Djambarrpuyŋu
Djambarrpuyngu
Pama-Nyunga (Yolŋu, Dhuwal)
Djambarrpuyŋu ni lahaja ya Yolŋu Matha ya kundi la Dhuwal, inayozungumzwa kaskazini-mashariki mwa Arnhem Land katika Northern Territory ya Australia, ikiwa na kitovu chake Galiwin'ku (Kisiwa cha Elcho). Ndiyo lugha ya Waaborijini inayozungumzwa zaidi katika eneo hilo na hutumika kama lugha ya mawasiliano baina ya koo za Kiyolŋu, ndiyo maana sensa ya 2021 ilihesabu wasemaji wapatao 3,800 — zaidi ya karibu lugha nyingine yoyote ya jadi ya Australia. Kisarufi ni ya kundi la Pama-Nyungan: hutumia alama nyingi za hali za nomino, ikiwa na mpangilio huru sana wa maneno na mfumo wa viwakilishi unaotofautisha umoja, uwili na wingi pamoja na 'sisi' jumuishi na tenganishi. Msamiati wake una tabaka la pekee la mikopo ya Kimakasar kutokana na karne za biashara ya trepang na Sulawesi — walu 'jua, siku' hufuatiliwa hadi allo ya Kimakasar. Tofauti na lugha nyingi za Australia, bado hujifunzwa na watoto kama lugha ya kwanza, na ina Agano Jipya kamili (2008) pamoja na kamusi kubwa na sarufi ya marejeo.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Djambarrpuyngu
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Pama-Nyunga (Yolŋu, Dhuwal)
| Maana | Djambarrpuyngu | Kingunnawal | Kiwarnman | Kiwarlpiri | Kiguugu yimithirr | Kiwalmajarri | Kimartu Wangka |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | gapu /ɡapu/ | kungal /kuŋal/ | kalyu /kaʎu/ | ngapa /ŋapa/ | buurraay /buːraːj/ | ngapa /ˈŋapa/ | kapi /kapi/ |
| Moto | gurtha /ɡuɻt̪a/ | warba /waɻba/ | nguja /ŋuɟa/ | warlu /waɭu/ | yugu /juɡu/ | warlu /ˈwaɭu/ | waru /waɻu/ |
| Jua | walu /walu/ | winyu /wiɲu/ | karrpu /karpu/ | wanta /wanta/ | ngalan /ŋalan/ | purangu /puɻaŋu/ | jirntu /ciɳʈu/ |
| Mwezi | ŋaḻindi /ŋaɭindi/ | birrang /biɻaŋ/ | panyalpa /paɲalpa/ | kirntangi /kiɳʈaŋi/ | giidha /ɡiːd̪a/ | yakarn /jakaɳ/ | panyalpa /paɲalpa/ |
| Nyota | ganyu /ɡaɲu/ | dyurra /ɟura/ | kurtalya /kuʈaʎa/ | yanjilypiri /jaɲɟiʎpiɻi/ | dawaar /dawaːɻ/ | wirl /wiɭ/ | kurtalya /kuʈaʎa/ |
| Usiku | gämuk /ɡaːmuk/ | kaku /kaku/ | payin /pajin/ | munga /muŋa/ | wudhurr /wud̪ur/ | pukanya /pukaɲa/ | munga /muŋa/ |
| Mvua | waltjaṉ /walcaɳ/ | garrit /ɡaɻit/ | kuluwa /kuluwa/ | minyira /miɲiɻa/ | madyi /maɟi/ | ngapa /ˈŋapa/ | — |
| Upepo | wäŋi /waːŋi/ | — | karlalarra /kaɭalara/ | warlpa /waɭpa/ | daan.gaay /daːnɡaːj/ | walypa /ˈwaʎpa/ | walypa /waʎpa/ |
| Udongo | munathaʼ /munat̪aʔ/ | dhaura /d̪auɻa/ | langa /laŋa/ | walya /walja/ | bubu /bubu/ | nguwa /ˈŋuwa/ | manta /manta/ |
