Drekay
Kirukai
Kiaustronesia (Formosan, Kirukai — tawi lake kuu)
Rukai (Drekay), inayozungumzwa na watu wapatao 10,000 katika milima ya Pingtung, Kaohsiung na Taitung kusini mwa Taiwan, ni mojawapo ya lugha za Kiaustronesia zinazotofautiana zaidi — Glottolog na wataalamu wengi wa lugha za Kiformosa wanaiweka katika tawi lake la msingi peke yake, sawia na familia nyingine yote (yaani, mgawanyiko wa kale kama Proto-Austronesia yenyewe). Ina lahaja sita zinazotambuliwa (Tanan, Labuan, Budai, Maga, Tona, Mantauran), baadhi zikiwa tofauti sana (hasa Mantauran) kiasi kwamba hazieleweki kati ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe. Kifonolojia inahifadhi mfumo wa irabu nne /i e a u/ (baadhi ya lahaja huongeza /ɨ/) na /q/ ya kovula, na kisarufi inatumia uwekaji alama wa fokasi wa mtindo wa Kiaustronesia lakini haina mfumo kamili wa sauti wa njia nne unaoonekana katika lugha nyingine nyingi za Kiformosa, kitendawili cha kitaipolojia kilicho kiini cha mijadala kuhusu ujenzi upya wa Proto-Austronesia.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kirukai
Vyanzo
- Li, Paul Jen-kuei (1973) Rukai Structure. Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica Special Publications 64.
- Zeitoun, Elizabeth (2007) A Grammar of Mantauran (Rukai). Language and Linguistics Monograph Series A4-2, Academia Sinica.
- Council of Indigenous Peoples, Taiwan — Rukai (Drekay) orthography & dictionary (2005, rev. 2018).
- Glottolog: Rukai
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kiaustronesia (Formosan, Kirukai — tawi lake kuu)
| Maana | Kirukai | Kipaiwan | Kipuyuma | Kibunun | Kikavalan | Kiamis | Kikadazan cha Pwani |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | acilai /aˈtsilai/ | zaljum /zaʎum/ | enay /enai/ | danum /danum/ | zanum /zaˈnum/ | nanom /nanom/ | waig /waiɡ/ |
| Moto | apoy /aˈpoi/ | sapuy /sapui/ | apuy /apui/ | sapuz /sapuz/ | ramaz /raˈmaz/ | namal /namal/ | tapui /taˈpui/ |
| Jua | vai /vai/ | qadaw /qadaw/ | kadaw /kadaw/ | vali /vali/ | siban /siˈban/ | cidal /tsiðal/ | tadau /taˈdau/ |
| Mwezi | dramare /ɖamaɾə/ | qiljas /qiʎas/ | bulan /buɭan/ | buan /buan/ | buran /buˈran/ | folad /folað/ | vuhan /ˈvuhan/ |
| Nyota | tariaw /taɾiaw/ | vituqan /vituqan/ | vituwan /vituwan/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | bituqan /bituqan/ | foʼis /foʔis/ | tombituon /tombituon/ |
| Usiku | maʼungu /maʔuŋu/ | qezemezemetj /qəzəməzəmətʲ/ | ʼarmeng /ʔarməŋ/ | labian /labian/ | qabi /ʁabiʔ/ | lafiʼ /lafiʔ/ | sodop /sodop/ |
| Mvua | odalə /odalə/ | qudjalj /quɟaʎ/ | ʼudal /ʔudal/ | qudan /qudan/ | uzan /uˈzan/ | ʼorad /ʔorad/ | rasam /rasam/ |
| Theluji | pasaabu /pasaːbu/ | sulja /suʎa/ | urelra /uɾəla/ | paav /paav/ | suRna /suʁna/ | soleda^ /soləðaʔ/ | — |
| Upepo | sasəvəranə /sasəvəɾanə/ | vali /vali/ | bali /baɭi/ | luvluv /luvluv/ | bari /baˈri/ | fali /fali/ | tongus /toŋus/ |
| Udongo | dae /daə/ | qipu /qipu/ | dare /ðarə/ | dalah /dalah/ | melanay /məɾaˈnaj/ | sera /səra/ | tana /tana/ |
