Maninkakan
Kimaninka cha Mashariki
Niger-Kongo
Kimaninka cha Mashariki (jina la asili: Maninkakan) ni lugha ya Kimanding ya tawi la Mande la Niger-Congo, inayozungumzwa na zaidi ya watu milioni 3 katika Guinea ya Juu (wilaya za Kankan, Faranah, Siguiri) na maeneo ya mpaka yaliyo karibu ya Mali, Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, Liberia, na Sierra Leone. Kimaninka kina uhusiano wa karibu na Kibambara (bm) cha Mali na Kimandinka cha Senegambia — kwa pamoja vikiunda kundi la lahaja za Kimanding. Wamaninka ni wazao wa kisasa wa Milki ya Mali (mnamo 1235-1670) iliyotawala Afrika Magharibi chini ya watawala kama Sundiata Keita na Mansa Musa. Uvumbuzi wa mwaka 1949 wa alfabeti ya N'Ko na Solomana Kanté mahususi kwa lugha za Kimanding ulikuwa mwitikio wa wazi dhidi ya matumizi ya maandishi ya kigeni (Kiarabu na Kilatini) kwa lugha za Kiafrika, na N'Ko inazidi kupata matumizi maarufu hasa nchini Guinea. Kimaninka ni mojawapo ya lugha za Kiafrika zenye uhai mkubwa zaidi, zikiwa na uhamishaji kamili kati ya vizazi na uzalishaji mkubwa wa fasihi.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kimaninka cha Mashariki
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Niger-Kongo
| Maana | Kimaninka cha Mashariki | Kimaninkakan cha Kita | Kikhassonke | Kidyula | Kibambara | Kimaninkakan cha Magharibi | Kimandinka |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | ji /dʒi/ | ji /dʒi/ | ji /dʒi/ | ji /dʒi/ | ji /dʒi/ | jiyo /dʒijo/ | jiyo /dʒijo/ |
| Moto | ta /ta/ | tasuma /tasuma/ | ta /ta/ | tasuma /tasuma/ | tasuma /tasuma/ | ta /ta/ | dimbaa /dimbaː/ |
| Jua | tele /tele/ | tle /tle/ | tili /tili/ | tile /tile/ | tile /tile/ | tilo /tilo/ | tiloo /tiloː/ |
| Mwezi | karo /karo/ | kalo /kalo/ | kalo /kalo/ | kalo /kalo/ | kalo /kalo/ | xaro /xaɾo/ | karoo /karoː/ |
| Nyota | lolo /lolo/ | lolo /lolo/ | lolo /lolo/ | lolo /lolo/ | dolo /dòlo/ | loolo /loːlo/ | looloo /loːloː/ |
| Usiku | su /su/ | su /su/ | su /su/ | su /su/ | su /su/ | suwo /suwo/ | suutoo /suːtoː/ |
| Mvua | sanji /sandʒi/ | sanji /saɲɟi/ | — | sanji /ˈsandʒi/ | sanji /ˈsandʒi/ | sanjiyo /sandʒijo/ | sanjiyo /sandʒijo/ |
