Kalam
Kikalam
Trans-New Guinea (Madang, Kalam-Kobon)
Kalam (jina la asili "Kalam") ni lugha ya Trans-New Guinea ya safu ya milima ya Schrader katika nyanda za juu za Jimbo la Madang, Papua New Guinea. Ni maarufu kiisimu kwa sababu mbili: (1) "lugha ya pandanus" — msamiati sambamba wa kitamaduni unaotumika wakati wa kuvuna njugu za pandanus ambao husaidia kubadilisha kwa utaratibu mizizi mbadala badala ya maneno ya kila siku; na (2) uunganishaji wa vitenzi uliokithiri (miundo ya vitenzi mfululizo ambapo kiarifa kimoja cha kisarufi kinaweza kujumuisha hadi mizizi 6 au zaidi ya vitenzi), uliorekodiwa kwa ukamilifu katika Dictionary of Kalam (2011) ya Pawley na Bulmer yenye kurasa zaidi ya 1500, inayochanganya uchambuzi wa kiisimu na nyaraka pana za kiethnobiolojia za mimea, wanyama, na maarifa ya jadi. Wakalam pia ni mashuhuri kiisimu kwa mifumo ya uthibitisho (evidentiality) na istilahi ngumu za udugu.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kikalam
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Trans-New Guinea (Madang, Kalam-Kobon)
| Maana | Kikalam | Kienga | Kifaiwol | Kiyugh | Tok Pisin | Kihote | Kiyagaria |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | ñg /ɲəɡ/ | endaki /endaki/ | ok /ok/ | хур /xur/ | wara /waɾa/ | ŋaŋ /ŋaŋ/ | nina /nina/ |
| Moto | mon /mon/ | ita /ita/ | baal /baːl/ | бок /bok/ | paia /paja/ | atum /atum/ | hali /hali/ |
| Jua | pub /pub/ | niki /niki/ | kibel /kibel/ | ыга /ɨɣa/ | san /san/ | wak /wak/ | yege /jeɡe/ |
| Mwezi | takn /takən/ | kana /kana/ | ulup /ulup/ | хып /xɨp/ | mun /mun/ | ayôŋ /ajoŋ/ | gei /ɡei/ |
| Nyota | gap /ɡap/ | bui /bui/ | milum /milum/ | алаӈ /alaŋ/ | sta /sta/ | vuliŋ /vuliŋ/ | ganevi /ɡanevi/ |
| Usiku | ksim /ksim/ | kuka /kuka/ | am midla /am midla/ | си /si/ | nait /nait/ | bôlôvôŋ /bolovoŋ/ | hanena /hanena/ |
| Mvua | mñmon /məɲmon/ | apu /apu/ | weiw /weiw/ | — | ren /ren/ | ôthôm /otʰom/ | gona /ɡona/ |
| Upepo | ygen /jɨɡen/ | poo /poː/ | gedul /ɡedul/ | — | win /win/ | lovak /lɔvak/ | yasi /jasi/ |
| Udongo | lum /lum/ | yuu /juː/ | bakan /bakan/ | — | graun /ɡraun/ | pik /pik/ | igopa /iɡopa/ |
| Jiwe | kab /kab/ | kana /kana/ | tum /tum/ | — | ston /ston/ | valu /valu/ | yavana /javana/ |
| Mlima | dum /dum/ | yuu manda /juː manda/ | amgu /amɡu/ | — | maunten /maunten/ | dum /dum/ | ae /ae/ |
| Mama | ami /ami/ | endangi /endaŋɡi/ | anim /anim/ | ам /am/ | mama /mama/ | talêbô /talebo/ | nene /nene/ |
| Baba | bapi /bapi/ | takange /takaŋɡe/ | atim /atim/ | оп /op/ | papa /papa/ | lambô /lambo/ | avoʼa /avoʔa/ |
| Binti | pañ /paɲ/ | wanenge /waneŋɡe/ | mun /mun/ | — | pikinini meri /pikinini meri/ | nalavi /nalavi/ | abade /abade/ |
| Mimi | yad /jad/ | namba /namba/ | na /na/ | ай /aj/ | mi /mi/ | ya /ja/ | dagaea /daɡaea/ |
