Mapuzugun
Mapudungun
Araucanian (isolate or small family)
Mapudungun is the language of the Mapuche people of southern Chile and adjacent western Argentina. Its precise genetic relationships are uncertain — it has been variously grouped with Penutian, with Andean languages, or treated as an isolate. The Raguileo alphabet, designed in 1982 by Anselmo Raguileo to express Mapuche cultural autonomy, competes with the Unified Mapuche Alphabet in literacy programmes. Mapuche cosmology preserves rich shamanic vocabulary in machi healing chants.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Mapudungun
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Araucanian (isolate or small family)
| Meaning | Mapudungun | Ngäbere | Ayacucho Quechua | Aymara | Chol | Shipibo-Conibo | Quechua |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ko /ko/ | ñö /ɲɤ/ | yaku /jaku/ | uma /uma/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jene /hɨnɨ/ | yaku /jaku/ |
| Fire | kütral /kɨʈʂal/ | ñukwä /ɲukwɔ/ | nina /nina/ | nina /nina/ | kʼajk /kʼahk/ | chii /tʃiː/ | nina /nina/ |
| Sun | antü /antɨ/ | ñänä /ɲɔnɔ/ | inti /inti/ | inti /inti/ | kʼiñ /kʼiɲ/ | bari /bari/ | inti /inti/ |
| Moon | küyen /kɨjen/ | só /só/ | killa /kiʎa/ | phaxsi /pʰaχsi/ | uw /uw/ | oxe /oʂɨ/ | killa /kiʎa/ |
| Star | wangülen /waŋɨlen/ | muke /muke/ | quyllur /ˈqujʎuɾ/ | warawara /waɾawaɾa/ | ekʼ /ʔekʼ/ | wishti /wiʃtĩ/ | quyllur /ˈqujʎuɾ/ |
| Night | pun /pun/ | deo /ðeo/ | tuta /tuta/ | aruma /aruma/ | akʼälel /akʼɨlel/ | yame /jamɨ/ | tuta /tuta/ |
| Rain | mawün /mawɨn̪/ | ñü /ɲɨ/ | para /ˈpaɾa/ | jallu /ˈxaʎu/ | jaʼal /haʔal/ | oi /oi/ | para /ˈpaɾa/ |
| Snow | pire /piɾe/ | — | rasu /ɾasu/ | khunu /kʰunu/ | — | — | ritʼi /ɾitʼi/ |
| Wind | kürüf /kɨɾɨf/ | müre /mɨɾe/ | wayra /ˈwajɾa/ | thaya /ˈtʰaja/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | niwe /niwɨ/ | wayra /ˈwajɾa/ |
| Earth | mapu /mapu/ | dobo /dobo/ | allpa /aʎpa/ | uraqi /uɾaqi/ | lum /lum/ | mai /mai/ | allpa /aʎpa/ |
| Stone | kura /kuɾa/ | jä /hɔ/ | rumi /ˈɾumi/ | qala /ˈqala/ | xajlel /ʃahlel/ | makan /makan/ | rumi /ˈɾumi/ |
| Mountain | mawiza /mawiða/ | ngitio /ŋitio/ | urqu /uɾqu/ | qullu /quʎu/ | wits /wits/ | manan /manan/ | urqu /ˈuɾqu/ |
| Sea | lafken /lafken/ | — | lamar qucha /lamaɾ qutʃa/ | lamara /lamara/ | ñajb /ɲahɓ/ | aniparo /anipaɾo/ | mama qucha /mama ˈqutʃa/ |
| Mother | ñuke /ɲuke/ | meye /meje/ | mama /mama/ | mama /mama/ | ñaʼ /ɲaʔ/ | tita /tita/ | mama /mama/ |
| Father | chaw /tʃaw/ | rün /rɨn/ | tayta /tajta/ | tata /tata/ | tat /tat/ | papa /papa/ | tayta /tajta/ |
| Daughter | ñawe /ɲawe/ | ngänkän /ŋæŋkæn/ | ususi /uˈsusi/ | phucha /pʰutʃa/ | ixikʼal /iʃikʼal/ | bake ainbo /bake ãĩbo/ | ususi /uˈsusi/ |
