Qatzijobʼal
Kʼiche
Kimaya (Quichean)
Pia hujulikana kama: K'iche', Quiche, Kiche
Kʼicheʼ ndiyo lugha kubwa zaidi ya Kimaya, inayozungumzwa katika nyanda za juu za magharibi mwa Guatemala (Quiché, Sololá, Totonicapán, Quetzaltenango). Ufalme wa Kʼicheʼ ulitawala eneo hilo katika karne ya 15 kabla ya ushindi wa Wahispania. Popol Vuh, kitabu kikuu cha kishujaa cha asili ya uumbaji wa Kʼicheʼ kilichohifadhiwa katika nakala ya karne ya 16 kwa hati ya Kilatini, ni mojawapo ya kazi muhimu zaidi za kifasihi za kabla ya Wahispania katika bara la Amerika. Kʼicheʼ inatambuliwa kama lugha ya kitaifa ya Guatemala tangu mwaka 2003 na inategemeza programu hai za elimu ya lugha mbili.
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Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kimaya (Quichean)
| Maana | Kʼiche | Kaqchikel | Kiuspanteko | Kipoqomchi | Kimam | Proto-Maya | Qʼeqchi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | jaʼ /xaʔ/ | yaʼ /jaʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | haʼ /haʔ/ | aʼ /aʔ/ | *haʔ /haʔ/ | haʼ /haʔ/ |
| Moto | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | qʼaaqʼ /qʼaːqʼ/ | qʼaaqʼ /qʼaːqʼ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | *qʼaaqʼ /qʼaaqʼ/ | xam /ʃam/ |
| Jua | qʼij /qʼix/ | qʼij /qʼix/ | qʼiij /qʼiːh/ | qʼiij /qʼiːx/ | qʼij /qʼih/ | *qʼiinh /qʼiinh/ | saqʼe /saqʼe/ |
| Mwezi | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | poh /poh/ | xjaw /ʃaw/ | *uːh /uːh/ | po /po/ |
| Nyota | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | chʼumiil /tʃʼumiːl/ | cheʼw /tʃeʔw/ | *eʼq /eʼq/ | chahim /tʃahim/ |
| Usiku | aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | aqʼaʼ /aqʼaʔ/ | laqʼabʼ /laqʼaɓ/ | aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | qonikʼen /qonikʼən/ | *aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | qʼojyin /qʼoχjin/ |
| Mvua | jabʼ /xaɓ/ | jobʼ /xoɓ/ | jabʼ /haɓ/ | jabʼ /xaɓ/ | jbʼal /ʃɓal/ | *nhabʼ /ŋaɓ/ | habʼ /haɓ/ |
| Theluji | saq tew /saq tew/ | nieve /ˈnjebe/ | chun tew /tʃun tew/ | miik /miːk/ | txa cheʼw /tʃa tʃeʔw/ | — | xchuʼi keh /ʃtʃuʔi keh/ |
| Upepo | iqʼ /iqʼ/ | kaqʼiqʼ /kaqʼiqʼ/ | tew /tew/ | teew /teːw/ | kyqʼiqʼ /kʲqʼiqʼ/ | *ʔiʔqʼ /ʔiʔqʼ/ | iqʼ /iqʼ/ |
| Udongo | ulew /ulew/ | ulew /uleːw/ | ulew /uleːw/ | akʼal /akʼal/ | txʼotxʼ /tʃʼotʃʼ/ | *chʼohchʼ /tʃʼohtʃʼ/ | chʼochʼ /tʃʼotʃʼ/ |
| Jiwe | abʼaj /aɓax/ | abäj /aˈɓəx/ | ábʼaj /ˈáɓax/ | abʼaj /aɓax/ | abʼaj /aɓax/ | *ʔaʔbʼaj /ʔaʔbʼaj/ | pek /pek/ |
| Mlima | juyubʼ /xujuɓ/ | juyuʼ /xuˈjuʔ/ | witz /wits/ | yuuqʼ /juːqʼ/ | wutz /wuts/ | *witz /wits/ | tzuul /tsuːl/ |
| Bahari | plo /plo/ | palow /palow/ | mar /mar/ | palaw /palaw/ | plow /plow/ | — | palaw /palaw/ |
| Mama | nan /nan/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | nan /nan/ | tuut /tuːt/ | nan /nan/ | *naʔ /naʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ |
| Baba | tat /tat/ | tataʼ /tataʔ/ | tat /tat/ | ajaaw /axaːw/ | mam /mam/ | *taat /taat/ | yuwaʼ /juwaʔ/ |
| Binti | miʼal /miʔal/ | meʼal /meʔal/ | rabʼin /raɓin/ | ixqʼuun /iʃqʼuːn/ | meʼal /meʔal/ | — | rabʼin /raɓin/ |
| Mimi | in /in/ | rïn /rɪn/ | in /in/ | hin /hin/ | aqiin /aˈqiːn/ | *in /in/ | laaʼin /laːʔin/ |
| Wewe | at /at/ | rat /rat/ | at /at/ | hat /hat/ | aya /aˈja/ | *ʔat /ʔat/ | laaʼat /laːʔat/ |
| Sisi | uj /ux/ | röj /rʊx/ | oj /ox/ | hoj /hox/ | aqoʼ /aˈqoʔ/ | — /—/ | laaʼo /laːʔo/ |
| Jina | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | bʼii /ɓiː/ | bʼihnaal /ɓihnaːl/ | biʼ /ɓiʔ/ | *bʼih /bʼih/ | kʼabʼaʼej /kʼaɓaʔeχ/ |
| Mtu | winaq /winaq/ | winäq /wiˈnəq/ | kristyan /kristjan/ | kʼachareel /kʼatʃareːl/ | xjaal /ʃxaːl/ | *winaq /winaq/ | poyanam /pojanam/ |
| Kichwa | jolom /xolom/ | jolom /xolom/ | bʼaa /ɓaː/ | nahis /nahis/ | wiʼ /wiʔ/ | — | jolom /χolom/ |
| Jicho | bʼaqʼwach /ɓaqʼwatʃ/ | runaqʼ ruwäch /runaqʼ ruwətʃ/ | wach /watʃ/ | naqʼwachis /naqʼwatʃis/ | witz /wits/ | *Haty /hatʲ/ | xnaqʼ u /ʃnaqʼ u/ |
| Sikio | xikin /ʃikin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | xikiin /ʃikiːn/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | xkyin /ʃkʲin/ | *xikin /ʃikin/ | xik /ʃik/ |
| Pua | tzaʼm /tsaʔm/ | tzaʼn /tsaʔn/ | tzaʼm /tsaʔm/ | juʼ /xuʔ/ | txaʼn /tʃaʔn/ | *nhiiʔ /ŋiːʔ/ | uʼuj /uʔuχ/ |
| Mdomo | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | chiʼhis /tʃiʔhis/ | tziʼ /tsiʔ/ | *tyiiʔ /tʲiːʔ/ | e /e/ |
| Jino | ware /waɾe/ | ey /ej/ | e /e/ | ehis /ehis/ | eʼ /eʔ/ | *ʔeeh /ʔeːh/ | ruuch e /ruːtʃ e/ |
| Ulimi | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | *aaqʼ /aːqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ |
| Mkono | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ | qʼaʼ /qʼaʔ/ | qʼaabʼ /qʼaːɓ/ | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ | qʼobʼ /qʼoɓ/ | *qʼabʼ /qʼabʼ/ | uqʼm /uqʼm/ |
| Mguu | aqan /aqan/ | aqän /aqən/ | aqan /aqan/ | ooq /oːq/ | qan /qan/ | *ʔooq /ʔoːq/ | oq /oq/ |
| Moyo | animaʼ /animaʔ/ | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ | kʼuxliis /kʼuʃliːs/ | anma /anma/ | — /—/ | chʼoolej /tʃʼoːlej/ |
| Mfupa | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaaq /ɓaːq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | *bʼaaq /ɓaːq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ |
| Damu | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kïkʼ /kɪkʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | chikʼ /tʃikʼ/ | *kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ |
| Kinyesi | achaq /atʃaq/ | — | — | saaʼ /saːʔ/ | txaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | *ta7 /taʔ/ | kʼot /kʼot/ |
| Upendo | loqʼoj /loqʼox/ | ajowabʼäl /axowaɓəl/ | lóqʼ /lóqʼ/ | rahaal /rahaːl/ | oqxan /oqʃan/ | — /—/ | rahok /rahok/ |