| Wewe | nad /nad/ | emba /emba/ | kaba /kaba/ | у /uː/ | yu /ju/ | o /ɔ/ | gagaea /ɡaɡaea/ |
| Sisi | cn /tʃən/ | naima /naima/ | nu /nu/ | этн /ətn/ | yumi / mipela /jumi / mipela/ | yêlô / alalô /jelo / alalo/ | lagaea /laɡaea/ |
| Jina | yb /jɨb/ | kenge /keŋɡe/ | win /win/ | и /iː/ | nem /nem/ | athêŋ /atʰeŋ/ | agi /aɡi/ |
| Kichwa | jun /dʒun/ | ayamba /ajamba/ | gebom /ɡebom/ | — | het /het/ | wakadôk /wakadok/ | anuna /anuna/ |
| Jicho | wdn /udən/ | lenge /leŋɡe/ | nin /nin/ | ден /den/ | ai /aj/ | madaluk /madaluk/ | oulega /ouleɡa/ |
| Sikio | tmd /təməd/ | kale /kale/ | kalun /kalun/ | охти /oχti/ | yau /jau/ | limbuk /limbuk/ | ageta /aɡeta/ |
| Pua | mluk /mluk/ | lyaa /ʎaː/ | mutum /mutum/ | — | nus /nus/ | thohav /tʰɔhav/ | agota /aɡota/ |
| Mdomo | megmgan /meɡməɡan/ | kambu /kambu/ | bon /bon/ | — | maus /maus/ | abôlêk /abolek/ | haeyapa /haejapa/ |
| Jino | meg /meɡ/ | nenge /neŋɡe/ | kail /kaʔil/ | ит /it/ | tit /tit/ | kalalaŋ /kalalaŋ/ | haemota /haemota/ |
| Ulimi | aleb /aleb/ | keke /keke/ | falang /falaŋ/ | эй /ej/ | tang /taŋ/ | dahalaŋ /dahalaŋ/ | nevoda /nevoda/ |
| Mkono | ñn /ɲən/ | kingi /kiŋɡi/ | miim /miːm/ | хы /xɨ/ | han /han/ | baŋ /baŋ/ | anita /anita/ |
| Mguu | tob /tob/ | moko /moko/ | jɑn /jɑn/ | бул /bul/ | lek /lek/ | va /va/ | iya /ija/ |
| Moyo | mdmagi /mədmaɡi/ | mona /mona/ | kayem /kajem/ | кутʼ /kutʼ/ | bel /bel/ | kapô /kapo/ | alutumopa /alutumopa/ |
| Mfupa | tgɩ /təɡɪ/ | kuli /kuli/ | kun /kun/ | аʼт /aʔt/ | bun /bun/ | lokwaŋ /lɔkwaŋ/ | apova /apova/ |
| Damu | lkañ /lkaɲ/ | taiyoko /taijoko/ | kaim /kaim/ | сур /sur/ | blut /blut/ | thalaleŋ /tʰalalɛŋ/ | golana /ɡolana/ |
| Kinyesi | sb /səb/ | — | — | — | pekpek /pɛkpɛk/ | — | — |
| Upendo | — /—/ | auu kaenge /auː kaeŋɡe/ | kunum /kunum/ | — /—/ | laikim /lajkim/ | — /—/ | amige /amiɡe/ |
| Mti | mon /mon/ | ita /ita/ | biin /biːn/ | ос /os/ | diwai /diwaj/ | alokwaŋ /alɔkwaŋ/ | yava /java/ |
| Mbwa | kayn /kajn/ | yana /jana/ | kuyak /kujak/ | тʼип /tʼip/ | dok /dok/ | avuŋ /avuŋ/ | gala /ɡala/ |
| Paka | pus /pus/ | pusi /pusi/ | kit /kit/ | — /—/ | pusi /pusi/ | pus /pus/ | pusi /pusi/ |
| Samaki | kobsal /kobsal/ | amane /amane/ | takam /takam/ | ис /is/ | pis /pis/ | alim /alim/ | fayana /fajana/ |
| Ndege | yakt /jakt/ | yaka /jaka/ | awon /awon/ | — | pisin /ˈpisin/ | menak /mɛnak/ | nama /nama/ |
| Kipepeo | gogaŋ /ɡoɡaŋ/ | — | — | — | bataplai /bataplaj/ | — | gokopala /ɡokopala/ |
| Yai | yakt magi /jakt maɡi/ | tuku /tuku/ | — | еӈ /eːŋ/ | kiau /kiau/ | daluk /daluk/ | amuna /amuna/ |
| Farasi | kaj hos /kadʒ hos/ | osa /osa/ | auos /auos/ | — | hos /hos/ | bokhos /bɔkhɔs/ | silumata /silumata/ |
| Nyumba | kotp /kotəp/ | anda /anda/ | am /am/ | хус /xus/ | haus /haus/ | unyak /uɲak/ | yona /jona/ |
| Maziwa | ti mk /ti muk/ | andu /andu/ | muk /muk/ | — | susu /susu/ | sum /sum/ | duna /duna/ |
