Lakty'añ
Chol
Mayan
Chol (Ch'ol, autonymously Lakty'añ) is a Cholan Mayan language of Chiapas, Mexico. The Chol people inhabit the highland valleys north of Palenque, near the famous Classic Maya archaeological site. Linguistically, Chol is a Cholan-branch Mayan language, most closely related to the extinct Classical Mayan literary language inscribed at Palenque, Yaxchilán, and Tikal during the Classic Period (250-900 CE). Modern Chol speakers thus have a special connection to the Classic Maya hieroglyphic tradition. The Chol community has maintained the language despite Spanish dominance, with bilingual education through INALI since the 1990s.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Chol
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Mayan
| Meaning | Chol | Tzeltal | Tabasco Chontal | Classical Maya | Tojolabal | Tzotzil | Itzá Maya |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | haʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | voʼ /voʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ |
| Fire | kʼajk /kʼahk/ | kʼajkʼ /kʼahkʼ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼahkʼ /kʼahkʼ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼokʼ /kʼokʼ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ |
| Sun | kʼiñ /kʼiɲ/ | kʼajkʼal /kʼahkʼal/ | kʼin /kʼin/ | kʼin /kʼin/ | kʼakʼu /kʼakʼu/ | kʼakʼal /kʼakʼal/ | kʼin /kʼin/ |
| Moon | uw /uw/ | u /u/ | ä /æ/ | uh /uh/ | ixaw /iʃaw/ | u /ʔu/ | uj /uh/ |
| Star | ekʼ /ʔekʼ/ | ekʼ /ekʼ/ | ekʼ /ʔekʼ/ | ekʼ /eːkʼ/ | kʼanal /kʼanal/ | kʼanal /kʼanal/ | ekʼ /ekʼ/ |
| Night | akʼälel /akʼɨlel/ | ajkʼabal /ahkʼaɓal/ | akʼäb /akʼɨb/ | akʼabʼ /akʼaɓ/ | aʼkwal /aʔkