Mayangna
Sumo
Misumalpan
Sumo (Mayangna) is one of the two surviving Misumalpan languages, sister to Miskito (msu/miq). The Misumalpan family is a small isolated language family of Central America (Nicaragua, Honduras), comprising only Sumo and Miskito as living languages plus several extinct varieties. The Sumo (or Mayangna, the autonym) people are concentrated in the Bonanza-Rosita-Siuna mining triangle of the Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region of Nicaragua, with smaller populations in Honduras's Mosquitia. Linguistically, Sumo shares Misumalpan features with Miskito: SOV constituent order, postpositions, complex polypersonal verb morphology, and a tonal system. The Mayangna identity has been the focus of community-led revitalization since the 1990s, with the Mayangna Yamni Indigenous Federation supporting language preservation.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Sumo
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Misumalpan
| Meaning | Sumo | Hiri Motu | Mussau-Emira | Motu | Bunun | Tuvaluan | Pali |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | was /was/ | ranu /ɾanu/ | manu /manu/ | ranu /ɾanu/ | danum /danum/ | vai /vai/ | उदक /udaka/ |
| Fire | kuh /kuh/ | lahi /lahi/ | kuraa /kuˈraː/ | lahi /lahi/ | sapuz /sapuz/ | afi /afi/ | अग्गि /aɡːi/ |
| Sun | ma /ma/ | dina /dina/ | sinaka /sinaka/ | dina /dina/ | vali /vali/ | laa /laː/ | सुरिय /surija/ |
| Moon | waikuh /waikuh/ | hua /hua/ | ulana /ulana/ | hua /hua/ | buan /buan/ | masina /masina/ | चन्द /tɕanda/ |
| Star | sirihma /siɾihma/ | hisiu /hisiu/ | katoto /katoto/ | hisiu /hisiu/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | fetū /fetuː/ | तारा /taːraː/ |
| Night | pukta /pukta/ | hanuaboi /hanuaboi/ | voo /voː/ | hanuaboi /hanuaboi/ | labian /labian/ | pō /poː/ | रत्ति /ratti/ |
| Snow | mukus pihni /mukus pihni/ | sinou /sinou/ | — | — | paav /paav/ | kiona /kiona/ | हिम /himɐ/ |
| Wind | wing /wiŋ/ | lai /lai/ | kuukuu /kuukuu/ | lai /lai/ | luvluv /luvluv/ | matagi /mataŋi/ | वात /ʋaːtɐ/ |
| Earth | sau /sau/ | tano /tano/ | kosa /kosa/ | tano /tano/ | dalah /dalah/ | kelekele /kelekele/ | पठवी /pɐʈʰɐʋiː/ |
| Stone | kipala /kipala/ | nadi /ˈnadi/ | atu /atu/ | nadi /nadi/ | batu /batu/ | fatu /fatu/ | पासाण /paːsaːɳa/ |
| Mountain | asang /asaŋ/ | ororo /ororo/ | motouru /motouru/ | ororo /oɾoɾo/ | ludun /ludun/ | mauga /mauŋa/ | पब्बत /pabːata/ |
| Sea | kuma /kuma/ | davara /davara/ | paamanu /paamanu/ | davara /davara/ | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | tai /tai/ | समुद्द /samudda/ |
| Mother | nuh /nuh/ | sina /sina/ | kina /kina/ | sinana /sinana/ | tina /tina/ | maatua /maːtua/ | माता /maːtaː/ |
| Father | papang /papaŋ/ | tama /tama/ | tama /tama/ | tamana /tamana/ | tama /tama/ | tamana /tamana/ | पिता /pitaː/ |
| I | yang /jaŋ/ | lau /lau/ | aghi /aɣi/ | lau /lau/ | saikin /saikin/ | au /au/ | अहं /ahaŋ/ |
| You | man /man/ | oi /oi/ | io /io/ | oi /oi/ | suu /suʔu/ | koe /koe/ | त्वं /tvaŋ/ |