| Asali | bojm magi /bodʒim maɡi/ | oni /oni/ | kin wok /kin wok/ | — | hani /hani/ | bio thôk /biɔ tʰok/ | utaʼ gabe /utaʔ ɡabe/ |
| Chumvi | pi /pi/ | aipi /aipi/ | yol /jol/ | — | sol /sol/ | ŋgwêk /ŋɡwek/ | hage /haɡe/ |
| Mvinyo | wain /wain/ | waene /waene/ | wain /wain/ | — | wain /wain/ | waiŋ /waiŋ/ | vaeni /vaeni/ |
| Mchele | lays /lajs/ | — | — | — | rais /rais/ | — | laesi /laesi/ |
| Chuma | ayn /ajn/ | aene /aene/ | ayen /ajen/ | — | ain /ain/ | aeŋ /aɛŋ/ | aeni /aeni/ |
| Kitabu | buk /buk/ | buku /buku/ | buk /buk/ | — | buk /buk/ | kapya /kapja/ | buku /buku/ |
| Kula | ñb /ɲəb/ | nepenge /nepeŋɡe/ | nemin /nemin/ | фен /fen/ | kaikai /kajkaj/ | yaŋ /jaŋ/ | de /de/ |
| Kunywa | ñb /ɲəb/ | na pee /na peː/ | ok ne /ok ne/ | эт /et/ | dring /dɾiŋ/ | num /num/ | de /de/ |
| Kulala | wsn kn- /wəsən kən/ | luu palenge /luː paleŋɡe/ | akál /akɑl/ | — | slip /slip/ | êk sôm /ek som/ | ouʼ hao /ouʔ hao/ |
| Moja | nokom /nokom/ | mendai /mendai/ | makuw /makuw/ | хуса /xusa/ | wanpela /wanpɛla/ | doŋtom /dɔŋtɔm/ | bogo /boɡo/ |
| Mbili | omŋal /omŋal/ | lapo /lapo/ | alew /alew/ | хынам /xɨnam/ | tu /tu/ | ju /ju/ | lole /lole/ |
| Tatu | omŋal nokom /omŋal nokom/ | tepo /tepo/ | alewbino /alewbino/ | доӈ /doŋ/ | tripela /tripɛla/ | lô /lo/ | loleʼeʼ bogoʼeʼ /loleʔeʔ boɡoʔeʔ/ |
| Nne | omŋal omŋal /omŋal omŋal/ | kitomende /kitomende/ | alalew /alalew/ | — | fopela /fopɛla/ | ayova /ajɔva/ | loleʼe loleʼe /loleʔe loleʔe/ |
| Tano | omŋal omŋal nokom /omŋal omŋal nokom/ | yuungi /juːŋɡi/ | auok kal /auok kal/ | хак /xaːk/ | faiv /faiv/ | baheŋvi /bahɛŋvi/ | faefu /faefu/ |
| Habari | ñn /ɲən/ | kotaka /kotaka/ | ben kaba /ben kaba/ | — /—/ | halo /halo/ | — /—/ | amige /amiɡe/ |
| Asante | ñib /ɲib/ | yaka pilyino lenge /jaka piʎino leŋɡe/ | ngam ngam /ŋam ŋam/ | — /—/ | tenkyu /tɛŋkju/ | — /—/ | tega /teɡa/ |
| Nzuri | tep /tep/ | epe /epe/ | kanim /kanim/ | — /—/ | gutpela /ɡutpɛla/ | mavi /mavi/ | ho /ho/ |
| Mpya | ksen /ksen/ | enenge /eneŋɡe/ | alokso /alokso/ | — | nupela /nupɛla/ | lukmuk /lukmuk/ | souva /souva/ |
| Nyekundu | lkañ /lkaɲ/ | kone /kone/ | kaim /kʰaim/ | сулʲ /sulʲ/ | retpela /retpela/ | thalaleŋ /tʰalalɛŋ/ | gitumaʼ /ɡitumaʔ/ |
| Nyeupe | tud /tud/ | kyeo /kjeo/ | namal /namal/ | — | waitpela /waitpela/ | thapuk /tʰapuk/ | efeʼ /efeʔ/ |
| Nyeusi | mosb /mosəb/ | pumbuti /pumbuti/ | mitik /mitik/ | — | blakpela /blakpela/ | loŋgavu /lɔŋɡavu/ | nupa /nupa/ |
| Kijani | kmab /kmab/ | sakapae /sakapae/ | — | — | grinpela /ɡrinpela/ | saŋgek /saŋɡɛk/ | — |
| Buluu | muk /muk/ | sakapae /sakapae/ | — | — | blupela /blupela/ | — | gumo /ɡumo/ |
| Sukari | suka /suka/ | suka /suka/ | — | — | suga /suɡa/ | — | sukana /sukana/ |
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