Sooninkanxannen
Kisoninke
Niger-Kongo (Mande, magharibi)
Kisoninke (Sooninkanxannen) ni lugha ya Kimande cha Magharibi ya bonde la Mto Senegal na Sahel iliyo karibu. Watu wa Kisoninke walianzisha Milki ya Ghana ya zama za kati (takriban 300-1200 BK), milki kuu ya kwanza ya kusini mwa Sahara kuandikwa kwa wingi katika vyanzo vya Kiarabu, ikiwa na mji mkuu wake huko Koumbi Saleh. Baadaye Kisoninke kiliendelea kuwa lugha kuu ya biashara ya Sahel, na wafanyabiashara wa Kisoninke (Wangara) walichangia kwa kiasi kikubwa kueneza Uislamu katika Afrika Magharibi. Hati ya N'Ko (iliyobuniwa mwaka 1949 kwa lugha za Kimanding) pia hutumika.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kisoninke
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Niger-Kongo (Mande, magharibi)
| Maana | Kisoninke | Kikhassonke | Kimandinka | Kidyula | Kimaninka cha Mashariki | Kimaninkakan cha Kita | Kibambara |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | ji /dʒi/ | ji /dʒi/ | jiyo /dʒijo/ | ji /dʒi/ | ji /dʒi/ | ji /dʒi/ | ji /dʒi/ |
| Moto | yinbe /jimbe/ | ta /ta/ | dimbaa /dimbaː/ | tasuma /tasuma/ | ta /ta/ | tasuma /tasuma/ | tasuma /tasuma/ |
| Jua | kiye /kije/ | tili /tili/ | tiloo /tiloː/ | tile /tile/ | tele /tele/ | tle /tle/ | tile /tile/ |
| Mwezi | xaso /xaso/ | kalo /kalo/ | karoo /karoː/ | kalo /kalo/ | karo /karo/ | kalo /kalo/ | kalo /kalo/ |
| Nyota | saane /saːne/ | lolo /lolo/ | looloo /loːloː/ | lolo /lolo/ | lolo /lolo/ | lolo /lolo/ | dolo /dòlo/ |
| Usiku | wuro /wuro/ | su /su/ | suutoo /suːtoː/ | su /su/ | su /su/ | su /su/ | su /su/ |
| Mvua | kanme /kanme/ | — | sanjiyo /sandʒijo/ | sanji /ˈsandʒi/ | sanji /sandʒi/ | sanji /saɲɟi/ | sanji /ˈsandʒi/ |
| Theluji | nesi /nesi/ | — | — | nɛzi /nɛzi/ | — | — | nɛzi /nɛzi/ |
| Upepo | fanke /faŋke/ | — | foñoo /foɲoː/ | fɔɲɔ /fɔɲɔ/ | fɔɲɔ /fɔɲɔ/ | fɔɲɔ /fɔɲɔ/ | fiɲɛ /fiɲɛ/ |
| Udongo | ñiiñe /ɲiːɲe/ | — | bankoo /baŋkoː/ | dugukolo /duɡukolo/ | duukolo /duːkolo/ | — | dugukolo /duɡukolo/ |
| Jiwe | gide /ɡide/ | — | beroo /beroː/ | kabakuru /kabakuru/ | kaba /kaba/ | — | kaba /kaba/ |
