pa̠rauk
Kiparauk Wa
Kiaustroasia (Palaungic)
Parauk Wa (ISO 639-3: prk), pia huitwa Wa au Paraok, ni lugha ya Kiwai ya tawi la Kipalaungiki katika familia ya Kiaustroasia, inayozungumzwa na takribani watu 399,000–849,000 kaskazini-mashariki mwa Myanmar na katika Yunnan ya China iliyo jirani. Ndiyo aina ya Wa yenye wazungumzaji wengi zaidi na iliyosanifishwa kwa upana zaidi, pamoja na aina nyingine kama Awa na Vo. Mfumo wake wa sauti hutofautisha rejista wazi na yenye pumzi, una hazina kubwa ya konsonanti za mwanzo na mikusanyiko ya konsonanti, na vitenzi havibadilishwi; wakati, hali ya tendo, namna na ukanushi huonyeshwa hasa kwa chembe. Mipangilio ya VSO na SVO yote ni ya kawaida, na muundo wa taarifa huathiri uchaguzi wake. Parauk huandikwa kwa tahajia kadhaa zinazotegemea alfabeti ya Kilatini, zikiwemo zilizotokana na tafsiri za Biblia na mifumo ya baadaye ya Jimbo la Wa na China.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kiparauk Wa
Vyanzo
- Justin Watkins 2013, Dictionary of Wa (Leiden: Brill; online database, SOAS Wa Dictionary Project, humancomp.org/wadict), Wa-CN (Chinese Wa orthography) headwords and IPA; en.wiktionary Parauk lemmas (refs Watkins 2013); Wa Bible (bible.com 325) for usage
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kiaustroasia (Palaungic)
| Maana | Kiparauk Wa | Kiwa | Kilawa cha Mashariki | Kide'ang cha Rumai | Kikhmu | Proto-Austroasia | Kishwepalaung |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | rom /rɔm/ | rawm /rɔm/ | lʼauem /lᵊʔaɨ̯m/ | Ɂəm /ʔəm/ | ʔom /ʔom/ | *ɗaːk /ɗaːk/ | ʔoːm /ʔoːm/ |
| Moto | ngū /ŋṳ/ | ngu /ŋu/ | ngoa /ŋɔ/ | ŋaiɁ /ŋaiʔ/ | pʰrɨə /pʰrɨə/ | *ʔuːs /ʔuːs/ | ŋər /ŋar/ |
| Jua | si ngāix /siŋa̤iʔ/ | singaix /siŋaiʔ/ | sngaiʼ /sᵊŋajˀ/ | saŋaj /saŋaj/ | mat briʔ /mat briʔ/ | *tŋiːʔ /tŋiːʔ/ | səŋi /saŋiː/ |
| Mwezi | kix /kʰiʔ/ | khix /kʰiʔ/ | kheʼ /kʰeʔ/ | pakjəː /pakjəː/ | moŋ /moŋ/ | *khe(ː)ʔ /kheːʔ/ | plaŋ kiər /plaŋ kiər/ |
| Nyota | sim uing /sim ʔuɲ/ | simuing /simʔuɲ/ | sboeng /sᵊɓəŋ/ | laːw /laːw/ | sərmeɲ /sərmeɲ/ | *smʔaɲ /smʔaɲ/ | səmiŋ /səmiŋ/ |
| Usiku | som /sɔm/ | ponsawm /ponsɔm/ | ma sauem /ma saɨ̯m/ | kasəm /kasəm/ | psɨəm /psɨəm/ | *cəːm /cəːm/ | hmɯ /m̥ɯ/ |
| Mvua | hliex /lʰɛʔ/ | lhiex /l̥ɛʔ/ | hlaiʼ /l̥ajˀ/ | klaːj /klaːj/ | kəmaʔ /kəmaʔ/ | *gmaʔ /ɡmaʔ/ | ɟuŋ /ɟuŋ/ |
| Theluji | hra /rʰa/ | rhax /r̥aʔ/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Upepo | npaeng /bʰaɯŋ/ | bhaung /bʰaɯŋ/ | kaue /kaɨ̯/ | khuː /kʰuː/ | hndrəːj /hndrəːj/ | *kjɔʔ /kjɔʔ/ | khuːr /kʰuːr/ |
| Udongo | diex /tɛʔ/ | tiex /tɛʔ/ | — | kataːj /kataːj/ | pteʔ /pteʔ/ | *tiʔ /tiʔ/ | kəɗɛː /kəɗɛː/ |
| Jiwe | si māox /sima̤uʔ/ | simaox /simauʔ/ | smoʼ /sᵊmoʔ/ | maːw /maːw/ | glaŋ /ɡlaŋ/ | *tmɔʔ /tmɔʔ/ | mo /mo/ |
| Mlima | mgōng /ɡɔ̤ŋ/ | gawng /ɡɔŋ/ | moa /mɔ/ | kɔŋ /kɔŋ/ | mok /mok/ | *bruʔ /bruʔ/ | sor /sor/ |
| Bahari | rom si mgrid si mgra /rɔm siɡrit siɡra/ | rawm sigrit sigra /rɔm siɡrit siɡra/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Mama | mīex /mɛ̤ʔ/ | miex /mɛʔ/ | maʼ /maʔ/ | — /—/ | maʔ /maʔ/ | *maʔ /maʔ/ | ma /ma/ |
| Baba | geeing /kɯɲ/ | keeing /kɯɲ/ | pueaʼ /pɨaʔ/ | — /—/ | joŋ /joŋ/ | *ɓa(ː)ʔ /ɓaːʔ/ | kun /kun/ |
| Binti | gon nbun /kɔn bun/ | kawn bun /kɔn bun/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Mimi | aex /ʔaɯʔ/ | aux /ʔaɯʔ/ | ʔoʔ /ʔoʔ/ | Ɂaw /ʔaw/ | oʔ /ʔoʔ/ | *ʔaɲ /ʔaɲ/ | ʔɔ /ʔɔ/ |
| Wewe | maix /maiʔ/ | maix /maiʔ/ | maiʔ /maiʔ/ | maj /maj/ | meʔ /meʔ/ | *miːʔ /miːʔ/ | mi /miː/ |
| Sisi | eix / ix /ʔeʔ / ʔiʔ/ | ix /ʔiʔ/ | ʔɛ /ʔɛ/ | — /—/ | iʔ /ʔiʔ/ | *hiːʔ /hiːʔ/ | ʔɛ / jɛ /ʔɛ / jɛ/ |
| Jina | jē gaex /tɕɤ̤ kaɯʔ/ | ceu kaux /tɕɤ kaɯʔ/ | yum /jɔm/ | ʨɨː /tɕɨː/ | sŋməh /sŋməh/ | *ɟmuh /ɟmuh/ | ʨɨː /ʨɨː/ |
| Mtu | būi /pṳi/ | pui /pui/ | pui /puj/ | taɁiː /taʔiː/ | gon /ɡon/ | *m-raʔ /mraʔ/ | bi /bi/ |
| Kichwa | gaing /kaɲ/ | kaing: /kaɲ/ | kany /kaɲ/ | kən /kən/ | kəmpoŋ /kəmpoŋ/ | *ɓoːkʔ /ɓoːkʔ/ | kiŋ /kiŋ/ |
| Jicho | ngai /ŋai/ | ngai /ŋai/ | ʼia /ʔia̯/ | ŋaːj /ŋaːj/ | mat /mat/ | *mat /mat/ | ŋaj /ŋaːj/ |
| Sikio | hyaog /ʑʰauk/ | yhaok /j̊auk/ | — | ʨhok /tɕʰok/ | rəməj /rəməj/ | *Ctoːr /Ctoːr/ | hjɔʔ /hjɔʔ/ |
| Pua | mēeih /mɯ̤ih/ | meeih /mɯih/ | maueh /maɨ̯h/ | kaduŋmuh /kaduŋmuh/ | muh /muh/ | *muh /muh/ | kɔŋmuh /kɔŋmuh/ |
| Mdomo | nqeeih /dʑʰɯih/ | jheeh /dʑʰɯih/ | ʼmboam /ʔᵊᵐbɔm/ | mojɁ /mojʔ/ | tənɔh /tənɔh/ | *miəŋʔ /miəŋʔ/ | mur /mur/ |
| Jino | hrang /rʰaŋ/ | rhang /r̥aŋ/ | pioeng /piə̯ŋ/ | xaːŋ /xaːŋ/ | hraŋ /hraŋ/ | *lmVɲ /lməɲ/ | hraŋ /r̥aːŋ/ |
| Ulimi | ndag /dak/ | dak /dak/ | tak /tak/ | sataɁ /sataʔ/ | həntak /həntak/ | *lntaːk /lntaːk/ | kərta /kərɗaʔ/ |
| Mkono | daix /taiʔ/ | taix /taiʔ/ | miŋ /miŋ/ | taiɁ /taiʔ/ | tiʔ /tiʔ/ | *tiːʔ /tiːʔ/ | ti /ɗiː/ |
| Mguu | jāong /tɕa̤uŋ/ | caong /tʃaɔŋ/ | cuang /cua̯ŋ/ | ʥɔːn /dʑɔːn/ | krwɛh /krwɛh/ | *ɟəːŋ /ɟəːŋ/ | ɟɯŋ /ɟɯŋ/ |