| Jiwe | lrənəgə /ɭənəɡə/ | qaciljai /qatsiʎai/ | barasa /barasa/ | batu /batu/ | btu /btu/ | fakeluh /fakeluh/ | vatu /vatu/ |
| Mlima | lregelrege /ɭəɡəɭəɡə/ | gadu /ɡadu/ | zenan /ʐənan/ | ludun /ludun/ | naung /nauŋ/ | lutuk /lutuk/ | nuhu /nuhu/ |
| Bahari | laveke /ɭavəkə/ | ljavek /ʎavək/ | lrevek /ɭəvək/ | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | lazing /laziŋ/ | riyar /rijar/ | rahat /rahat/ |
| Mama | kainā /kaiˈnaː/ | kina /kina/ | ina /ina/ | tina /tina/ | tina /ˈtina/ | ina /ina/ | tina /ˈtina/ |
| Baba | amā /aˈmaː/ | kama /kama/ | ama /ama/ | tama /tama/ | tama /ˈtama/ | ama /ama/ | tama /ˈtama/ |
| Binti | ababay ka lalake /ababai ka lalake/ | aljak a vavayan /aʎak a vavajan/ | walrak na babayan /waɭak na babajan/ | uvaazpingaz /uvaazpiŋaz/ | — | fafahiyan a wawa /fafahijan a wawa/ | — |
| Mimi | kunaku /kunaku/ | tiaken /tiakən/ | kuiku /kuiku/ | saikin /saikin/ | aiku /aiku/ | kako /kako/ | zou /zou/ |
| Wewe | kusu /kusu/ | sun /sun/ | yu /ju/ | suu /suʔu/ | aisu /aisu/ | kiso /kiso/ | ika /ika/ |
| Sisi | kuta / kunai /kuta / kunai/ | titjen / tiamen /titʲən / tiamən/ | taita / mimi /taita / mimi/ | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | aita / aimi /aita / aimi/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | tokou / zikoi /tokou / zikoi/ |
| Jina | ngadhalj /ŋaðaɭ/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ | nangan /naŋan/ | ngangan /ŋaŋan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ |
| Mtu | umawmase /umawmasə/ | caucau /tsautsau/ | trau /ʈau/ | bunun /bunun/ | lazat /lazat/ | tamdaw /tamðaw/ | tuhun /tuhun/ |
| Kichwa | aolo /aoɭo/ | qulu /qulu/ | tranguruʼ /ʈaŋuɾuʔ/ | bungu /buŋu/ | uru /uʁu/ | tangal /taŋal/ | tuhu /tuhu/ |
| Jicho | maca /ˈmatsa/ | maca /matsa/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /maˈta/ | mata /mata/ | mato /ˈmato/ |
| Sikio | calinga /tsaɭiŋa/ | caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | tangila /taŋiɭa/ | tainga /taiŋa/ | kayal /kajal/ | tangila /taŋila/ | tohingo /toˈhiŋo/ |
| Pua | ngongoanə /ŋoŋoanə/ | ŋudus /ŋudus/ | tingran /tiŋɾan/ | ngutus /ŋutus/ | unung /unuŋ/ | ngosoʼ /ŋosoʔ/ | todung /toduŋ/ |
| Mdomo | ngodoy /ŋoˈdoi/ | angal /aŋaɭ/ | indan /indan/ | ngulus /ŋulus/ | ngibiR /ŋibiʁ/ | ngoyos /ŋojos/ | kabang /kaˈbaŋ/ |
| Jino | valisi /valisi/ | alis /aɭis/ | wali /wali/ | nipun /nipun/ | bangraw /baŋʁau/ | walis /walis/ | nipon /nipon/ |
| Ulimi | lidamə /ɭidamə/ | sema /səma/ | lidam /ɭiɖam/ | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | rilam /ʁilam/ | sema /səmaʔ/ | dilaʼ /dilaʔ/ |
| Mkono | alima /aˈlima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | ima /ima/ | rima /riˈma/ | kamay /kamaj/ | longon /ˈloŋon/ |
| Mguu | drapale /ɖapalə/ | — | kuy /kui/ | bantas /bantas/ | zapan /zaˈpan/ | waʼay /waʔaj/ | — |
| Moyo | atay /aˈtai/ | varung /vaɾuŋ/ | kalumetan /kalumetan/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ | anem /aˈnəm/ | falokoʼ /falokoʔ/ | kosingan /koˈsiŋan/ |
| Mfupa | colalə /tsoɭaɭə/ | cuqelalj /tsuqəlaʎ/ | ukak /ukak/ | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | tiran /tiʁan/ | ʼokak /ʔokak/ | tuhang /tuhaŋ/ |
