ɡʲemɡm̩ aːtk

Star

hloʼoxs

ɬoʔoxs

Night

aatk

aːtk

Rain

waas

waas

Snow

maadm

maːdm̩

Wind

baask

baːsk

Earth

laxyuup

laxjuup

Stone

loʼop

loʔop

Mountain

sg̱a̱ʼniis

sɢanʔiːs

Mother

naa

naː

Father

baba

baba

Daughter

łguułgm ha̱na̱ʼa̱x

ɬɡuːɬɡm hanaʔax

I

nüüyu

nuːju

You

nüün

nuːn

We

nüüm

nuːm

Name

waa

waː

Person

gyet

ɡʲet

Head

tʼmg̱aws

tʼm̩ɢaws

Eye

mooḵs

muːqs

Ear

muk

muk

Nose

tsʼa̱x

tsʼax

Mouth

aax

aːx

Tooth

ʼwen

ʔwen

Tongue

duula

duːla

Hand

anʼoon

anʔoːn

Foot

asii

asiː

Heart

g̱oot

ɢoːt

Bone

sayp

sajp

Blood

iłee

iɬeː

Love

ksuʼhahkw

ksuʔhahkʷ

Tree

gan

ɡan

Dog

hashasaa

haʃasaː

Cat

doosgi

duːsɡi

Fish

hon

hon

Bird

tsʼuʼuts

tsʼuʔuts

Butterfly

ba̱xbog̱mgyemk

baxboɢm̩ɡʲemk

Egg

łgumat

ɬɡumat

Bear

ol

ol

Horse

gyawadan

ɡʲawadan

House

walp

walp

Milk

miʼis

miʔis

Salt

moon

muːn

Rice

miyuup

mijuːp

Book

buk

buk

Eat

lalji

laldʒi

Drink

hoos

huːs

Sleep

xstʼox

xstʼox

One

ḵooʼiyaa

qoːʔijaː

Two

tʼepxaat

tʼəpxaːt

Three

gwilaal

ɡʷilaːl

Four

txaalpx

txaːlpx

Five

kstuuns

kstuːns

Hello

ndii ne

ndiː ne

Thank you

tʼoyaxsut nüsm

tʼojaχsut nysm

Good

amʼ

amʔ

Red

mask

mask

White

mooksk

muːksk

Black

tʼuʼutsk

tʼuʔutsk

Green

mełiitk

məɬiːtk

Blue

gwisgwaask

ɡʷisɡʷaːsk

Tea

dii

diː

Coffee

kopii

kopiː

Sugar

suga̱

suɡa

Orange

ksitʼa̱xtʼoox

ksitʼaxtʼuːx

Sources

Words compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Tsimshianic (Maritime)

Meaning Coast TsimshianPashaiBhiliAwadhiKurukhOromoMagahi
Water ax̱s /aχs/ واری /waːri/ पाणी /paːɳi/ पानी /paːniː/ अम्म /amm/ bishaan /biʃaːn/ पानी /paːni/
Fire laḵw /laqʷ/ انگاری /aŋɡaːri/ आगि /aːɡi/ आगि /aːɡi/ चिच /tʃitʃ/ ibidda /ibidːa/ आग /aːɡ/
Sun gyemk /ɡʲemk/ سور /sur/ सूरज /suːraj/ सूरज /suːrədʒ/ बेरी /beɾiː/ aduu /aduː/ सूरज /suːrədʒ/
Moon gyemgm aatk /ɡʲemɡm̩ aːtk/ مس /mas/ चांद /tʃãːd/ चान /tʃaːn/ चांदो /tʃaːndoː/ jiʼa /dʒiʔa/ चान /tʃaːn/
Star hloʼoxs /ɬoʔoxs/ تارا /taːraː/ तारो /taːɾo/ तारा /taːraː/ बिनको /binkoː/ urjii /urdʒiː/ तारा /taːraː/
Night aatk /aːtk/ رات /rat/ रात /raːt/ राति /raːti/ माखा /maːkʰaː/ halkan /halkan/ रात /raːt/
Rain waas /waas/ واښ /waːʂ/ वरसाद /ʋəɾsaːd/ बरखा /bərkʰaː/ चेप /tʃeːp/ bokkaa /ˈbokːaː/ बरखा /bərkʰaː/
Snow maadm /maːdm̩/ ہیم /hiːm/ बरफ /bəɾəpʰ/ बरफ /bəɾəf/ कीबा /kiːbaː/ cabbii /tʃabːiː/ बरफ /bərəf/
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