| Mti | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheeʼ /tʃeːʔ/ | tzeʼ /tseʔ/ | *teʔ /teʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ |
| Mbwa | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | txʼyan /tʃʼjan/ | *tzʼiʔ /tzʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ |
| Paka | meʼs /meʔs/ | mes /mes/ | mis /mis/ | mees /meːs/ | wiix /wiːʃ/ | — /—/ | mes /mes/ |
| Samaki | kar /kaɾ/ | kar /kar/ | kar /kar/ | kar /kar/ | kyiẍ /kjiʃ/ | *kar /kar/ | kar /kar/ |
| Ndege | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | chʼit /tʃʼit/ | *tzʼikin /tzʼikin/ | tzʼik /tsʼik/ |
| Kipepeo | pepe /pepe/ | palamax /palamaʃ/ | — | pehpem /pehpem/ | pakaʼl /pakaʔl/ | *pehpen /pehpen/ | peepem /peːpem/ |
| Yai | saqmoʼl /saqmoʔl/ | saqmoloʼ /saqmoloʔ/ | saqmolobʼ /saqmoloɓ/ | miloj /milox/ | jos /xos/ | — | mol /mol/ |
| Dubu | oso /oso/ | oso /ˈoso/ | — | oso /ˈoso/ | oso /ˈoso/ | — | oos /oːs/ |
| Farasi | kej /kex/ | kej /kex/ | kwaʼy /kwaʔj/ | kawaay /kawaːj/ | chej /tʃex/ | — | kawaay /kawaːj/ |
| Nyumba | ja /xa/ | jay /xaj/ | jaa /haː/ | paat /paːt/ | jaa /haː/ | *nah /nah/ | ochoch /otʃotʃ/ |
| Maziwa | leche /letʃe/ | leche /ˈletʃe/ | lech /letʃ/ | chʼuuchʼ /tʃʼuːtʃʼ/ | taʼl imaj /taʔl imax/ | — | leech /leːtʃ/ |
| Asali | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kaabʼ /kaːɓ/ | taʼl xiiʼ /taʔl ʃiːʔ/ | *kaabʼ /kaːɓ/ | xyaʼal kabʼ /ʃjaʔal kaɓ/ |
| Chumvi | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼaam /atsʼaːm/ | atzʼan /atsʼan/ | *ʔaʔtzʼaam /ʔaʔtsʼaːm/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ |
| Mvinyo | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vin /bin/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | — | bʼiin /ɓiːn/ |
| Mchele | arroz /aros/ | arroz /aˈros/ | — | aroos /aroːs/ | arros /aros/ | — | aros /aros/ |
| Chokoleti | chocolate | chocolate | — | chikolaat /tʃikolaːt/ | chocolate | — | chokolaat |
| Chuma | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼiichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ | chʼihchʼ /tʃʼihtʃʼ/ | kxbʼil /kʃɓil/ | — | chʼiichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ |
| Hariri | xela /ʃela/ | seda /ˈseda/ | — | — | seda /seda/ | — | seda /seda/ |
| Kitabu | wuj /wux/ | wuj /wux/ | wuuj /wuːx/ | huuj /huːx/ | uʼjbʼil /uʔxɓil/ | *huʔnh /huʔŋ/ | hu /hu/ |
| Kula | tijow /tixow/ | waʼin /waʔin/ | waʼ /waʔ/ | wiʼk /wiʔk/ | waan /waːn/ | *waʔ /waʔ/ | waʼak /waʔak/ |
| Kunywa | ukʼaaj /ukʼaːx/ | kumun /kumun/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | uukʼ /uːkʼ/ | kʼaan /kʼaːn/ | *ʔukʼ /ʔukʼ/ | ukʼak /ukʼak/ |
| Kulala | war /waɾ/ | war /war/ | war /war/ | wirik /wirik/ | ktan /ktan/ | *war /war/ | wark /wark/ |
| Moja | jun /xun/ | jun /xun/ | jun /hun/ | jinaj /xinax/ | jun /hun/ | *jun /jun/ | jun /χun/ |