| Upepo | fɔɲɔ /fɔɲɔ/ | fɔɲɔ /fɔɲɔ/ | — | fɔɲɔ /fɔɲɔ/ | fiɲɛ /fiɲɛ/ | hoɲo /hoɲo/ | foñoo /foɲoː/ |
| Udongo | duukolo /duːkolo/ | — | — | dugukolo /duɡukolo/ | dugukolo /duɡukolo/ | duguxulo /duɡuxulo/ | bankoo /baŋkoː/ |
| Jiwe | kaba /kaba/ | — | — | kabakuru /kabakuru/ | kaba /kaba/ | kuro /kuɾo/ | beroo /beroː/ |
| Mlima | kɔnkɛ /kɔŋkɛ/ | — | — | kulu /kulu/ | kulu /kulu/ | — | konkoo /koŋkoː/ |
| Bahari | kɔɔji /kɔːdʒi/ | — | — | kɔgɔji /kɔɡɔdʒi/ | kɔgɔji /kɔɡɔdʒi/ | xooxojiyo /xoːxodʒijo/ | fankaasoo /faŋkaːsoː/ |
| Mama | ba /ba/ | ba /ba/ | ba /ba/ | ba /ba/ | ba /ba/ | na /na/ | baa /baː/ |
| Baba | fa /fa/ | fa /fa/ | fa /fa/ | fa /fa/ | fa /fa/ | ha /ha/ | faa /faː/ |
| Binti | denmuso /dɛnmuso/ | — | — | denmuso /denmuso/ | denmuso /dɛnmuso/ | dinmuso /dinmuso/ | dimmusoo /dimːusoː/ |
| Mimi | ne /ne/ | ne /ne/ | ne /ne/ | n /ŋ́/ | ne /nè/ | nte /n̩te/ | nte /nte/ |
| Wewe | i /i/ | i /i/ | i /i/ | i /í/ | i /í/ | ite /ite/ | ite /ite/ |
| Sisi | an /an/ | an /án/ | an /an/ | an /án/ | an /án/ | ilan / ntelu /ilã / n̩telu/ | ntolu /ntolu/ |
| Jina | tɔɔ /tɔː/ | tɔɔ /tɔː/ | toxo /toxo/ | tɔgɔ /tɔ́ɡɔ/ | tɔgɔ /tɔ̀ɡɔ/ | toxo /toxo/ | too /toː/ |
| Mtu | mɔɔ /mɔː/ | — | — | mɔgɔ /mɔ̀ɡɔ/ | mɔgɔ /mɔ̀ɡɔ/ | moxo /moxo/ | moo /moː/ |
| Kichwa | kun /kũ/ | — | — | kunkolo /kunkolo/ | kun /kun/ | kunŋo /kũŋo/ | kuŋo /kuŋo/ |
| Jicho | ɲa /ɲa/ | ña /ɲa/ | ɲa /ɲa/ | ɲɛ /ɲɛ/ | ɲɛ /ɲɛ/ | ɲa /ɲa/ | ñaa /ɲaː/ |
| Sikio | tolo /tolo/ | tulo /tulo/ | tulu /tulu/ | tulo /tulo/ | tulo /tulo/ | tulo /tulo/ | tuloo /tuloː/ |
| Pua | nun /nũ/ | nun /nũ/ | nun /nũ/ | nun /nũ/ | nun /nũ/ | nunŋo /nũŋo/ | nuŋo /nuŋo/ |
| Mdomo | da /da/ | — | da /da/ | da /da/ | da /da/ | da /da/ | daa /daː/ |
| Jino | ɲin /ɲĩ/ | ɲin /ɲĩ/ | ɲin /ɲĩ/ | ɲin /ɲĩ/ | ɲin /ɲĩ/ | ɲinŋo /ɲĩŋo/ | ñiŋo /ɲiŋo/ |
| Ulimi | nɛn /nɛn/ | nɛn /nɛn/ | nɛn /nɛn/ | nɛn /nɛn/ | nɛn /nɛn/ | nenŋo /nẽŋo/ | neŋo /neŋo/ |
| Mkono | bolo /bolo/ | bolo /bolo/ | bulu /bulu/ | bolo /bolo/ | bolo /bolo/ | bulo /bulo/ | buloo /buloː/ |
| Mguu | sen /sen/ | — | sin /sin/ | sen /sen/ | sen /sèn/ | sinŋo /sĩŋo/ | siŋo /siŋo/ |
| Moyo | jusu /dʒusu/ | dusu /dusu/ | dusu /dusu/ | dusu /dusu/ | dusu /dusu/ | jusukunŋo /dʒusukũŋo/ | sondomoo /sondomoː/ |