| Damu | eray /əˈɾai/ | djamuq /ɟamuq/ | damuk /damuk/ | haidang /haidaŋ/ | rinang /ʁinaŋ/ | remes /rəməs/ | rahaʼ /rahaʔ/ |
| Kinyesi | caki /tsaki/ | caqi /tsaqi/ | traʼi /ʈaʔi/ | taki /taki/ | tad /tad/ | tayiʼ /tajiʔ/ | tai /tai/ |
| Upendo | ababai /aˈbabai/ | nasaqaqa /nasaqaqa/ | ulaw /ulaw/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | — /—/ | maolah /maolah/ | ohunod /oˈhunod/ |
| Mti | cəkələ /tsəkələ/ | kasiw /kasiw/ | kawi /kawi/ | kahu /kahu/ | kasuy /kaˈsuj/ | kilang /kilaŋ/ | kayu /ˈkaju/ |
| Mbwa | takanaw /taˈkanau/ | vatu /vatu/ | suwan /suwan/ | asu /asu/ | wasu /waˈsu/ | wacu /watsu/ | tasu /ˈtasu/ |
| Paka | ngiyaw /ŋiˈjau/ | ngiaw /ŋiaw/ | kating /katiŋ/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | ngiyaw /ŋiˈjaw/ | posi /posi/ | tusing /ˈtusiŋ/ |
| Samaki | kaʼangə /kaʔaŋə/ | ciqaw /tsiqaw/ | kuraw /kuɾaw/ | iskan /iskan/ | baut /baut/ | futing /futiŋ/ | sada /ˈsadaʔ/ |
| Ndege | adhadhamə /aðaðamə/ | qayaqayam /qajaqajam/ | ayam /ajam/ | hazam /hazam/ | alam /aˈɬam/ | ayam /ˈajam/ | tombolog /tomboloɡ/ |
| Kipepeo | lialivarane /ɭiaɭiˈvaɾanə/ | pepe /pəpə/ | aribanglranglrawan /aɾibaŋɭaŋɭawan/ | balikuan /balikuan/ | pulaw /pulaw/ | ʼadipangpang /ʔaðipaŋpaŋ/ | — |
| Yai | batuku /batuku/ | qecilu /qətsiɭu/ | bitrenun /biʈənun/ | lububunun /lububunun/ | tirur /tiʁuʁ/ | fitaʼol /fitaʔol/ | tontohuʼ /tontohuʔ/ |
| Dubu | cumay /tsuˈmai/ | cumay /tsumai/ | trumay /ʈumaj/ | tumaz /tumað/ | tumay /tuˈmai/ | tomay /tomaj/ | bouvang /bouvaŋ/ |
| Farasi | rigi /ɾiɡi/ | rigi /ɾiɡi/ | eva /əva/ | tasasikis /tasasikis/ | kebayu /kəbaju/ | efa /əfa/ | kudaʼ /kudaʔ/ |
| Nyumba | daane /daːne/ | umaq /umaq/ | ruma /ɾuma/ | lumaq /lumaq/ | lepaw /ləˈpaw/ | lomaʼ /lomaʔ/ | walai /waˈlai/ |
| Maziwa | mireke /miɾəkə/ | — | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | — | hacol /hatsol/ | gatas /ˈɡatas/ |
| Asali | valu /vaɭu/ | alju /aʎu/ | kawalruwan /kawaɭuwan/ | vanu /vanu/ | wanu /wanu/ | waneng no ʼodal /waneŋ no ʔoðal/ | — |
| Chumvi | timu /ˈtimu/ | qatia /qatia/ | iyam /ijam/ | hasila /hasila/ | zemiyan /zəmijan/ | cilah /tsilah/ | tusi /tusi/ |
| Mvinyo | bava /bava/ | vava /vava/ | kutra /kuʈa/ | — | — | fadisosoʼ a ^pah /faðisosoʔ a ʔpah/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ |
| Mchele | pagay /paˈɡai/ | paday /padai/ | veras /vəɾas/ | cilas /tsilas/ | beRas /bəʁas/ | felac /fəlats/ | vagas /vaɡas/ |
| Chuma | adreme /aˈɖəmə/ | vatjuljayan /vatʲuʎajan/ | batulrayaw /batuɭajaw/ | ngul-a /ŋulʔa/ | balis /baˈlis/ | marad /marad/ | bosiʼ /bosiʔ/ |
| Gurudumu | palridingi /paɭiˈdiŋi/ | tjukutjuku /tʲukutʲuku/ | mutralatralaw /muʈalaʈalaw/ | tauntaun /tauntaun/ | krizeng /kriˈzəŋ/ | fiher /fiher/ | — |
| Hariri | kadhupu /kaðupu/ | — | — | kaiku /kaiku/ | — | — | sutala /sutala/ |
| Kitabu | hungu /huŋu/ | sapitj /sapitʲ/ | valray /vaɭaj/ | patasan /patasan/ | sudad /sudad/ | cudad /tsuðad/ | — |
| Kula | waane /ˈwaːne/ | keman /kəman/ | kuman /kuman/ | maun /maun/ | quman /quˈman/ | komaen /komaən/ | mangakan /maˈŋakan/ |
| Kunywa | otobi /oˈtobi/ | temekel /təməkəl/ | enpa /enpa/ | muqun /muqun/ | mimum /miˈmum/ | minom /minom/ | monginum /moˈŋinum/ |
| Kulala | waapəcə /waːpətsə/ | qemreng /qəmɾəŋ/ | alrupeʼ /aɭupəʔ/ | masabah /masabah/ | mainep /maiˈnəp/ | mafotiʼ /mafotiʔ/ | modop /modop/ |
| Moja | itha /iˈθa/ | ita /ita/ | sa /sa/ | tasa /tasa/ | issa /ˈissa/ | cecay /tsetsaj/ | iso /ˈiso/ |
| Mbili | drusa /ɖusa/ | drusa /ɖusa/ | zua /ʐua/ | dusa /dusa/ | zusa /zusa/ | tosa /tosaʔ/ | duvo /duvo/ |
| Tatu | tolo /tolo/ | tjelu /tʲəlu/ | telu /təlu/ | tau /tau/ | turu /tuɾu/ | tolo /tolo/ | tolu /tolu/ |
| Nne | səpatə /səpatə/ | sepatj /səpatʲ/ | pat /pat/ | paat /paːt/ | spat /spat/ | sepat /səpat/ | apat /apat/ |
| Tano | lrima /ˈɭima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | hima /hima/ | rima /riˈma/ | lima /lima/ | limo /limo/ |
| Mia | iday /idaj/ | taidai /taidai/ | saleman /saɭəman/ | saba /saba/ | Rasibu /ʁasibu/ | smoʼot /smoʔot/ | hatus /hatus/ |
| Habari | sabaw /saˈbau/ | masalu /masalu/ | marayas /maɾajas/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | — /—/ | ngaʼay ho /ŋaʔaj ho/ | kopivosian /kopiˈvosian/ |
| Asante | masalu /maˈsalu/ | masalu /masalu/ | kasapakan /kasapakan/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | — /—/ | aray /araj/ | pounsikou /pounˈsikou/ |
| Nzuri | manangi /maˈnaŋi/ | nguanguaq /ŋuaŋuaq/ | mauruway /mauɾuwai/ | masial /masial/ | nngi /nŋi/ | kapah /kapah/ | avasi /aˈvasi/ |
| Mpya | baavanə /baːvanə/ | vaquan /vaquan/ | bekal /bəkaɭ/ | bahlu /baɬu/ | tasu /tasu/ | faluhay /faluhaj/ | vagu /vaɡu/ |
| Nyekundu | dirərələ /diɾəɾələ/ | qudjidjilj /quɟiɟiʎ/ | midarang /miɖaraŋ/ | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | tebari /təbaʀi/ | kahengangay /kahəŋaŋaj/ | aragang /araɡaŋ/ |
| Nyeupe | popoli /poˈpoli/ | vuqavuqalj /vuqavuqaʎ/ | bulenan /buɭənan/ | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | busar /busaʀ/ | fohecalay /fohətsalaj/ | opurak /oˈpurak/ |
| Nyeusi | maicəlrəngə /maitsəɭəŋə/ | qucengecengel /qutsəŋətsəŋəl/ | udedem /uɖəɖəm/ | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | tengen /təŋən/ | kohtingay /kohtiŋaj/ | oitom /oitom/ |
| Kijani | salesese /saləsəsə/ | liljuas /ɭiʎuas/ | miraʼat /miraʔat/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | puli /puli/ | kangdaway /kaŋdawaj/ | otomou /oˈtomou/ |
| Buluu | salesese /saləsəsə/ | cangiangia /tsaŋiaŋia/ | tremangiya /ʈəmaŋija/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | puli /puli/ | langdaway /laŋdawaj/ | otomou /oˈtomou/ |
| Kompyuta | tinnaw /tinˈnau/ | tinnaw /tinnaw/ | tinnaw /tinnaw/ | tinnau /tinnau/ | tiannaw /tiannaw/ | tingnaw /tiŋnaw/ | tokud /tokud/ |
| Chai | ucia /uˈtsia/ | ucia /utsia/ | — | ucia /utsia/ | — | ociya /otsija/ | tii |
| Kahawa | kahwi /ˈkahwi/ | kuhi /kuhi/ | — | kapi /kapi/ | — | kohi /kohi/ | kupi /kupi/ |
| Sukari | alualu /aluˈalu/ | ljualju /ʎuaʎu/ | walru | kamasia /kamasia/ | waneng /waˈnəŋ/ | waneng /waneŋ/ | gulaʼ /ɡulaʔ/ |
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