| Jiwe | guṉḏa /ɡuɳɖa/ | wullung /wuluŋ/ | purli /puɭi/ | pirli /piɭi/ | nambal /nambal/ | pamarr /ˈpamar/ | yapu /japu/ |
| Mlima | buku /buku/ | — | — | pamarrpa /pamaɾpa/ | manydyal /maɲɟal/ | — | — |
| Bahari | gapu moṉuk /ɡapu moɳuk/ | — | — | mangkuru /maŋkuɻu/ | dhalun /d̪alun/ | jawurlata /ˈɟawuɭata/ | kujungurru /kucuŋuru/ |
| Mama | ŋäṉḏi /ŋaːɳɖi/ | guni /ɡuni/ | pipirnpa /pipiɳpa/ | ngati /ŋati/ | ngamu /ŋamu/ | ngamaji /ŋaˈmaɟi/ | yipi /jipi/ |
| Baba | bäpa /baːpa/ | pumba /pumba/ | mamarnpa /mamaɳpa/ | kirda /kiɖa/ | biiba /biːba/ | ngarpu /ŋaɻpu/ | mama /mama/ |
| Binti | gäthu /ɡaːt̪u/ | — | yurntalpa /juɳʈalpa/ | yurntalpa /juɳʈalpa/ | ngudhurr /ŋud̪ur/ | kurntal /ˈkuɳʈal/ | yurntalpa /juɳʈalpa/ |
| Mimi | ŋarra /ŋara/ | ngaya /ŋaja/ | parra /para/ | ngaju /ŋaɟu/ | ngayu /ŋaju/ | ngaju /ŋaɟu/ | ngayu /ŋaju/ |
| Wewe | nhe /n̪e/ | ngindu /ŋindu/ | parrangku /paraŋku/ | nyuntu /ɲuntu/ | nyundu /ɲundu/ | nyuntu /ɲuntu/ | nyuntu /ɲuntu/ |
| Sisi | limurr / ŋanapurr /limur / ŋanapur/ | gulanyin / gulanyilla /ɡulaɲin / ɡulaɲila/ | parrawarta /parawaʈa/ | ngalipa / nganimpa /ŋalipa / ŋanimpa/ | nganhdhaan / nganhdhanun /ŋan̪d̪aːn / ŋan̪d̪anun/ | ngalimpa / nganimpa /ŋalimpa / ŋanimpa/ | — /—/ |
| Jina | yäku /jaːku/ | yini /jini/ | lirrka /lirka/ | yirdi /jiɖi/ | gadil /ɡadil/ | yini /jini/ | yini /jini/ |
| Mtu | yolŋu /jolŋu/ | wurrunbill /wuɻunbil/ | kirta /kiʈa/ | yapa /japa/ | bama /bama/ | piyirn /ˈpijiɳ/ | martu /maʈu/ |
| Kichwa | ḻiya /ɭija/ | guddagong /ɡuddaɡoŋ/ | kata /kata/ | jurru /ɟuru/ | ngaabaay /ŋaːbaːj/ | jurlu /ˈɟuɭu/ | kata /kata/ |
| Jicho | mel /mel/ | mil /mil/ | panaya /panaja/ | milpa /milpa/ | miil /miːl/ | mil /mil/ | kuru /kuɻu/ |
| Sikio | mäkiriʼ /maːkiɻiʔ/ | guri /ɡuɻi/ | kurlka /kuɭka/ | langa /laŋa/ | milga /milɡa/ | pina /ˈpina/ | pina /pina/ |
| Pua | ŋurru /ŋuru/ | nyigity /ɲiɡiɟ/ | mulya /muʎa/ | mulyu /muʎu/ | budhiil /bud̪iːl/ | punul /ˈpunul/ | mulya /muʎa/ |
| Mdomo | dhä /d̪aː/ | dhambir /d̪ambiɻ/ | jawa /ɟawa/ | lirra /liɾa/ | barrgaar /barɡaːɻ/ | — | jaa /caː/ |
| Jino | ḻirra /ɭira/ | weera /weːra/ | yirra /jira/ | kartirdi /kaʈiɖi/ | muliir /muliːɻ/ | lirra /lira/ | yirra /jira/ |
| Ulimi | matha /mat̪a/ | dalang /dalaŋ/ | nyanyjarla /ɲaɲɟaɭa/ | jalanypa /ɟalaɲpa/ | nganhdhaar /ŋan̪d̪aːɻ/ | jalany /ɟalaɲ/ | jarlinypa /caɭiɲpa/ |
| Mkono | goŋ /ɡoŋ/ | mara /maɻa/ | mapirrpa /mapirpa/ | rdaka /ɖaka/ | mangal /maŋal/ | kurrapa /kurapa/ | mara /maɻa/ |
| Mguu | ḻuku /ɭuku/ | dyinang /ɟinaŋ/ | jina /ɟina/ | wirliya /wiɭija/ | dhamal /d̪amal/ | jina /ˈɟina/ | jina /cina/ |
| Moyo | ḏoṯurrk /ɖoʈurk/ | gauar /ɡauar/ | kurturtu /kuʈuʈu/ | rduku-rduku /ɖukuɖuku/ | dadhali /dad̪ali/ | turlpu /ˈtuɭpu/ | kurturtu /kuʈuʈu/ |
| Mfupa | ŋaraka /ŋaɻaka/ | wiak /wiak/ | yika /jika/ | larrpa /laɾpa/ | badhibay /bad̪ibaj/ | kiji /kiɟi/ | tarrka /tarka/ |
| Damu | gulaŋ /ɡulaŋ/ | guruba /ɡuruba/ | miji /miɟi/ | yalyu /jaʎu/ | ganbi /ɡanbi/ | nungu /nuŋu/ | miji /miɟi/ |
| Kinyesi | guḻaʼ /ɡuɭaʔ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | murla /muɭa/ | kuna /kuna/ | mangga /maŋɡa/ | kura /ˈkuɻa/ | — |
| Upendo | djäl /ɟaːl/ | marmit /maɻmit/ | — /—/ | yulkami /julkami/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | mukulyu /mukuʎu/ |
| Mti | dharpa /d̪aɻpa/ | warabi /waɻabi/ | mungka /muŋka/ | watiya /watija/ | yugu /juɡu/ | mana /mana/ | warta /waʈa/ |
| Mbwa | wuŋgan /wuŋɡan/ | mirri /miɻi/ | jarntu /ɟaɳʈu/ | jarntu /ɟaɳʈu/ | gudaa /ɡudaː/ | kunyarr /kuˈɲar/ | papa /papa/ |
| Paka | butjikit /bucikit/ | poosi /puːsi/ | pujikatu /puɟikatu/ | mungalpa /muŋalpa/ | buthigan /but̪iɡan/ | miyawu /mijawu/ | — /—/ |
| Samaki | guya /ɡuja/ | kuya /kuja/ | kapi /kapi/ | yawu /jawu/ | guudyu /ɡuːɟu/ | kapi /kapi/ | yurta /juʈa/ |
| Kipepeo | boṉba /boɳba/ | — | wirripintapinta /wiripintapinta/ | pinta-pinta /pintapinta/ | walbuulbul /walbuːlbul/ | pirrpirntipirnti /pirpiɳʈipiɳʈi/ | — |
| Yai | mapuʼ /mapuʔ/ | gubbong /ɡubboŋ/ | ngampu /ŋampu/ | ngipiri /ŋipiɻi/ | gundil /ɡundil/ | kampiny /kampiɲ/ | ngampu /ŋampu/ |
| Farasi | yarramanʼ /jaramanʔ/ | — | — | nantuwu /nantuwu/ | yarraman /jaraman/ | timana /ˈtimana/ | yawarta /jawaʈa/ |
| Nyumba | buṉbu /buɳbu/ | kuni /kuni/ | maya /maja/ | yuwarli /juwaɭi/ | bayan /bajan/ | mayaru /majaɻu/ | ngurra /ŋura/ |
| Maziwa | ŋamunʼkurr /ŋamunʔkur/ | — | — | lampurnu /lampuɳu/ | guyuu /ɡujuː/ | — | ngama /ŋama/ |
| Asali | guku /ɡuku/ | kawangkal /kawaŋkal/ | — | ngarlu /ŋaɭu/ | mula /mula/ | karlaka /ˈkaɭaka/ | karluwari /kaɭuwaɻi/ |
| Chumvi | djeʼla /ɟeʔla/ | — | — | jarlti /ɟaɭti/ | — | — | juulu /cuːlu/ |
| Mvinyo | borum wiyikaʼ /boɻum wijikaʔ/ | — | — | pama /pama/ | — | wayin /ˈwajin/ | wama /wama/ |
| Chuma | balaʼ /balaʔ/ | — | — | yayini /jajini/ | — | — | yayinpa /jajinpa/ |
| Gurudumu | ḻuku /ɭuku/ | — | wiilpa /wiːlpa/ | wirli /wiɭi/ | — | — | taaya /taːja/ |
| Kitabu | djorraʼ /ɟoraʔ/ | — | — | pipa /pipa/ | — | — | mirlimirli /miɭimiɭi/ |