| Mlima | segenda /seɡenda/ | — | konkoo /koŋkoː/ | kulu /kulu/ | kɔnkɛ /kɔŋkɛ/ | — | kulu /kulu/ |
| Bahari | geeji /ɡeːdʒi/ | — | fankaasoo /faŋkaːsoː/ | kɔgɔji /kɔɡɔdʒi/ | kɔɔji /kɔːdʒi/ | — | kɔgɔji /kɔɡɔdʒi/ |
| Mama | ma /ma/ | ba /ba/ | baa /baː/ | ba /ba/ | ba /ba/ | ba /ba/ | ba /ba/ |
| Baba | baaba /baːba/ | fa /fa/ | faa /faː/ | fa /fa/ | fa /fa/ | fa /fa/ | fa /fa/ |
| Binti | renyaxare /renjaxare/ | — | dimmusoo /dimːusoː/ | denmuso /denmuso/ | denmuso /dɛnmuso/ | — | denmuso /dɛnmuso/ |
| Mimi | in /in/ | ne /ne/ | nte /nte/ | n /ŋ́/ | ne /ne/ | ne /ne/ | ne /nè/ |
| Wewe | an /an/ | i /i/ | ite /ite/ | i /í/ | i /i/ | i /i/ | i /í/ |
| Sisi | o /o/ | an /an/ | ntolu /ntolu/ | an /án/ | an /an/ | an /án/ | an /án/ |
| Jina | toxo /toxo/ | toxo /toxo/ | too /toː/ | tɔgɔ /tɔ́ɡɔ/ | tɔɔ /tɔː/ | tɔɔ /tɔː/ | tɔgɔ /tɔ̀ɡɔ/ |
| Mtu | sere /sere/ | — | moo /moː/ | mɔgɔ /mɔ̀ɡɔ/ | mɔɔ /mɔː/ | — | mɔgɔ /mɔ̀ɡɔ/ |
| Kichwa | yinme /jinme/ | — | kuŋo /kuŋo/ | kunkolo /kunkolo/ | kun /kũ/ | — | kun /kun/ |
| Jicho | yaaxe /jaːxe/ | ɲa /ɲa/ | ñaa /ɲaː/ | ɲɛ /ɲɛ/ | ɲa /ɲa/ | ña /ɲa/ | ɲɛ /ɲɛ/ |
| Sikio | toro /toro/ | tulu /tulu/ | tuloo /tuloː/ | tulo /tulo/ | tolo /tolo/ | tulo /tulo/ | tulo /tulo/ |
| Pua | nuxunne /nuxunːe/ | nun /nũ/ | nuŋo /nuŋo/ | nun /nũ/ | nun /nũ/ | nun /nũ/ | nun /nũ/ |
| Mdomo | raqe /raqe/ | da /da/ | daa /daː/ | da /da/ | da /da/ | — | da /da/ |
| Jino | kanbe /kambe/ | ɲin /ɲĩ/ | ñiŋo /ɲiŋo/ | ɲin /ɲĩ/ | ɲin /ɲĩ/ | ɲin /ɲĩ/ | ɲin /ɲĩ/ |
| Ulimi | nene /nene/ | nɛn /nɛn/ | neŋo /neŋo/ | nɛn /nɛn/ | nɛn /nɛn/ | nɛn /nɛn/ | nɛn /nɛn/ |
| Mkono | kitte /kitːe/ | bulu /bulu/ | buloo /buloː/ | bolo /bolo/ | bolo /bolo/ | bolo /bolo/ | bolo /bolo/ |
| Moyo | sondonme /sondonme/ | dusu /dusu/ | sondomoo /sondomoː/ | dusu /dusu/ | jusu /dʒusu/ | dusu /dusu/ | dusu /dusu/ |
| Mfupa | xotte /xotːe/ | xulu /xulu/ | kuloo /kuloː/ | kolo /kolo/ | kolo /kolo/ | kulu /kulu/ | kolo /kolo/ |
| Damu | fare /fare/ | jelu /dʒelu/ | yeloo /jeloː/ | joli /dʒoli/ | jeli /dʒeli/ | joli /dʒoli/ | joli /dʒoli/ |
| Kinyesi | xullu /xulːu/ | — | buwo /buwo/ | bo /bo/ | bo /bo/ | — | bo /bo/ |