| Mfupa | kolo /kolo/ | kulu /kulu/ | xulu /xulu/ | kolo /kolo/ | kolo /kolo/ | xulo /xulo/ | kuloo /kuloː/ |
| Damu | jeli /dʒeli/ | joli /dʒoli/ | jelu /dʒelu/ | joli /dʒoli/ | joli /dʒoli/ | jelo /dʒelo/ | yeloo /jeloː/ |
| Kinyesi | bo /bo/ | — | — | bo /bo/ | bo /bo/ | — | buwo /buwo/ |
| Upendo | kanin /kanĩ/ | kanu /kanu/ | kanu /kanu/ | kanu /kanu/ | kanu /kanu/ | kanu /kanu/ | kanu /kanu/ |
| Mti | yiri /jiɾi/ | yiri /jiɾi/ | yiri /jiɾi/ | yiri /jiri/ | jiri /dʒiri/ | yiro /jiɾo/ | yiroo /jiroː/ |
| Mbwa | wulu /wulu/ | wulu /wulu/ | wulu /wulu/ | wulu /wulu/ | wulu /wulu/ | wulo /wulo/ | wuloo /wuloː/ |
| Paka | ɲaari /ɲaːri/ | ñaakuma /ɲaːkuma/ | jakuma /dʒakuma/ | jakuma /dʒakuma/ | jakuma /dʒakuma/ | ɲaaro /ɲaːɾo/ | ñankuma /ɲankuma/ |
| Samaki | jɛɛ /dʒɛː/ | jɛgɛ /dʒɛɡɛ/ | ɲege /ɲeɡe/ | jɛgɛ /dʒɛɡɛ/ | jɛgɛ /dʒɛɡɛ/ | yego /jeɡo/ | ñewo /ɲewo/ |
| Ndege | kɔnɔ /kɔnɔ/ | kɔnɔ /kɔnɔ/ | — | kɔnɔ /kɔnɔ/ | kɔnɔ /kɔnɔ/ | xono /xono/ | kunoo /kunoː/ |
| Kipepeo | firinfirinlen /fiɾinfiɾinlen/ | — | — | firinfirin /firinfirin/ | nfirinfirin /nfirinfirin/ | — | firifiroo /firifiroː/ |
| Yai | kili /kili/ | — | — | sisɛfan /sisɛfã/ | shɛfan /ʃɛfã/ | kilo /kilo/ | kiloo /kiloː/ |
| Farasi | so /so/ | — | — | so /so/ | so /so/ | — | suwoo /suwoː/ |
| Nyumba | bon /bon/ | so /so/ | so /so/ | so /so/ | so /so/ | bunŋo /bũŋo/ | buŋo /buŋo/ |
| Maziwa | nɔnɔ /nɔnɔ/ | nɔnɔ /nɔnɔ/ | nɔnɔ /nɔnɔ/ | nɔnɔ /nɔnɔ/ | nɔnɔ /nɔnɔ/ | nono /nono/ | nonoo /nonoː/ |
| Asali | li /li/ | — | — | li /li/ | di /di/ | liyo /lijo/ | liyo /lijo/ |
| Chumvi | kɔɔ /kɔː/ | kɔgɔ /kɔɡɔ/ | kɔgɔ /kɔɡɔ/ | kɔgɔ /kɔɡɔ/ | kɔgɔ /kɔɡɔ/ | xooxo /xoːxo/ | koo /koː/ |
| Mchele | malo /malo/ | — | — | malo /malo/ | malo /malo/ | — | maanoo /maːnoː/ |
| Chuma | nɛɛ /nɛː/ | neke /neke/ | nege /neɡe/ | nɛgɛ /nɛɡɛ/ | nɛgɛ /nɛɡɛ/ | nego /neɡo/ | nee /neː/ |
| Kitabu | gbafe /ɡbafe/ | — | — | gafe /ɡafe/ | gafe /ɡafe/ | kitaabo /kitaːbo/ | kitaaboo /kitaːboː/ |
| Kula | domun /domũ/ | don /don/ | domu /domu/ | dun /dun/ | dun /dũ/ | domo /domo/ | domo /domo/ |
| Kunywa | min /min/ | min /min/ | min /min/ | min /min/ | min /min/ | min /mĩ/ | miŋ /miŋ/ |