| Moyo | hrom /rʰɔm/ | rhawm /r̥ɔm/ | kavüa /kavɨa/ | poŋkanɔh /poŋkanɔh/ | tlɔːm ŋok /tlɔːm ŋok/ | *nuːɕ /nuːɕ/ | nuər /nuər/ |
| Mfupa | si ang /siʔaŋ/ | si-ang /siʔaŋ/ | sʼang /sᵊʔaŋ/ | kaɁaːŋ /kaʔaːŋ/ | cʼaaŋ /tʃʔaːŋ/ | *cʔaːŋ /cʔaːŋ/ | kəʔaŋ /kaʔaːŋ/ |
| Damu | hnam /nʰam/ | nham /n̥am/ | hnam /n̥am/ | n̥aːm /n̥aːm/ | maːm /maːm/ | *mham /mham/ | hnam /n̥aːm/ |
| Kinyesi | aing /ʔaɲ/ | aing /ʔaɲ/ | ʼioeng /ʔiə̯ŋ/ | — | — | *ʔicʔ /ʔicʔ/ | — |
| Upendo | mōuh /mo̤h/ | moh /moh/ | kruŋ /kɾuŋ/ | — /—/ | kɔɔh /kɔːh/ | — /—/ | ʔoŋ /ʔoŋ/ |
| Mti | kaox /kʰauʔ/ | khaox /kʰauʔ/ | khoʼ /kʰoʔ/ | taŋhɔj /taŋhɔj/ | sʔɔːŋ /sʔɔːŋ/ | *ɟɕɨːʔ /ɟɕɨːʔ/ | tiŋ he /tiŋ he/ |
| Mbwa | soux /soʔ/ | sox /soʔ/ | souʼ /sɒʔ/ | sow /sow/ | sɔʔ /sɔʔ/ | *cɔː /cɔː/ | sɔ /sɔ/ |
| Paka | miao /miau/ | miao: /miau/ | mai /mai/ | — /—/ | mɛːw /mɛːw/ | — /—/ | ʔəŋaw /ʔəŋaw/ |
| Samaki | gax /kaʔ/ | kax /kaʔ/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | kaː /kaː/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | *kaʔ /kaʔ/ | ka /kaː/ |
| Ndege | sim /sim/ | sim /sim/ | sany /saɲ/ | siːm /siːm/ | sim /sim/ | *ciːm /ciːm/ | sim /sim/ |
| Kipepeo | būng bīang /pṳŋ pi̤aŋ/ | pung piang /puŋ piaŋ/ | mbung mbang /ᵐbuŋ ᵐbaŋ/ | — | tlaːmpaːm /tlaːmpaːm/ | — | kərla /kərla/ |
| Yai | dom /tɔm/ | tawm ia /tɔm ʔia/ | toum /tɒm/ | bəːn /bəːn/ | kədoŋ /kədoŋ/ | *ktam /ktam/ | kadam /kaɗam/ |
| Dubu | grih /krih/ | krih /krih/ | khleh /kʰleh/ | — | huəl /huəl/ | — | khrer /kʰrer/ |
| Farasi | nbrūng /brṳŋ/ | brung /bruŋ/ | — | — | — | — | brəŋ /brəŋ/ |
| Nyumba | nyīex /ɲi̤ɛʔ/ | nyiex /ɲiɛʔ/ | nyueaʼ /ɲɨa̯ʔ/ | — /—/ | gaːŋ /ɡaːŋ/ | *ɲaːʔ /ɲaːʔ/ | gaŋ /ɡaŋ/ |
| Maziwa | deeih /tɯih/ | teeh /tɯih/ | — | — | — | — | ʔom bu /ʔom bu/ |
| Asali | rom hia /rɔm hia/ | rawm hia /rɔm hia/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Chumvi | gīh /ki̤h/ | kih /kih/ | kih /kih/ | — | hmaar /hmaːr/ | *ɓɔːh /ɓɔːh/ | sɔʔ /sɔʔ/ |
| Mvinyo | rom blix siad /rɔm pliʔ siat/ | rawm plix siiet /rɔm pliʔ siat/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Mchele | mgaox /ɡauʔ/ | gaox /ɡauʔ/ | — | — | ʰŋɔʔ /ʰŋɔʔ/ | *rŋkoːʔ /rŋkoːʔ/ | rəko /rəko/ |
| Chuma | hleig /lʰek/ | lhek /l̥ek/ | hlaec /l̥ɛc/ | — | cndroh /cndroh/ | — | hir /hir/ |
| Gurudumu | ling /liɲ/ | ling: /liɲ/ | — | — | — | — | — /—/ |
| Hariri | man brēi /man pre̤/ | pre /pre/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Kitabu | pug lāi /pʰuk la̤i/ | phuk lai /pʰuk lai/ | — | — | pɨːm /pɨːm/ | — | boʔok /boʔok/ |