| Upendo | xanuye /xanuje/ | kanu /kanu/ | kanu /kanu/ | kanu /kanu/ | kanin /kanĩ/ | kanu /kanu/ | kanu /kanu/ |
| Mti | yitte /jitːe/ | yiri /jiɾi/ | yiroo /jiroː/ | yiri /jiri/ | yiri /jiɾi/ | yiri /jiɾi/ | jiri /dʒiri/ |
| Mbwa | wulle /wulːe/ | wulu /wulu/ | wuloo /wuloː/ | wulu /wulu/ | wulu /wulu/ | wulu /wulu/ | wulu /wulu/ |
| Paka | muusine /muːsine/ | jakuma /dʒakuma/ | ñankuma /ɲankuma/ | jakuma /dʒakuma/ | ɲaari /ɲaːri/ | ñaakuma /ɲaːkuma/ | jakuma /dʒakuma/ |
| Samaki | ñexe /ɲexe/ | ɲege /ɲeɡe/ | ñewo /ɲewo/ | jɛgɛ /dʒɛɡɛ/ | jɛɛ /dʒɛː/ | jɛgɛ /dʒɛɡɛ/ | jɛgɛ /dʒɛɡɛ/ |
| Ndege | yeliŋe /jeliŋe/ | — | kunoo /kunoː/ | kɔnɔ /kɔnɔ/ | kɔnɔ /kɔnɔ/ | kɔnɔ /kɔnɔ/ | kɔnɔ /kɔnɔ/ |
| Yai | xabaane /xabaːne/ | — | kiloo /kiloː/ | sisɛfan /sisɛfã/ | kili /kili/ | — | shɛfan /ʃɛfã/ |
| Farasi | si /si/ | — | suwoo /suwoː/ | so /so/ | so /so/ | — | so /so/ |
| Nyumba | kaa /kaː/ | so /so/ | buŋo /buŋo/ | so /so/ | bon /bon/ | so /so/ | so /so/ |
| Maziwa | xati /xati/ | nɔnɔ /nɔnɔ/ | nonoo /nonoː/ | nɔnɔ /nɔnɔ/ | nɔnɔ /nɔnɔ/ | nɔnɔ /nɔnɔ/ | nɔnɔ /nɔnɔ/ |
| Asali | yaage /jaːɡe/ | — | liyo /lijo/ | li /li/ | li /li/ | — | di /di/ |
| Chumvi | sape /sape/ | kɔgɔ /kɔɡɔ/ | koo /koː/ | kɔgɔ /kɔɡɔ/ | kɔɔ /kɔː/ | kɔgɔ /kɔɡɔ/ | kɔgɔ /kɔɡɔ/ |
| Mchele | maaro /maːro/ | — | maanoo /maːnoː/ | malo /malo/ | malo /malo/ | — | malo /malo/ |
| Chuma | mexe /mexe/ | nege /neɡe/ | nee /neː/ | nɛgɛ /nɛɡɛ/ | nɛɛ /nɛː/ | neke /neke/ | nɛgɛ /nɛɡɛ/ |
| Hariri | soyi /soji/ | — | sooyoo /soːjoː/ | — | — | — | hadiri /hadiri/ |
| Kitabu | kitaabe /kitaːbe/ | — | kitaaboo /kitaːboː/ | gafe /ɡafe/ | gbafe /ɡbafe/ | — | gafe /ɡafe/ |
| Kula | yiga /jiɡa/ | domu /domu/ | domo /domo/ | dun /dun/ | domun /domũ/ | don /don/ | dun /dũ/ |
| Kunywa | mini /mini/ | min /min/ | miŋ /miŋ/ | min /min/ | min /min/ | min /min/ | min /min/ |
| Kulala | xenqe /xeŋqe/ | — | siinoo /siːnoː/ | sunɔgɔ /sunɔɡɔ/ | sunɔɔ /sunɔː/ | — | sunɔgɔ /sunɔɡɔ/ |
| Moja | baane /baːne/ | kilin /kilin/ | kiliŋ /kiliŋ/ | kelen /kelen/ | kelen /kelen/ | kelen /kelen/ | kelen /kelen/ |
| Mbili | fillo /filːo/ | fula /fula/ | fula /fula/ | fila /fìla/ | fila /fila/ | fila /fila/ | fila /fìla/ |