| Mbili | kebʼ /keɓ/ | kaʼiʼ /kaʔiʔ/ | quiibʼ /kiːɓ/ | kiʼibʼ /kiʔiɓ/ | kabʼe /ˈkaɓeʔ/ | *kaʼ /kaʼ/ | wiibʼ /wiːɓ/ |
| Tatu | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | oxiʼ /oʃiʔ/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | ixibʼ /iʃiɓ/ | oxe /oʃe/ | *ʼoxibʼ /ʔoʃiɓ/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ |
| Nne | kajibʼ /kaxiɓ/ | kajiʼ /kaxiʔ/ | kajibʼ /kaxiɓ/ | kijibʼ /kixiɓ/ | kyaje /kjaxe/ | *kaŋibʼ /kaŋiɓ/ | kaahibʼ /kaːhiɓ/ |
| Tano | jobʼ /xoɓ/ | woʼoʼ /woʔoʔ/ | joobʼ /hoːɓ/ | hoʼoobʼ /hoʔoːɓ/ | jweʼ /xweʔ/ | *hoʔ /hoʔ/ | oobʼ /oːɓ/ |
| Mia | jokʼal /xokʼal/ | wokʼal /wokʼal/ | jun cient /hun sjent/ | hoʼkʼahl /hoʔkʼahl/ | jokʼal /xokʼal/ | — | oʼkʼaal /oʔkʼaːl/ |
| Habari | saqarik /saqaɾik/ | utz iwäch /uts iwətʃ/ | saʼbʼal /saʔbal/ | ma chaa /ma tʃaː/ | chjonte tey /tʃhonte tej/ | — /—/ | ma saʼ laachʼool /ma saʔ laːtʃʼoːl/ |
| Asante | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | matyox /matjoʃ/ | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | tioxlaab /tjoʃlaːb/ | chjonte /tʃhonte/ | — /—/ | bantyox /bantjoʃ/ |
| Nzuri | utz /uts/ | ütz /ʊts/ | tzi /tsi/ | holohik /holohik/ | banix /baniʃ/ | *utz /utz/ | us /us/ |
| Mpya | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼakʼaʼ /kʼakʼaʔ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼaj /akʼax/ | *ʔa(a)kʼ /ʔakʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ |
| Nyekundu | kaq /kaq/ | käq /kəq/ | kyeq /kjeq/ | kaq /kaq/ | kyaq /kjaq/ | *kaq /kaq/ | kaq /kaq/ |
| Nyeupe | saq /saq/ | säq /səq/ | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | *saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ |
| Nyeusi | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | *ʔejqʼ /ʔejqʼ/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ |
| Kijani | rax /raʃ/ | räx /rəʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | txaʼx /tʃaʔʃ/ | *raʔx /raʔʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ |
| Buluu | xar /ʃaɾ/ | räx /rəʃ/ | xaar /ʃaːr/ | rax /raʃ/ | — | — | rax /raʃ/ |
| Kompyuta | computadora /komputadoɾa/ | computadora /komputaˈdora/ | — | — | computadora /komputadora/ | — | ululchʼiichʼ /ulultʃʼiːtʃʼ/ |
| Wi-Fi | wifi | — | — | — | wifi | — | — |
| Chai | té /te/ | té /te/ | — | — | té /te/ | — | te /te/ |
| Kahawa | kape /kape/ | kape /kape/ | — | kapeh /kapeh/ | kape /kape/ | — | kape /kape/ |
| Sukari | asukal /asukal/ | kʼajkabʼ /kʼaxkaɓ/ | — | asuukar /asuːkar/ | azúcar /aˈsukar/ | — | asuukr /asuːkɾ/ |
| Chungwa | alanxax /alanʃaʃ/ | alanx /alanʃ/ | — | araan /araːn/ | lanch /lantʃ/ | — | chiin /tʃiːn/ |
| 99 | junmuchʼ bʼelej lajuj /xunmutʃʼ ɓelex laxux/ | — | junmuchʼ bʼelejlajuj /hunmutʃʼ ɓelexlaxux/ | belejlaj roʼkʼahl /belexlax roʔkʼahl/ | — | — | — |
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