| Kulala | sunɔɔ /sunɔː/ | — | — | sunɔgɔ /sunɔɡɔ/ | sunɔgɔ /sunɔɡɔ/ | sinnoxo /sinːoxo/ | siinoo /siːnoː/ |
| Moja | kelen /kelen/ | kelen /kelen/ | kilin /kilin/ | kelen /kelen/ | kelen /kelen/ | kilin /kilĩ/ | kiliŋ /kiliŋ/ |
| Mbili | fila /fila/ | fila /fila/ | fula /fula/ | fila /fìla/ | fila /fìla/ | hula /hula/ | fula /fula/ |
| Tatu | saba /saba/ | saba /saba/ | saba /saba/ | saba /saba/ | saba /saba/ | saba /saba/ | saba /saba/ |
| Nne | naani /naːni/ | naani /naːni/ | naani /naːni/ | naani /naːni/ | naani /naːni/ | naani /naːni/ | naani /naːni/ |
| Tano | loolu /loːlu/ | loolu /lóːlu/ | luulu /luːlu/ | duuru /dúːru/ | duuru /duːru/ | luulu /luːlu/ | luulu /luːlu/ |
| Mia | kɛmɛ /kɛmɛ/ | — | keme /keme/ | kɛmɛ /kɛ̀mɛ́/ | kɛmɛ /kɛmɛ/ | keme /keme/ | keme /keme/ |
| Habari | i ni se /i ni se/ | i ni soɣoma /i ni soɣoma/ | i ni sogoma /i ni soɡoma/ | i ni sɔgɔma /i ni sɔɡɔma/ | i ni ce /i ni tʃɛ/ | — /—/ | salaam /salaːm/ |
| Asante | i ni ce /i ni tʃe/ | i ni baara /i ni baːɾa/ | i ni baara /i ni baːɾa/ | i ni ce /i ni tʃe/ | i ni ce /i ni tʃɛ/ | — /—/ | abaraka /abaraka/ |
| Nzuri | ka ɲi /ka ɲi/ | ñuman /ɲuman/ | nyi /ɲi/ | ɲuman /ɲuman/ | ka ɲi /ka ɲi/ | ɲima /ɲima/ | beteyaa /betejaː/ |
| Mpya | kuda /kuda/ | — | — | kura /kura/ | kura /kura/ | kuto /kuto/ | kuta /kuta/ |
| Nyekundu | wulen /wulen/ | bilen /bileɲ/ | wuleŋ /wuleŋ/ | bilen /bilen/ | bilen /bilen/ | wulen /wulẽ/ | wuleŋ /wuleŋ/ |
| Nyeupe | gbɛ /ɡbɛ/ | — | — | gwɛ /ɡwɛ/ | jɛ /dʒɛ/ | xoyi /xoji/ | koyi /koji/ |
| Nyeusi | fin /fin/ | — | — | fin /fin/ | fin /fin/ | — | fiŋ /fiŋ/ |
| Kijani | binkɛndɛlama /binkɛndɛlama/ | — | — | binkɛnɛman /binkɛnɛman/ | binkɛnɛman /binkɛnɛman/ | — | jambakere /dʒambakere/ |
| Chai | dute /dute/ | — | — | dute /dute/ | dute /dute/ | — | — |
| Kahawa | kafe /kafe/ | — | — | kafe /kafe/ | kafe /kafe/ | — | — |
| 99 | bikɔnɔndɔ ni kɔnɔndɔ /bikɔnɔndɔ ni kɔnɔndɔ/ | — | — | bikɔnɔntɔn ni kɔnɔntɔn /bikɔnɔntɔn ni kɔnɔntɔn/ | bikɔnɔntɔn ni kɔnɔntɔn /bikɔnɔntɔn ni kɔnɔntɔn/ | bixononto-nin-xononto /bixonontoninxononto/ | taŋ kononto niŋ kononto /taŋ kononto niŋ kononto/ |
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