| Tatu | sikko /sikːo/ | saba /saba/ | saba /saba/ | saba /saba/ | saba /saba/ | saba /saba/ | saba /saba/ |
| Nne | naxato /naxato/ | naani /naːni/ | naani /naːni/ | naani /naːni/ | naani /naːni/ | naani /naːni/ | naani /naːni/ |
| Tano | karago /karaɡo/ | luulu /luːlu/ | luulu /luːlu/ | duuru /dúːru/ | loolu /loːlu/ | loolu /lóːlu/ | duuru /duːru/ |
| Mia | kame /kame/ | keme /keme/ | keme /keme/ | kɛmɛ /kɛ̀mɛ́/ | kɛmɛ /kɛmɛ/ | — | kɛmɛ /kɛmɛ/ |
| Habari | an na siri /an na siri/ | i ni sogoma /i ni soɡoma/ | salaam /salaːm/ | i ni sɔgɔma /i ni sɔɡɔma/ | i ni se /i ni se/ | i ni soɣoma /i ni soɣoma/ | i ni ce /i ni tʃɛ/ |
| Asante | inkawu /iŋkawu/ | i ni baara /i ni baːɾa/ | abaraka /abaraka/ | i ni ce /i ni tʃe/ | i ni ce /i ni tʃe/ | i ni baara /i ni baːɾa/ | i ni ce /i ni tʃɛ/ |
| Nzuri | siita /siːta/ | nyi /ɲi/ | beteyaa /betejaː/ | ɲuman /ɲuman/ | ka ɲi /ka ɲi/ | ñuman /ɲuman/ | ka ɲi /ka ɲi/ |
| Mpya | kurunba /kurunba/ | — | kuta /kuta/ | kura /kura/ | kuda /kuda/ | — | kura /kura/ |
| Nyekundu | dunbe /dumbe/ | wuleŋ /wuleŋ/ | wuleŋ /wuleŋ/ | bilen /bilen/ | wulen /wulen/ | bilen /bileɲ/ | bilen /bilen/ |
| Nyeupe | xulle /xulːe/ | — | koyi /koji/ | gwɛ /ɡwɛ/ | gbɛ /ɡbɛ/ | — | jɛ /dʒɛ/ |
| Nyeusi | binne /binːe/ | — | fiŋ /fiŋ/ | fin /fin/ | fin /fin/ | — | fin /fin/ |
| Kijani | xalle /xalːe/ | — | jambakere /dʒambakere/ | binkɛnɛman /binkɛnɛman/ | binkɛndɛlama /binkɛndɛlama/ | — | binkɛnɛman /binkɛnɛman/ |
| Chai | attaaye /atːaːje/ | — | — | dute /dute/ | dute /dute/ | — | dute /dute/ |
| Kahawa | kefe /kefe/ | — | — | kafe /kafe/ | kafe /kafe/ | — | kafe /kafe/ |
| Sukari | sukkara /sukːara/ | — | sukuro /sukuro/ | sukaro /sukaro/ | — | — | sukaro /sukaro/ |
| Chungwa | lenburu /lemburu/ | — | — | lemuruba /lemuruba/ | — | — | lenburuba /lenburuba/ |
| 99 | tankabe do kabu /taŋkabe do kabu/ | — | taŋ kononto niŋ kononto /taŋ kononto niŋ kononto/ | bikɔnɔntɔn ni kɔnɔntɔn /bikɔnɔntɔn ni kɔnɔntɔn/ | bikɔnɔndɔ ni kɔnɔndɔ /bikɔnɔndɔ ni kɔnɔndɔ/ | — | bikɔnɔntɔn ni kɔnɔntɔn /bikɔnɔntɔn ni kɔnɔntɔn/ |
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