| Kula | ih /ʔih/ | ih /ʔih/ | som /som/ | hoːm /hoːm/ | mah /mah/ | *ɟaː /ɟaː/ | hɔm /hɔm/ |
| Kunywa | nyāex /ɲa̤ɯʔ/ | nyaux /ɲaɯʔ/ | nyoʼ /ɲoʔ/ | ʨoŋ /tɕoŋ/ | ʔɨək /ʔɨək/ | *ɲuʔ /ɲuʔ/ | tiəŋ /tiəŋ/ |
| Kulala | id /ʔit/ | it /ʔit/ | ʼac /ʔac/ | ɁiɁ /ʔiʔ/ | sih /sih/ | *ɓic /ɓic/ | ʔit /ʔit/ |
| Moja | dīx /ti̤ʔ/ | tix /tiʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | Ɂuː /ʔuː/ | moj /moj/ | *muːj /muːj/ | ʔu /ʔu/ |
| Mbili | ra /ra/ | ra /ra/ | lʼa /lᵊʔa/ | Ɂaː /ʔaː/ | baar /baːr/ | *ɓaːr /ɓaːr/ | ʔar /ʔar/ |
| Tatu | loui /loi/ | loe /lɤ/ | lʼoi /lᵊʔoj/ | Ɂoj /ʔoj/ | peʼ /peʔ/ | *peʔ /peʔ/ | ʔuəj /ʔuaj/ |
| Nne | boun /pon/ | pon /pon/ | paueng /paɨ̯ŋ/ | phon /pʰon/ | pon /pon/ | *punʔ /punʔ/ | phon /pʰon/ |
| Tano | puan /pʰuan/ | phuan /pʰuan/ | phuan /pʰua̯n/ | — | — | *pɗam /pɗam/ | phən /pʰən/ |
| Mia | yīeh /ʑi̤ɛh/ | yieh /jiɛh/ | ʼyuea /ʔᵊjɨa̯/ | — | — | — | pəriah /pəriah/ |
| Habari | nob nom /nɔp nɔm/ | nawp nawm /nɔp nɔm/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | lɔh /lɔh/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Asante | nbuan soun /buan son/ | bwanson /buan son/ | kop khun /kop kʰun/ | — /—/ | ɔrkun /ʔɔrkun/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Nzuri | hmom /mʰɔm/ | mhawm /m̥ɔm/ | mac /mac/ | — /—/ | ləʔ /ləʔ/ | — /—/ | laʔ /laʔ/ |
| Mpya | kraox /kʰrauʔ/ | khraox /kʰrauʔ/ | khroʼ /kʰroʔ/ | tamaːj /tamaːj/ | həmmeʔ /həmmeʔ/ | *tmeːʔ /tmeːʔ/ | kənmɛ /kənmɛ/ |
| Nyekundu | raoh /rauh/ | raoh /rauh/ | skhrak /sᵊkʰrak/ | — /—/ | jim /jim/ | *roːŋ /roːŋ/ | kho /kʰo/ |
| Nyeupe | bāing /pa̤ɲ/ | paing /paɲ/ | ping /piŋ/ | Ɂiluj /ʔiluj/ | klɔɔk /klɔːk/ | *ɓɔːk /ɓɔːk/ | blɔʔ /blɔʔ/ |
| Nyeusi | lūng /lṳŋ/ | lung /luŋ/ | loang /lɔŋ/ | Ɂivɔŋ /ʔivɔŋ/ | hiəŋ /hiəŋ/ | *Cjoŋ /Cjoŋ/ | jim /jim/ |
| Kijani | glāi /kla̤i/ | klai /klai/ | snga /sᵊŋa/ | niɨ /niɨ/ | siw /siw/ | *kciʔ /kciʔ/ | ɲər /ɲər/ |
| Buluu | glāi /kla̤i/ | — | snga /sᵊŋa/ | — | siːw /siːw/ | — | kjo /kjo/ |
| Kekeo | eeb bīd /ʔɯp pi̤t/ | eeppid /ʔɯp pit/ | — | — | — | — | pək tuʔ /pək tuʔ/ |
| Chai | qax /tɕʰaʔ/ | chax /tɕʰaʔ/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Kahawa | ka feui /kʰa fɤi/ | kha: feue: /kʰa fɤi/ | — | — | — | — | khəpi /kʰəpi/ |
| Sukari | nām oi /na̤m ʔɔi/ | nam oi: /nam ʔɔi/ | — | — | — | — | — |
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