| We | mayang / yangna /majaŋ / jaŋna/ | ita / ai /ita / ai/ | ita / ami /ita / ami/ | ita / ai /ita / ai/ | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | tātou / mātou /taːtou / maːtou/ | मयं /majaŋ/ |
| Name | pani /paˈni/ | ladana /laˈdana/ | arari /arari/ | ladana /ladana/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ | igoa /iŋoa/ | नाम /naːma/ |
| Person | muih /muih/ | taunimanima /taunimanima/ | taumata /taumata/ | taunimanima /taunimanima/ | bunun /bunun/ | tino /tino/ | पुग्गल /puɡːala/ |
| Head | tuna /tuna/ | kwarana /kʷarana/ | uru /uru/ | kwara /kʷaɾa/ | bungu /buŋu/ | ulu /ulu/ | सीस /siːsa/ |
| Eye | nakra /nakɾa/ | matana /matana/ | mata /mata/ | matana /matana/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | चक्खु /tɕakːʰu/ |
| Ear | tapan /tapan/ | taiana /taiana/ | talinga /taliŋa/ | taiana /taiana/ | tainga /taiŋa/ | taliga /taliŋa/ | कण्ण /kɐɳɳɐ/ |
| Nose | nantak /nantak/ | udubaubauna /udubaubauna/ | ngusu /ŋusu/ | udu-baubau /udubaubau/ | ngutus /ŋutus/ | isu /isu/ | नासा /naːsaː/ |
| Mouth | tinpas /tinpas/ | uduna /uduna/ | paa /paa/ | udu /udu/ | ngulus /ŋulus/ | gutu /ŋutu/ | मुख /mukʰa/ |
| Tooth | an /an/ | isena /isena/ | ngalungalu /ŋaluŋalu/ | ise /ise/ | nipun /nipun/ | nifo /nifo/ | दन्त /danta/ |
| Tongue | tû /tuː/ | mala /mala/ | ramuramutipa /ramuramutipa/ | mala /mala/ | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | alelo /alelo/ | जिव्हा /dʒivhaː/ |
| Hand | ting /tiŋ/ | ima /ima/ | nima /nima/ | ima /ima/ | ima /ima/ | lima /lima/ | हत्थ /hatːʰa/ |
| Foot | kal /kal/ | ae /ae/ | keke /keke/ | ae /ae/ | bantas /bantas/ | vae /vae/ | पाद /paːda/ |
| Heart | mâ /maː/ | kudouna /kudouna/ | urunguita /uruŋuita/ | kudouna /kudouna/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ | fatu /fatu/ | हदय /hadaja/ |
| Bone | wakal /wakal/ | turia /turia/ | riu /riu/ | turia /turia/ | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | ivi /ivi/ | अट्ठि /aʈːʰi/ |
| Blood | â /aː/ | rara /rara/ | rae /rae/ | rara /rara/ | haidang /haidaŋ/ | toto /toto/ | लोहित /lohita/ |
| Love | walai /walai/ | lalokau /lalokau/ | aielousi /aielousi/ | lalokau /lalokau/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | alofa /alofa/ | पेम /pema/ |
| Tree | âu /aːu/ | au /au/ | ai /ai/ | au /au/ | kahu /kahu/ | laakau /laːkau/ | रुक्ख /rukːʰa/ |
| Dog | suluk /suluk/ | sisia /sisia/ | paua /paua/ | sisia /sisia/ | asu /asu/ | kuli /kuli/ | सुनख /sunakʰa/ |
| Cat | mistuh /mistuh/ | pusi /pusi/ | busi /busi/ | gosi /ɡosi/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | pusi /pusi/ | बिळाल /biɭaːla/ |
| Fish | waspa /waspa/ | gwarume /ɡʷaɾume/ | kko /kːo/ | gwarume /ɡʷaɾume/ | iskan /iskan/ | ika /ika/ | मच्छ /mattʃʰa/ |
| Bird | di lawani /di lawani/ | manu /manu/ | ghila /ɣila/ | manu /ˈmanu/ | hazam /hazam/ | manu /manu/ | सकुण /sakuɳa/ |
| Horse | aras /aɾas/ | hosi /hosi/ | ooso /ooso/ | hosi /hosi/ | tasasikis /tasasikis/ | solofanua /solofanua/ | अस्स /assa/ |
| House | utla /utla/ | ruma /ɾuma/ | ale /ale/ | ruma /ɾuma/ | lumaq /lumaq/ | fale /fale/ | घर /ɡʱara/ |
| Milk | tāwas /taːwas/ | rata /rata/ | rarumi ssu /ɾarumi sːu/ | rata /rata/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | खीर /kʰiːra/ |
