Proto-Austronesian
Proto-Austronesia
Lugha ya awali (iliyojengwa upya) · aina ya kihistoria / iliyofichwa
Proto-Austronesia (PAN) ni babu aliyejengwa upya wa familia ya lugha za Kiaustronesia — mojawapo ya familia kubwa zaidi duniani, inayoenea kutoka Madagaska hadi Kisiwa cha Pasaka. Kwa kawaida huwekwa Taiwan karibu 4000–3000 KK, kabla ya upanuzi mkubwa wa kibahari kote Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki ya visiwa na Pasifiki; ujenzi upya (ulioanzishwa na Dempwolff na baadaye kuboreshwa na Dyen na hasa Blust na Starosta) hutegemea sana lugha za Formosa zinazotofautiana, ambazo umuhimu wake wa kimaamuzi kwa uainishaji wa ngazi ya juu ulitambuliwa tu baada ya Dempwolff, ambaye ujenzi wake mwenyewe ulitegemea ushahidi wa lugha za Kimalayo-Polinesia.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Proto-Austronesia
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Lugha ya awali (iliyojengwa upya)
| Maana | Proto-Austronesia | Kimalei cha Kale | Kipazeh | Kibunun | Kicham cha Kale | Mandar | Kiitbayaten |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | *daNum /daNum/ | air /air/ | dalum /dalum/ | danum /danum/ | ie /ʔiə/ | uai /uai/ | ranom /ranom/ |
| Moto | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | api /api/ | hapuy /hapuj/ | sapuz /sapuz/ | apuy /ʔapuj/ | api /api/ | hapoy /hapoj/ |
| Jua | *waRi /waRi/ | matari /matari/ | rizax /ɾizax/ | vali /vali/ | huriy /hurij/ | mata allo /mata alːo/ | araw /araw/ |
| Mwezi | *bulaN /bulaN/ | bulan /bulan/ | ilas /ilas/ | buan /buan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulang /bulaŋ/ | voxan /voɣan/ |
| Nyota | *bituqen /bituqen/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | mintol /mintol/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | bituk /bituʔ/ | bittoeng /bittoeŋ/ | vitoen /vitoɨn/ |
| Usiku | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | malam /malam/ | xinian /xinian/ | labian /labian/ | malam /malam/ | bongi /boŋi/ | aʼxep /aʔɣɨp/ |
| Mvua | *quzaN /quzaN/ | — | udan /udan/ | qudan /qudan/ | — | urang /uˈraŋ/ | timoy /timoj/ |
| Theluji | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ | — | hahela /hahela/ | paav /paav/ | — | — | — |
| Upepo | *bali /bali/ | — | bari /baɾi/ | luvluv /luvluv/ | — | angin /aŋin/ | sarawsaw /sarawsaw/ |
| Udongo | *taneq /taneq/ | — | daxe /daxəʔ/ | dalah /dalah/ | — | litaq /litaʔ/ | tana /tana/ |
| Jiwe | *batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batau /batau/ | batu /batu/ | vato /vato/ |
| Mlima | *bukij /bukij/ | — | — | ludun /ludun/ | — | buttu /butːu/ | — |
| Bahari | *tenem /tenem/ | — | awas /awas/ | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | — | sasiq /sasiʔ/ | hawa /hawa/ |
| Mama | *ina /ina/ | ibu /ibu/ | ina /ina/ | tina /tina/ | inā /ina/ | indoq /indoʔ/ | ina /ina/ |
| Baba | *ama /ama/ | bapa /bapa/ | aba /aba/ | tama /tama/ | amā /ama/ | ama /ama/ | ama /ama/ |
| Mimi | *aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | yaku /jaku/ | saikin /saikin/ | ku /ku/ | iyau /ijau/ | yaken /jakɨn/ |
| Wewe | *iSu /iSu/ | kamu /kamu/ | isiu /isiu/ | suu /suʔu/ | hã /haː/ | io /iʔo/ | ʼimo /ʔimo/ |
| Sisi | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | ita / yami /ita / jami/ | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | — /—/ | ikiq / ingkaiq /ikiʔ / iŋkaiʔ/ | yaten / yamen /jatɨn / jamɨn/ |
| Jina | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ | angan /aŋan/ | sanga /saŋa/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ |
| Mtu | *Cau /tsau/ | — | saw /saw/ | bunun /bunun/ | urāṅ /uraːŋ/ | tau /tau/ | tawo /tawo/ |
| Kichwa | *quluh /quluh/ | — | punu /punu/ | bungu /buŋu/ | — | ulu /ulu/ | oxo /oɣo/ |
| Jicho | *maCa /maCa/ | mata /mata/ | daurik /dauɾik/ | mata /mata/ | matā /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ |
| Sikio | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | — | sainga /saiŋa/ | tainga /taiŋa/ | — | talinga /taliŋa/ | talinya /taliɲa/ |
| Pua | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ | — | muzing /muziŋ/ | ngutus /ŋutus/ | idung /iduŋ/ | pudzung /puðuŋ/ | mohdan /mohdan/ |
| Jino | *nipen /nipen/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | lepeng /ləpəŋ/ | nipun /nipun/ | tagai /taɡaj/ | isi /isi/ | nyipen /ɲipɨn/ |
| Ulimi | *Sema /Sema/ | lidah /lidah/ | dahama /dahama/ | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | dalah /dalah/ | lila /lila/ | rila /rila/ |
| Mkono | *lima /lima/ | tangan /taŋan/ | rima /ɾima/ | ima /ima/ | taŋin /taŋin/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Mguu | *qaqay /qaqay/ | — | karaw /kaɾaw/ | bantas /bantas/ | takai /takai/ | — | ayi /aji/ |