| Kula | ḻuka /ɭuka/ | daring /daɻiŋ/ | nyarrarni /ɲaraɳi/ | ngarni /ŋaɳi/ | budal /budal/ | ngarnu /ŋaɳu/ | ngalku- /ŋalku/ |
| Kunywa | ḻuka /ɭuka/ | nyu /ɲu/ | jikila /ɟikila/ | purrami /puɾami/ | dyidyal /ɟiɟal/ | ngarnu /ŋaɳu/ | jikirnu /cikiɳu/ |
| Kulala | ŋorra /ŋora/ | ngambori /ŋamboɻi/ | kunyalajuwa /kuɲalaɟuwa/ | jarda ngunami /ɟaɖa ŋunami/ | waarrnggu /waːrŋɡu/ | manyan /ˈmaɲan/ | kunyalarri- /kuɲalari/ |
| Moja | waŋgany /waŋɡaɲ/ | meddhung /med̪uŋ/ | kumpinyu /kumpiɲu/ | jinta /ɟinta/ | nubuun /nubuːn/ | layi /laji/ | kuju /kucu/ |
| Mbili | märrmaʼ /maːrmaʔ/ | bula /bula/ | kujarra /kuɟara/ | jirrama /ɟiɾama/ | gudhiirra /ɡud̪iːra/ | kurriny /kuriɲ/ | kujarra /kucara/ |
| Tatu | ḻurrkunʼ /ɭurkunʔ/ | bula mittong /bula mitoŋ/ | kujarrakumpinyu /kuɟarakumpiɲu/ | jirrama-kari-jinta /ɟiɾamakaɾiɟinta/ | guunduu /ɡuːnduː/ | mungkartu /muŋkaʈu/ | yurri /juri/ |
| Nne | ḏämbumiriw /ɖaːmbumiɻiw/ | — | kujarrakujarra /kuɟarakuɟara/ | jirrama-kari-jirrama-kari /ɟiɾamakaɾiɟiɾamakaɾi/ | — | — | puu /puː/ |
| Tano | goŋ-waŋgany /ɡoŋwaŋɡaɲ/ | — | — | rdaka-pala /ɖakapala/ | gaguwarr /ɡaɡuwar/ | — | payip /pajip/ |
| Habari | Nhämirri nhe? /n̪aːmiri n̪e/ | yumalundi /jumalundi/ | palya /paʎa/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Asante | — /—/ | miyamala /mijamala/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Nzuri | manymak /maɲmak/ | walunga /waluŋa/ | ngalypa /ŋaʎpa/ | ngurrju /ŋuɾɟu/ | dabaar /dabaːɻ/ | wulyu /wuʎu/ | palya /paʎa/ |
| Mpya | yuṯa /juʈa/ | — | — | jalangu-warnu /ɟalaŋuwaɳu/ | nhilaa /n̪ilaː/ | jalangjalang /ˈɟalaŋɟalaŋ/ | jalykarra /caʎkara/ |
| Nyekundu | mikuʼ /mikuʔ/ | dhiram-dhiram /d̪iɾamd̪iɾam/ | martarr /maʈar/ | yalyu-yalyu /jaʎujaʎu/ | diini /diːni/ | ngirljarti /ŋiɭɟaʈi/ | miji-miji /miɟimiɟi/ |
| Nyeupe | watharr /wat̪ar/ | daguru-gurag /daɡuɾuɡuɾaɡ/ | mirtamirta /miʈamiʈa/ | kardirri /kaɖiɾi/ | dyinggaa /ɟiŋɡaː/ | parpjarti /ˈpaɻpɟaɻti/ | ngintarlpa /ŋintaɭpa/ |
| Nyeusi | gurrŋanʼ /ɡurŋanʔ/ | buru-bura /buɻubuɻa/ | warrukurla /warukuɭa/ | kirdily /kiɖiʎ/ | munhi /mun̪i/ | kurnkurn /kuɳkuɳ/ | — |
| Kijani | menydjuṉ /meɲɟuɳ/ | — | — | yukuri-yukuri /jukuɻijukuɻi/ | — | — | yukuri-yukuri /jukuɻijukuɻi/ |
| Buluu | menydjuṉ /meɲɟuɳ/ | — | — | yukuri-yukuri /jukuɻijukuɻi/ | — | — | maru-maru /maɻumaɻu/ |
| Chai | dhilip /d̪ilip/ | — | — | — | buurr /buːr/ | — | — |
| Kahawa | gopi /ɡopi/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Sukari | djokaʼ /ɟokaʔ/ | — | — | juka /ɟuka/ | — | walyarra /ˈwaʎara/ | — |
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