| Honey | amak /amak/ | — | iruena /iɾuena/ | bada ranuna /bada ɾanuna/ | vanu /vanu/ | hani /hani/ | मधु /madʱu/ |
| Salt | kuma /kuma/ | damena /damena/ | uela /uela/ | damena /damena/ | hasila /hasila/ | masima /masima/ | लोण /loɳa/ |
| Wine | wain /wain/ | uaina /uaina/ | uaeni /uaeni/ | vine ranuna /vine ɾanuna/ | — | uaina /uaina/ | सुरा /suraː/ |
| Iron | ayan /ajan/ | auri /ˈauɾi/ | aeana /aeana/ | auri /ˈauɾi/ | ngul-a /ŋulʔa/ | fiti /fiti/ | अयो /ajo/ |
| Book | wauhtaya /wauhtaja/ | buka /ˈbuka/ | vuku /vuku/ | buka /buka/ | patasan /patasan/ | tusi /tusi/ | पोत्थक /potːʰaka/ |
| Eat | piru /piɾu/ | ania /ania/ | nama /nama/ | aniani /aniani/ | maun /maun/ | kai /kai/ | खादति /kʰaːdati/ |
| Drink | di /di/ | inua /inua/ | ropi /ropi/ | inuinu /inuinu/ | muqun /muqun/ | inu /inu/ | पिवति /pivati/ |
| Sleep | kami /kami/ | mahuta /maˈhuta/ | asekanue /asekanue/ | mahuta /maˈhuta/ | masabah /masabah/ | moe /moe/ | सुपति /supati/ |
| One | as /as/ | ta /ta/ | sesa /sesa/ | ta /ta/ | tasa /tasa/ | tasi /tasi/ | एक /eka/ |
| Two | bu /bu/ | rua /rua/ | lua /lua/ | rua /rua/ | dusa /dusa/ | lua /lua/ | द्वे /dve/ |
| Three | bas /bas/ | toi /toi/ | kotolu /kotolu/ | toi /toi/ | tau /tau/ | tolu /tolu/ | ति /ti/ |
| Four | arungka /aɾuŋka/ | hani /hani/ | ghaata /ɣaata/ | hani /hani/ | paat /paːt/ | fā /faː/ | चत्तारि /tʃattaːri/ |
| Five | singka /siŋka/ | ima /ima/ | lima /lima/ | ima /ima/ | hima /hima/ | lima /lima/ | पञ्च /pɐɲtʃɐ/ |
| Hello | naksa /naksa/ | namona /namona/ | elue talaua /elue talaua/ | namo gida /namo ɡida/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | taalofa /taːlofa/ | नमो /namo/ |
| Thank you | yaisi /jaisi/ | tanikiu /tanikiu/ | kaili emasina /kaili emasina/ | oi namo /oi namo/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | fakafetai /fakafetai/ | अनुमोदामि /anumodaːmi/ |
| Good | pain /pain/ | namo /namo/ | masina /masina/ | namo /namo/ | masial /masial/ | lei /lei/ | साधु /saːdʱu/ |
| New | wisam /wisam/ | matamata /matamata/ | ouna /ouna/ | matamata /matamata/ | bahlu /baɬu/ | fou /fou/ | नव /nava/ |
| Red | bahna /bahna/ | kakakaka /kakakaka/ | raeraeana /raeraeana/ | kakakaka /kakakaka/ | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | kula /kula/ | रत्त /ratta/ |
| White | pihni /pihni/ | kurokuro /kurokuro/ | usousoana /usousoana/ | kurokuro /kurokuro/ | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | kena /kena/ | सेत /setɐ/ |
| Black | sani /sani/ | korema /korema/ | voovongiena /voovoŋiena/ | koremakorema /koɾemakoɾema/ | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | uli /uli/ | कण्ह /kaɳha/ |
| Green | sangni /saŋni/ | gadoka gadoka /ɡadoka ɡadoka/ | — | gadokagadoka /ɡadokaɡadoka/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | lanu lau niu /lanu lau niu/ | हरित /harita/ |
| Blue | sangni /saŋni/ | gadoka gadoka /ɡadoka ɡadoka/ | — | gadokagadoka /ɡadokaɡadoka/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | lanu moana /lanu moana/ | — |
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