Proto-Mayan
Proto-Maya
Lugha ya awali (iliyojengwa upya) · aina ya kihistoria / iliyofichwa
Proto-Maya ni babu aliyejengwa upya wa familia ya Kimaya ya Mesoamerika (takriban lugha 30 ikijumuisha Kʼicheʼ, Kiyukatek na Mam). Huwekwa katika nyanda za juu za Guatemala karibu 2200–2000 KK na imejengwa upya vizuri kutokana na kazi ya kulinganisha ya kina.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Proto-Maya
Vyanzo
- Kaufman & Norman (1984) An outline of Proto-Cholan phonology, morphology and vocabulary
- Kaufman (2003) A Preliminary Mayan Etymological Dictionary
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Lugha ya awali (iliyojengwa upya)
| Maana | Proto-Maya | Kiuspanteko | Kʼiche | Kipoqomchi | Kimaya cha Kale | Kimaya cha Yucatec | Kaqchikel |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | *haʔ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /xaʔ/ | haʼ /haʔ/ | haʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | yaʼ /jaʔ/ |
| Moto | *qʼaaqʼ /qʼaaqʼ/ | qʼaaqʼ /qʼaːqʼ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | qʼaaqʼ /qʼaːqʼ/ | kʼahkʼ /kʼahkʼ/ | kʼáakʼ /kʼaːkʼ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ |
| Jua | *qʼiinh /qʼiinh/ | qʼiij /qʼiːh/ | qʼij /qʼix/ | qʼiij /qʼiːx/ | kʼin /kʼin/ | kʼiin /kʼiːn/ | qʼij /qʼix/ |
| Mwezi | *uːh /uːh/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | poh /poh/ | uh /uh/ | uj /uh/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ |
| Nyota | *eʼq /eʼq/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | chʼumiil /tʃʼumiːl/ | ekʼ /eːkʼ/ | eekʼ /eːkʼ/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ |
| Usiku | *aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | laqʼabʼ /laqʼaɓ/ | aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | akʼabʼ /akʼaɓ/ | áakʼabʼ /aːkʼaɓ/ | aqʼaʼ /aqʼaʔ/ |
| Mvua | *nhabʼ /ŋaɓ/ | jabʼ /haɓ/ | jabʼ /xaɓ/ | jabʼ /xaɓ/ | haʼal /haʔal/ | cháak /tʃáːk/ | jobʼ /xoɓ/ |
| Upepo | *ʔiʔqʼ /ʔiʔqʼ/ | tew /tew/ | iqʼ /iqʼ/ | teew /teːw/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | iikʼ /iːkʼ/ | kaqʼiqʼ /kaqʼiqʼ/ |
| Udongo | *chʼohchʼ /tʃʼohtʃʼ/ | ulew /uleːw/ | ulew /ulew/ | akʼal /akʼal/ | kab /kab/ | luʼum /luʔum/ | ulew /uleːw/ |
| Jiwe | *ʔaʔbʼaj /ʔaʔbʼaj/ | ábʼaj /ˈáɓax/ | abʼaj /aɓax/ | abʼaj /aɓax/ | tuun /tuːn/ | tuunich /tuːˈnitʃ/ | abäj /aˈɓəx/ |
| Mlima | *witz /wits/ | witz /wits/ | juyubʼ /xujuɓ/ | yuuqʼ /juːqʼ/ | witz /wits/ | wiits /wiːts/ | juyuʼ /xuˈjuʔ/ |
| Mama | *naʔ /naʔ/ | nan /nan/ | nan /nan/ | tuut /tuːt/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ |
| Baba | *taat /taat/ | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | ajaaw /axaːw/ | yuum /juːm/ | taata /taːta/ | tataʼ /tataʔ/ |
| Mimi | *in /in/ | in /in/ | in /in/ | hin /hin/ | hiin /hiːn/ | teen /teːn/ | rïn /rɪn/ |
