Lavüa
Kilawa cha Mashariki
Kiaustroasia
Kilawa cha Mashariki (Lavüa) ni lugha ya Mon-Khmer ya kikundi-tanzu cha Palaungic, inayozungumzwa na kabila la milimani la Lawa kaskazini mwa Thailand. Watu wa Lawa wanaaminika kuwa mojawapo ya makundi ya watu ya kale zaidi yaliyosalia katika Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki bara, yaliyotangulia uhamiaji wa Tai-Kadai katika eneo hilo. Hulima mpunga wa matuta katika mabonde ya nyanda za juu ya Mae Hong Son na Chiang Mai. Mgawanyiko wa Kilawa cha Mashariki na Magharibi (lwl + lcp) unaonyesha utengano wa kijiografia na mifumo ya kihistoria ya uhamiaji. Kiisimu, Kilawa kinaonyesha sifa za kawaida za Palaungic: toni ya rejista (register tone), fonolojia ya kisesquisyllabic (yenye presilabi zilizopunguzwa), na mpangilio wa vipashio SVO wenye mwelekeo wa kitenzi-mwisho kwa mtindo wa Mon-Khmer ya Kale. UNESCO huikadiria kuwa iko hatarini kwa hakika, huku uhamishaji baina ya vizazi ukiwa umepotea kwa kiasi kikubwa.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kilawa cha Mashariki
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kiaustroasia
| Maana | Kilawa cha Mashariki | Kiwa | Kiparauk Wa | Kishwepalaung | Proto-Austroasia | Kide'ang cha Rumai | Kikhmu |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | lʼauem /lᵊʔaɨ̯m/ | rawm /rɔm/ | rom /rɔm/ | ʔoːm /ʔoːm/ | *ɗaːk /ɗaːk/ | Ɂəm /ʔəm/ | ʔom /ʔom/ |
| Moto | ngoa /ŋɔ/ | ngu /ŋu/ | ngū /ŋṳ/ | ŋər /ŋar/ | *ʔuːs /ʔuːs/ | ŋaiɁ /ŋaiʔ/ | pʰrɨə /pʰrɨə/ |
| Jua | sngaiʼ /sᵊŋajˀ/ | singaix /siŋaiʔ/ | si ngāix /siŋa̤iʔ/ | səŋi /saŋiː/ | *tŋiːʔ /tŋiːʔ/ | saŋaj /saŋaj/ | mat briʔ /mat briʔ/ |
| Mwezi | kheʼ /kʰeʔ/ | khix /kʰiʔ/ | kix /kʰiʔ/ | plaŋ kiər /plaŋ kiər/ | *khe(ː)ʔ /kheːʔ/ | pakjəː /pakjəː/ | moŋ /moŋ/ |
| Nyota | sboeng /sᵊɓəŋ/ | simuing /simʔuɲ/ | sim uing /sim ʔuɲ/ | səmiŋ /səmiŋ/ | *smʔaɲ /smʔaɲ/ | laːw /laːw/ | sərmeɲ /sərmeɲ/ |
| Usiku | ma sauem /ma saɨ̯m/ | ponsawm /ponsɔm/ | som /sɔm/ | hmɯ /m̥ɯ/ | *cəːm /cəːm/ | kasəm /kasəm/ | psɨəm /psɨəm/ |