| I | iñche /iɲtʃe/ | ti /ti/ | ñuqa /ˈɲuqa/ | naya /naja/ | joñoñ /hoɲoɲ/ | ea /ea/ | ñuqa /ˈɲuqa/ |
| You | eymi /ejmi/ | mä /mɔ/ | qam /qam/ | juma /xuma/ | jatyet /hatʲet/ | mia /mia/ | qam /qam/ |
| We | iñchiñ /iɲtʃiɲ/ | nun /nun/ | ñuqanchik / ñuqayku /ɲuˈqantʃik / ɲuˈqajku/ | jiwasa / nanaka /xiwasa / nanaka/ | joñonla / joñon lojon /hoɲonla / hoɲon lohon/ | noa /noa/ | ñuqanchik / ñuqayku /ɲuˈqantʃik / ɲuˈqajku/ |
| Name | üy /ɨj/ | kä /kɔ/ | suti /ˈsuti/ | suti /suti/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ | jane /hanɨ/ | suti /ˈsuti/ |
| Person | che /tʃe/ | ni /ni/ | runa /ɾuna/ | jaqi /xaqi/ | kixtyañu /kiʃtʲaɲu/ | joni /honi/ | runa /ˈɾuna/ |
| Head | longko /loŋko/ | dokwä /dokwɔ/ | uma /uma/ | pʼiqi /pʼiqi/ | jol /hol/ | mapo /mapo/ | uma /ˈuma/ |
| Eye | nge /ŋe/ | okwä /okwɔ/ | ñawi /ɲawi/ | nayra /najɾa/ | wut /wut/ | bero /bɨɾo/ | ñawi /ɲawi/ |
| Ear | pilun /pilun/ | olo /olo/ | rinri /ɾinɾi/ | jinchu /xintʃu/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | pabíki /pabiki/ | rinri /ɾinɾi/ |
| Nose | yu /ju/ | — | sinqa /ˈsinqa/ | nasa /ˈnasa/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | rekin /ɾɨkin/ | sinqa /ˈsinqa/ |
| Mouth | wün /wɨn/ | kada /kada/ | simi /simi/ | laka /ˈlaka/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | kexa /kɨʂa/ | simi /ˈsimi/ |
| Tooth | foro /foɾo/ | tu /tu/ | kiru /kiɾu/ | lakʼa /lakʼa/ | ej /eh/ | xeta /ʂɨta/ | kiru /kiɾu/ |
| Tongue | kewün /kewɨn/ | tidrö /tiðɾø/ | qallu /qaʎu/ | laxra /laχra/ | akʼ /aʔkʼ/ | jana /hana/ | qallu /qaʎu/ |
| Hand | kuwü /kuwɨ/ | kise /kise/ | maki /maki/ | ampara /ampaɾa/ | kʼäb /kʼɨɓ/ | meken /mɨkɨn/ | maki /maki/ |
| Foot | ṉamuṉ /n̪amun̪/ | ngoto /ŋoto/ | chaki /tʃaki/ | kayu /kaju/ | ok /ok/ | tae /taɨ/ | chaki /tʃaki/ |
| Heart | piwke /piwke/ | brukwä /bɾukwɔ/ | sunqu /suŋqu/ | chuyma /tʃujma/ | pusʼikʼal /pusʼikʼal/ | joínti /hoˈinti/ | sunqu /suŋqu/ |
| Bone | foro /foɾo/ | krö /kɾø/ | tullu /tuʎu/ | chʼakha /tʃʼakʰa/ | bäk /ɓɨk/ | xao /ʂao/ | tullu /tuʎu/ |
| Blood | mollfüñ /moʎfɨɲ/ | därie /ðɐɾie/ | yawar /jawaɾ/ | wila /wila/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | jimi /himi/ | yawar /jawaɾ/ |
| Love | poyen /pojen/ | tare /taɾe/ | kuyay /kujaj/ | munasiña /munasiɲa/ | kʼuxbiñ /kʼuʃbiɲ/ | noi /noi/ | munay /munaj/ |
| Tree | aliwen /aliwen/ | krätä /kɾɨtɨ/ | sacha /satʃa/ | quqa /quqa/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | jiwi /hiwi/ | sacha /satʃa/ |
| Dog | trewa /ʈʂewa/ | nukro /nukɾo/ | allqu /aʎqu/ | anu /anu/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | ochiti /otʃiti/ | allqu /aʎqu/ |
| Cat | narki /naɾki/ | mishi /miʃi/ | michi /mitʃi/ | phisi /pʰisi/ | mis /mis/ | mishito /miʃito/ | misi /misi/ |
| Fish | challwa /tʃaʎwa/ | gwa /ɡwa/ | challwa /tʃaʎwa/ | challwa /tʃaʎwa/ | chäy /tʃɨj/ | yapa /japa/ | challwa /tʃaʎwa/ |
| Bird | üñüm /ɨɲɨm/ | nukwä /nukwɔ/ | pisqu /pisqu/ | jamachʼi /xamatʃʼi/ | mut /mut/ | isa /isa/ | pisqu /pisqu/ |
| Butterfly | llampüzkeñ /ʎampɨðkeɲ/ | malan /malan/ | pillpintu /piʎpintu/ | pilpintu /pilpintu/ | pejpem /pehpem/ | pëpë /pɨ̃pɨ̃/ | pillpintu /piʎpintu/ |
| Egg | kuram /kuɾam/ | kwi mrüke /kwi mɾɨke/ | runtu /ɾuntu/ | kʼawna /kʼawna/ | tumut /tumut/ | bachi /batʃi/ | runtu /ˈɾuntu/ |
| Bear | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | ukumari /ukumaɾi/ | jukumari /xukumaɾi/ | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | ukumari /ukumaɾi/ |
| Horse | kawellu /kaweʎu/ | mdä /mdæ/ | kaballu /kabaʎu/ | kawallu /kawaʎu/ | cawayuʼ /kawajuʔ/ | kabayo /kabajo/ | kawallu /kaˈwaʎu/ |
| House | ruka /ɾuka/ | ju /hu/ | wasi /wasi/ | uta /uta/ | otyot /otjot/ | xobo /ʂobo/ | wasi /wasi/ |
| Milk | lichi /litʃi/ | kian /kian/ | lichi /litʃi/ | millkʼi /miʎkʼi/ | chuʼ /tʃuʔ/ | xoma /ʂoma/ | lichi /ˈlitʃi/ |
| Honey | müski /mɨski/ | munkö /munkø/ | miski /miski/ | miskʼi /miskʼi/ | chab /tʃaɓ/ | bona jene /bona hɨnɨ/ | miskʼi /miskʼi/ |
| Salt | chazi /tʃaði/ | mren /mɾen/ | kachi /ˈkatʃi/ | jayu /ˈxaju/ | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | tashi /taʃi/ | kachi /ˈkatʃi/ |
| Wine | pulku /pulku/ | uba döi /uba døi/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /vino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ |
| Rice | aro /aɾo/ | aro /aɾo/ | arus /ˈaɾus/ | arusa /aɾusa/ | arus /aɾus/ | aros /aɾos/ | arus /ˈaɾus/ |
| Iron | pañilwe /paɲilwe/ | jiero /hieɾo/ | fierro /ˈfjeɾo/ | qillaya /qiʎaja/ | — | yami /jami/ | qʼillay /ˈqʼiʎaj/ |
| Wheel | chüngküll /tʃɨŋkɨʎ/ | — | rueda /ˈɾweda/ | rueda /ɾweda/ | — | karotae /kaɾotae/ | rueda /ɾweda/ |
| Silk | seza /seða/ | seda /seda/ | seda /seda/ | seda /seda/ | seda /seda/ | seda /seda/ | seda /ˈseda/ |
| Book | chillka /tʃiʎka/ | tärä /tæɾæ/ | libru /libɾu/ | panka /panka/ | juñ /huɲ/ | kirika /kiɾika/ | liwru /ˈliwɾu/ |
| Eat | in /in/ | mrö /mrø/ | mikuy /mikuj/ | manqʼaña /manqʼaɲa/ | kʼux /kʼuʃ/ | piti /piti/ | mikhuy /mikʰuj/ |
| Drink | pütun /pɨtun/ | ñögö /ɲøɡø/ | upyay /upjaj/ | umaña /umaɲa/ | ucʼ /utsʼ/ | xeati /ʂɨati/ | upyay /upjaj/ |
| Sleep | umawtun /umawtun/ | kibien /kibien/ | puñuy /puˈɲuj/ | ikiña /iˈkiɲa/ | wäyel /wɨjel/ | oxa /oʂa/ | puñuy /puˈɲuj/ |
| One | kiñe /kiɲe/ | krati /kɾati/ | huk /huk/ | maya /maja/ | jun /hun/ | westíora /wɨstioɾa/ | huk /huk/ |