| Moyo | *pusuq /pusuq/ | hati /hati/ | baga /baɡa/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ | hatai /hatai/ | ate /ate/ | tawor /tawor/ |
| Mfupa | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | bul /bul/ | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | talang /talaŋ/ | buku /buku/ | toʼxang /toʔɣaŋ/ |
| Damu | *daRaq /daRaq/ | darah /darah/ | damu /damu/ | haidang /haidaŋ/ | darah /darah/ | ceraq /tʃɛraʔ/ | raya /raja/ |
| Kinyesi | *Caqi /tsaqi/ | — | — | taki /taki/ | — | tai /tai/ | — |
| Upendo | — /—/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | — /—/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | klɛn /klɛn/ | mappinawa /mapːinawa/ | — /—/ |
| Mti | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | kayu /kaju/ | kahuy /kahuj/ | kahu /kahu/ | phuəŋ /pʰuəŋ/ | kaju /kaju/ | kayoh /kajoh/ |
| Mbwa | *asu /asu/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | wazu /wazu/ | asu /asu/ | asuv /asuw/ | asu /asu/ | tito /tito/ |
| Paka | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | mɛw /mɛw/ | mio /mio/ | — /—/ |
| Samaki | *Sikan /Sikan/ | ikan /ikan/ | alaw /alaw/ | iskan /iskan/ | ikan /ikan/ | bau /ˈbau/ | among /amoŋ/ |
| Ndege | *manuk /manuk/ | burung /buruŋ/ | ayam /ajam/ | hazam /hazam/ | cim /tʃim/ | manu-manuq /manu manuʔ/ | kangkang /kaŋkaŋ/ |
| Kipepeo | *baŋbaŋ /baŋbaŋ/ | — | — | balikuan /balikuan/ | — | — | — |
| Yai | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | — | batu pataru /batu pataɾu/ | lububunun /lububunun/ | — | talloq /talːoʔ/ | ittiiyoy /ittiijoj/ |
| Dubu | *Cumay /Cumay/ | — | — | tumaz /tumað/ | — | — | — |
| Nyumba | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | rumah /rumah/ | xuma /xuma/ | lumaq /lumaq/ | sɔŋ /sɔŋ/ | boyang /bojaŋ/ | vaxay /vaɣaj/ |
| Chumvi | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ | garam /ɡaram/ | pahah /pahah/ | hasila /hasila/ | — | sia /sia/ | asin /asin/ |
| Mchele | *beRas /beRas/ | — | — | cilas /tsilas/ | — | baras /baras/ | paray /paraj/ |
| Chuma | *Namat /Namat/ | — | — | ngul-a /ŋulʔa/ | — | bassi /basːi/ | — |
| Kula | *kaen /kaen/ | makan /makan/ | mekan /məkan/ | maun /maun/ | bɔh /bɔh/ | maʼande /maʔande/ | koman /koman/ |
| Kunywa | *inum /inum/ | minum /minum/ | mimaazip /mimaːzip/ | muqun /muqun/ | mɛnum /mɛnum/ | minung /minuŋ/ | ominom /ominom/ |
| Kulala | *tuduR /tuduR/ | tidur /tidur/ | masuaw /masuaw/ | masabah /masabah/ | — | matindro /matindro/ | makahicex /makahitʃɨɣ/ |
| Moja | *isa /isa/ | sa /sa/ | adang /adaŋ/ | tasa /tasa/ | sa /sa/ | mesa /mesa/ | aʼsa /aʔsa/ |
| Mbili | *duSa /duSa/ | dua /dua/ | dusa /dusa/ | dusa /dusa/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | doha /doha/ |
| Tatu | *telu /telu/ | tlu /tlu/ | turu /tuɾu/ | tau /tau/ | klau /klau/ | tallu /talːu/ | atlo /atlo/ |
| Nne | *Sepat /səpat/ | mpat /əmpat/ | supat /supat/ | paat /paːt/ | pāt /paːt/ | appe /apːe/ | aʼpat /aʔpat/ |
| Tano | *lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | xasep /xasəp/ | hima /hima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Mia | *RaCus /RaCus/ | ratus /ratus/ | haten /hatən/ | saba /saba/ | — | sangatus /saŋatus/ | omyatos /omjatos/ |
| Habari | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | — /—/ | salamaʼ maʼondong /salamaʔ maʔondoŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Asante | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | — /—/ | kuruʼ sumangaʼ /kuruʔ sumaŋaʔ/ | — /—/ |
| Nzuri | — /—/ | baik /baik/ | — /—/ | masial /masial/ | siam /siam/ | macoa /matʃoa/ | mapia /mapia/ |
| Mpya | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ | — | xias /xias/ | bahlu /baɬu/ | — | baru /baru/ | vaʼyo /vaʔjo/ |
| Nyekundu | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | merah /merah/ | lubahing /lubahiŋ/ | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | mưriah /mɨriah/ | mamea /mamea/ | mavayah /mavajah/ |
| Nyeupe | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ | putih /putih/ | risilaw /ɾisilaw/ | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | patih /patih/ | mapute /mapute/ | mahilak /mahilak/ |
| Nyeusi | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ | hitam /hitam/ | terehen /təɾəhən/ | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | hitam /hitam/ | malotong /malotoŋ/ | mavaeng /mavaɨŋ/ |
| Woof | *qawqaw /qawqaw/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
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