| Mvua | hlaiʼ /l̥ajˀ/ | lhiex /l̥ɛʔ/ | hliex /lʰɛʔ/ | ɟuŋ /ɟuŋ/ | *gmaʔ /ɡmaʔ/ | klaːj /klaːj/ | kəmaʔ /kəmaʔ/ |
| Upepo | kaue /kaɨ̯/ | bhaung /bʰaɯŋ/ | npaeng /bʰaɯŋ/ | khuːr /kʰuːr/ | *kjɔʔ /kjɔʔ/ | khuː /kʰuː/ | hndrəːj /hndrəːj/ |
| Jiwe | smoʼ /sᵊmoʔ/ | simaox /simauʔ/ | si māox /sima̤uʔ/ | mo /mo/ | *tmɔʔ /tmɔʔ/ | maːw /maːw/ | glaŋ /ɡlaŋ/ |
| Mlima | moa /mɔ/ | gawng /ɡɔŋ/ | mgōng /ɡɔ̤ŋ/ | sor /sor/ | *bruʔ /bruʔ/ | kɔŋ /kɔŋ/ | mok /mok/ |
| Mama | maʼ /maʔ/ | miex /mɛʔ/ | mīex /mɛ̤ʔ/ | ma /ma/ | *maʔ /maʔ/ | — /—/ | maʔ /maʔ/ |
| Baba | pueaʼ /pɨaʔ/ | keeing /kɯɲ/ | geeing /kɯɲ/ | kun /kun/ | *ɓa(ː)ʔ /ɓaːʔ/ | — /—/ | joŋ /joŋ/ |
| Mimi | ʔoʔ /ʔoʔ/ | aux /ʔaɯʔ/ | aex /ʔaɯʔ/ | ʔɔ /ʔɔ/ | *ʔaɲ /ʔaɲ/ | Ɂaw /ʔaw/ | oʔ /ʔoʔ/ |
| Wewe | maiʔ /maiʔ/ | maix /maiʔ/ | maix /maiʔ/ | mi /miː/ | *miːʔ /miːʔ/ | maj /maj/ | meʔ /meʔ/ |
| Sisi | ʔɛ /ʔɛ/ | ix /ʔiʔ/ | eix / ix /ʔeʔ / ʔiʔ/ | ʔɛ / jɛ /ʔɛ / jɛ/ | *hiːʔ /hiːʔ/ | — /—/ | iʔ /ʔiʔ/ |
| Jina | yum /jɔm/ | ceu kaux /tɕɤ kaɯʔ/ | jē gaex /tɕɤ̤ kaɯʔ/ | ʨɨː /ʨɨː/ | *ɟmuh /ɟmuh/ | ʨɨː /tɕɨː/ | sŋməh /sŋməh/ |
| Mtu | pui /puj/ | pui /pui/ | būi /pṳi/ | bi /bi/ | *m-raʔ /mraʔ/ | taɁiː /taʔiː/ | gon /ɡon/ |
| Kichwa | kany /kaɲ/ | kaing: /kaɲ/ | gaing /kaɲ/ | kiŋ /kiŋ/ | *ɓoːkʔ /ɓoːkʔ/ | kən /kən/ | kəmpoŋ /kəmpoŋ/ |
| Jicho | ʼia /ʔia̯/ | ngai /ŋai/ | ngai /ŋai/ | ŋaj /ŋaːj/ | *mat /mat/ | ŋaːj /ŋaːj/ | mat /mat/ |
| Pua | maueh /maɨ̯h/ | meeih /mɯih/ | mēeih /mɯ̤ih/ | kɔŋmuh /kɔŋmuh/ | *muh /muh/ | kaduŋmuh /kaduŋmuh/ | muh /muh/ |
| Mdomo | ʼmboam /ʔᵊᵐbɔm/ | jheeh /dʑʰɯih/ | nqeeih /dʑʰɯih/ | mur /mur/ | *miəŋʔ /miəŋʔ/ | mojɁ /mojʔ/ | tənɔh /tənɔh/ |
| Jino | pioeng /piə̯ŋ/ | rhang /r̥aŋ/ | hrang /rʰaŋ/ | hraŋ /r̥aːŋ/ | *lmVɲ /lməɲ/ | xaːŋ /xaːŋ/ | hraŋ /hraŋ/ |
| Ulimi | tak /tak/ | dak /dak/ | ndag /dak/ | kərta /kərɗaʔ/ | *lntaːk /lntaːk/ | sataɁ /sataʔ/ | həntak /həntak/ |
| Mkono | miŋ /miŋ/ | taix /taiʔ/ | daix /taiʔ/ | ti /ɗiː/ | *tiːʔ /tiːʔ/ | taiɁ /taiʔ/ | tiʔ /tiʔ/ |