| Wewe | *ʔat /ʔat/ | at /at/ | at /at/ | hat /hat/ | hat /hat/ | teech /teːtʃ/ | rat /rat/ |
| Sisi | — /—/ | oj /ox/ | uj /ux/ | hoj /hox/ | — /—/ | toʼon /toʔon/ | röj /rʊx/ |
| Jina | *bʼih /bʼih/ | bʼii /ɓiː/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | bʼihnaal /ɓihnaːl/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaˈɓaʔ/ | kʼaabaʼ /kʼaːɓaʔ/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ |
| Mtu | *winaq /winaq/ | kristyan /kristjan/ | winaq /winaq/ | kʼachareel /kʼatʃareːl/ | winik /winik/ | máak /maːk/ | winäq /wiˈnəq/ |
| Jicho | *Haty /hatʲ/ | wach /watʃ/ | bʼaqʼwach /ɓaqʼwatʃ/ | naqʼwachis /naqʼwatʃis/ | ut /ut/ | ich /itʃ/ | runaqʼ ruwäch /runaqʼ ruwətʃ/ |
| Sikio | *xikin /ʃikin/ | xikiin /ʃikiːn/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ |
| Pua | *nhiiʔ /ŋiːʔ/ | tzaʼm /tsaʔm/ | tzaʼm /tsaʔm/ | juʼ /xuʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | tzaʼn /tsaʔn/ |
| Mdomo | *tyiiʔ /tʲiːʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | chiʼhis /tʃiʔhis/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ |
| Jino | *ʔeeh /ʔeːh/ | e /e/ | ware /waɾe/ | ehis /ehis/ | eh /eh/ | koh /koh/ | ey /ej/ |
| Ulimi | *aaqʼ /aːqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | aakʼ /aːkʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ |
| Mkono | *qʼabʼ /qʼabʼ/ | qʼaabʼ /qʼaːɓ/ | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ | kʼab /kʼab/ | kʼabʼ /kʼaɓ/ | qʼaʼ /qʼaʔ/ |
| Mguu | *ʔooq /ʔoːq/ | aqan /aqan/ | aqan /aqan/ | ooq /oːq/ | ook /oːk/ | ook /oːk/ | aqän /aqən/ |
| Moyo | — /—/ | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ | animaʼ /animaʔ/ | kʼuxliis /kʼuʃliːs/ | pixan /piʃan/ | puksiʼikʼal /puksiʔikʼal/ | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ |
| Mfupa | *bʼaaq /ɓaːq/ | bʼaaq /ɓaːq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | baak /ɓaːk/ | bʼaak /ɓaːk/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ |
| Damu | *kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ | kʼiʼikʼ /kʼiʔikʼ/ | kïkʼ /kɪkʼ/ |
| Kinyesi | *ta7 /taʔ/ | — | achaq /atʃaq/ | saaʼ /saːʔ/ | — | taʼ /taʔ/ | — |
| Upendo | — /—/ | lóqʼ /lóqʼ/ | loqʼoj /loqʼox/ | rahaal /rahaːl/ | yaah /jaːh/ | yaakuntej /jaːkunteh/ | ajowabʼäl /axowaɓəl/ |
| Mti | *teʔ /teʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheeʼ /tʃeːʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ |
| Mbwa | *tzʼiʔ /tzʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | peekʼ /peːkʼ/ | peekʼ /peːkʼ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ |
| Paka | — /—/ | mis /mis/ | meʼs /meʔs/ | mees /meːs/ | miis /miːs/ | miis /miːs/ | mes /mes/ |
| Samaki | *kar /kar/ | kar /kar/ | kar /kaɾ/ | kar /kar/ | kay /kaj/ | kay /kaj/ | kar /kar/ |
| Ndege | *tzʼikin /tzʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | mut /mut/ | chʼíichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ |
| Kipepeo | *pehpen /pehpen/ | — | pepe /pepe/ | pehpem /pehpem/ | — | péepen /peːpen/ | palamax /palamaʃ/ |
| Nyumba | *nah /nah/ | jaa /haː/ | ja /xa/ | paat /paːt/ | otoch /otoːtʃ/ | naj /nah/ | jay /xaj/ |
| Asali | *kaabʼ /kaːɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kaabʼ /kaːɓ/ | — | kaab /kaːb/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ |
| Chumvi | *ʔaʔtzʼaam /ʔaʔtsʼaːm/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼaam /atsʼaːm/ | — | taʼab /taʔaɓ/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ |
| Kitabu | *huʔnh /huʔŋ/ | wuuj /wuːx/ | wuj /wux/ | huuj /huːx/ | huun /huːn/ | juʼun /huʔun/ | wuj /wux/ |
| Kula | *waʔ /waʔ/ | waʼ /waʔ/ | tijow /tixow/ | wiʼk /wiʔk/ | weʼ /weʔ/ | jaant /haːnt/ | waʼin /waʔin/ |
| Kunywa | *ʔukʼ /ʔukʼ/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | ukʼaaj /ukʼaːx/ | uukʼ /uːkʼ/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | ukʼul /ukʼul/ | kumun /kumun/ |
| Kulala | *war /war/ | war /war/ | war /waɾ/ | wirik /wirik/ | way /waj/ | wenel /wenel/ | war /war/ |
| Moja | *jun /jun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /xun/ | jinaj /xinax/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /xun/ |
| Mbili | *kaʼ /kaʼ/ | quiibʼ /kiːɓ/ | kebʼ /keɓ/ | kiʼibʼ /kiʔiɓ/ | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | kaʼiʼ /kaʔiʔ/ |
| Tatu | *ʼoxibʼ /ʔoʃiɓ/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | ixibʼ /iʃiɓ/ | ox /oʃ/ | óox /ʔoːʃ/ | oxiʼ /oʃiʔ/ |
| Nne | *kaŋibʼ /kaŋiɓ/ | kajibʼ /kaxiɓ/ | kajibʼ /kaxiɓ/ | kijibʼ /kixiɓ/ | kan /kan/ | kan /kan/ | kajiʼ /kaxiʔ/ |
| Tano | *hoʔ /hoʔ/ | joobʼ /hoːɓ/ | jobʼ /xoɓ/ | hoʼoobʼ /hoʔoːɓ/ | hoʼ /hoʔ/ | joʼ /hoʔ/ | woʼoʼ /woʔoʔ/ |
| Habari | — /—/ | saʼbʼal /saʔbal/ | saqarik /saqaɾik/ | ma chaa /ma tʃaː/ | bix a beel /biʃ a beːl/ | baʼax ka waʼalik /baʔaʃ ka waʔalik/ | utz iwäch /uts iwətʃ/ |
| Asante | — /—/ | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | tioxlaab /tjoʃlaːb/ | nibʼoolal /nibʼoːlal/ | dios boʼotik /dios boʔotik/ | matyox /matjoʃ/ |
| Nzuri | *utz /utz/ | tzi /tsi/ | utz /uts/ | holohik /holohik/ | utz /uts/ | maʼalob /maʔalob/ | ütz /ʊts/ |
| Mpya | *ʔa(a)kʼ /ʔakʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | achʼ /atʃʼ/ | túumben /tuːmben/ | kʼakʼaʼ /kʼakʼaʔ/ |
| Nyekundu | *kaq /kaq/ | kyeq /kjeq/ | kaq /kaq/ | kaq /kaq/ | chak /tʃak/ | chak /tʃak/ | käq /kəq/ |
| Nyeupe | *saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | sak /sak/ | sak /sak/ | säq /səq/ |
| Nyeusi | *ʔejqʼ /ʔejqʼ/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | box /boʃ/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ |
| Kijani | *raʔx /raʔʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | räx /rəʃ/ |
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