| Two | epu /epu/ | krobu /kɾobu/ | iskay /ˈiskaj/ | paya /paja/ | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | rabé /ɾabɨ/ | iskay /ˈiskaj/ |
| Three | küla /kɨla/ | komä /komæ/ | kimsa /kimsa/ | kimsa /kimsa/ | uxpʼejl /uʃpʼehl/ | kimisha /kimiʃa/ | kimsa /kimsa/ |
| Four | meli /meli/ | kobogä /koboɡæ/ | tawa /tawa/ | pusi /pusi/ | chämpʼejl /tʃɨmpʼehl/ | chosko /tʃosko/ | tawa /tawa/ |
| Five | kechu /ketʃu/ | korige /koɾiɡe/ | pichqa /ˈpitʃqa/ | phisqa /ˈpʰisqa/ | joʼ /hoʔ/ | pichika /pitʃika/ | pichqa /ˈpitʃqa/ |
| Hundred | pataka /pataka/ | gre ketarike /ɡɾe ketaɾike/ | pachak /patʃak/ | pataka /pataka/ | joʼkʼal /hoʔkʼal/ | pacha /patʃa/ | pachak /ˈpatʃak/ |
| Hello | mari mari /maɾi maɾi/ | käre /kɨɾe/ | napaykullayki /napajkuʎajki/ | kamisaki /kamisaki/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | jakon raoma /xakon raoma/ | allillanchu /aʎiʎantʃu/ |
| Thank you | chaltu /tʃaltu/ | kuin /kuin/ | añay /aɲaj/ | yuspagara /juspaɣaɾa/ | wokox /wokoʃ/ | irake /iɾake/ | sulpayki /sulpajki/ |
| Good | küme /kɨme/ | kuin /kuin/ | allin /aʎin/ | suma /suma/ | utsat /utsat/ | jakon /hakon/ | allin /aʎin/ |
| New | we /we/ | btin /btin/ | musuq /musuq/ | machaqa /matʃaqa/ | tsijiʼ /tsihiʔ/ | bena /bɨna/ | musuq /ˈmusuq/ |
| Red | kelü /kelɨ/ | tain /tain/ | puka /puka/ | wila /wila/ | chächäk /tʃɨtʃɨk/ | joshin /hoʃin/ | puka /puka/ |
| White | liq /lɨɣ/ | ngwen /ŋʷen/ | yuraq /ˈjuɾaq/ | janqʼu /ˈxaɴqʼu/ | säsäk /sɨsɨk/ | joxo /hoʂo/ | yuraq /ˈjuɾaq/ |
| Black | kurü /kuɾɨ/ | drüne /dɾɨne/ | yana /jana/ | chʼiyara /tʃʼijara/ | iʼikʼ /iʔikʼ/ | wiso /wiso/ | yana /jana/ |
| Green | karü /kaɾɨ/ | rerebare /ɾeɾebaɾe/ | qumir /qumiɾ/ | chʼuxña /tʃʼuxɲa/ | yäjyäx /jɨhjɨʃ/ | yãkõ /jãkõ/ | qʼomer /qʼomeɾ/ |
| Blue | kallfü /kaʎfɨ/ | blure /bluɾe/ | anqas /aŋqas/ | larama /laɾama/ | yäjyäx /jɨhjɨʃ/ | yãkõ /jãkõ/ | anqas /aŋqas/ |
| Computer | komputadora /komputaðoɾa/ | computadora /komputadoɾa/ | computadora /komputaˈdoɾa/ | atamiri /atamiɾi/ | computadora /komputadoɾa/ | — | antañiqiq /antaɲiqiq/ |
| Tea | te /te/ | té /te/ | tiy /tij/ | — | té /te/ | — | tiy /tij/ |
| Coffee | kafe /kafe/ | café /kafe/ | — | café /kafe/ | kajpe /kahpe/ | — | kaphiy /kapʰij/ |
| Sugar | asukura /asukuɾa/ | azúcar /asukaɾ/ | asukar /aˈsukaɾ/ | azúcar /asukar/ | asukal /asukal/ | asokaro /asokaɾo/ | asukar /aˈsukaɾ/ |
| Ninety-nine | aylla mari aylla /ajʎa maɾi ajʎa/ | gre ketabkä bti krä jätäbti krä ökän /ɡɾe ketabkæ bti kɾæ hætæbti kɾæ ɤkæn/ | isqun chunka isqunniyuq /isqun tʃunka isqunnijuq/ | llätunka tunka llätunkani /ʎaːtunka tunka ʎaːtunkani/ | — | iskon chonka iskon /iskon tʃonka iskon/ | isqun chunka isqunniyuq /isqun tʃunka isqunnijuq/ |
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