| Mguu | cuang /cua̯ŋ/ | caong /tʃaɔŋ/ | jāong /tɕa̤uŋ/ | ɟɯŋ /ɟɯŋ/ | *ɟəːŋ /ɟəːŋ/ | ʥɔːn /dʑɔːn/ | krwɛh /krwɛh/ |
| Moyo | kavüa /kavɨa/ | rhawm /r̥ɔm/ | hrom /rʰɔm/ | nuər /nuər/ | *nuːɕ /nuːɕ/ | poŋkanɔh /poŋkanɔh/ | tlɔːm ŋok /tlɔːm ŋok/ |
| Mfupa | sʼang /sᵊʔaŋ/ | si-ang /siʔaŋ/ | si ang /siʔaŋ/ | kəʔaŋ /kaʔaːŋ/ | *cʔaːŋ /cʔaːŋ/ | kaɁaːŋ /kaʔaːŋ/ | cʼaaŋ /tʃʔaːŋ/ |
| Damu | hnam /n̥am/ | nham /n̥am/ | hnam /nʰam/ | hnam /n̥aːm/ | *mham /mham/ | n̥aːm /n̥aːm/ | maːm /maːm/ |
| Kinyesi | ʼioeng /ʔiə̯ŋ/ | aing /ʔaɲ/ | aing /ʔaɲ/ | — | *ʔicʔ /ʔicʔ/ | — | — |
| Upendo | kruŋ /kɾuŋ/ | moh /moh/ | mōuh /mo̤h/ | ʔoŋ /ʔoŋ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | kɔɔh /kɔːh/ |
| Mti | khoʼ /kʰoʔ/ | khaox /kʰauʔ/ | kaox /kʰauʔ/ | tiŋ he /tiŋ he/ | *ɟɕɨːʔ /ɟɕɨːʔ/ | taŋhɔj /taŋhɔj/ | sʔɔːŋ /sʔɔːŋ/ |
| Mbwa | souʼ /sɒʔ/ | sox /soʔ/ | soux /soʔ/ | sɔ /sɔ/ | *cɔː /cɔː/ | sow /sow/ | sɔʔ /sɔʔ/ |
| Paka | mai /mai/ | miao: /miau/ | miao /miau/ | ʔəŋaw /ʔəŋaw/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | mɛːw /mɛːw/ |
| Samaki | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | kax /kaʔ/ | gax /kaʔ/ | ka /kaː/ | *kaʔ /kaʔ/ | kaː /kaː/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ |
| Ndege | sany /saɲ/ | sim /sim/ | sim /sim/ | sim /sim/ | *ciːm /ciːm/ | siːm /siːm/ | sim /sim/ |
| Kipepeo | mbung mbang /ᵐbuŋ ᵐbaŋ/ | pung piang /puŋ piaŋ/ | būng bīang /pṳŋ pi̤aŋ/ | kərla /kərla/ | — | — | tlaːmpaːm /tlaːmpaːm/ |
| Yai | toum /tɒm/ | tawm ia /tɔm ʔia/ | dom /tɔm/ | kadam /kaɗam/ | *ktam /ktam/ | bəːn /bəːn/ | kədoŋ /kədoŋ/ |
| Dubu | khleh /kʰleh/ | krih /krih/ | grih /krih/ | khrer /kʰrer/ | — | — | huəl /huəl/ |
| Nyumba | nyueaʼ /ɲɨa̯ʔ/ | nyiex /ɲiɛʔ/ | nyīex /ɲi̤ɛʔ/ | gaŋ /ɡaŋ/ | *ɲaːʔ /ɲaːʔ/ | — /—/ | gaːŋ /ɡaːŋ/ |
| Chumvi | kih /kih/ | kih /kih/ | gīh /ki̤h/ | sɔʔ /sɔʔ/ | *ɓɔːh /ɓɔːh/ | — | hmaar /hmaːr/ |
| Chuma | hlaec /l̥ɛc/ | lhek /l̥ek/ | hleig /lʰek/ | hir /hir/ | — | — | cndroh /cndroh/ |
| Kula | som /som/ | ih /ʔih/ | ih /ʔih/ | hɔm /hɔm/ | *ɟaː /ɟaː/ | hoːm /hoːm/ | mah /mah/ |
| Kunywa | nyoʼ /ɲoʔ/ | nyaux /ɲaɯʔ/ | nyāex /ɲa̤ɯʔ/ | tiəŋ /tiəŋ/ | *ɲuʔ /ɲuʔ/ | ʨoŋ /tɕoŋ/ | ʔɨək /ʔɨək/ |
| Kulala | ʼac /ʔac/ | it /ʔit/ | id /ʔit/ | ʔit /ʔit/ | *ɓic /ɓic/ | ɁiɁ /ʔiʔ/ | sih /sih/ |
| Moja | teʼ /teʔ/ | tix /tiʔ/ | dīx /ti̤ʔ/ | ʔu /ʔu/ | *muːj /muːj/ | Ɂuː /ʔuː/ | moj /moj/ |
| Mbili | lʼa /lᵊʔa/ | ra /ra/ | ra /ra/ | ʔar /ʔar/ | *ɓaːr /ɓaːr/ | Ɂaː /ʔaː/ | baar /baːr/ |
| Tatu | lʼoi /lᵊʔoj/ | loe /lɤ/ | loui /loi/ | ʔuəj /ʔuaj/ | *peʔ /peʔ/ | Ɂoj /ʔoj/ | peʼ /peʔ/ |
| Nne | paueng /paɨ̯ŋ/ | pon /pon/ | boun /pon/ | phon /pʰon/ | *punʔ /punʔ/ | phon /pʰon/ | pon /pon/ |
| Tano | phuan /pʰua̯n/ | phuan /pʰuan/ | puan /pʰuan/ | phən /pʰən/ | *pɗam /pɗam/ | — | — |
| Mia | ʼyuea /ʔᵊjɨa̯/ | yieh /jiɛh/ | yīeh /ʑi̤ɛh/ | pəriah /pəriah/ | — | — | — |
| Habari | — /—/ | nawp nawm /nɔp nɔm/ | nob nom /nɔp nɔm/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | lɔh /lɔh/ |
| Asante | kop khun /kop kʰun/ | bwanson /buan son/ | nbuan soun /buan son/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ɔrkun /ʔɔrkun/ |
| Nzuri | mac /mac/ | mhawm /m̥ɔm/ | hmom /mʰɔm/ | laʔ /laʔ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ləʔ /ləʔ/ |
| Mpya | khroʼ /kʰroʔ/ | khraox /kʰrauʔ/ | kraox /kʰrauʔ/ | kənmɛ /kənmɛ/ | *tmeːʔ /tmeːʔ/ | tamaːj /tamaːj/ | həmmeʔ /həmmeʔ/ |
| Nyekundu | skhrak /sᵊkʰrak/ | raoh /rauh/ | raoh /rauh/ | kho /kʰo/ | *roːŋ /roːŋ/ | — /—/ | jim /jim/ |
| Nyeupe | ping /piŋ/ | paing /paɲ/ | bāing /pa̤ɲ/ | blɔʔ /blɔʔ/ | *ɓɔːk /ɓɔːk/ | Ɂiluj /ʔiluj/ | klɔɔk /klɔːk/ |
| Nyeusi | loang /lɔŋ/ | lung /luŋ/ | lūng /lṳŋ/ | jim /jim/ | *Cjoŋ /Cjoŋ/ | Ɂivɔŋ /ʔivɔŋ/ | hiəŋ /hiəŋ/ |
| Kijani | snga /sᵊŋa/ | klai /klai/ | glāi /kla̤i/ | ɲər /ɲər/ | *kciʔ /kciʔ/ | niɨ /niɨ/ | siw /siw/ |
| Buluu | snga /sᵊŋa/ | — | glāi /kla̤i/ | kjo /kjo/ | — | — | siːw /siːw/ |
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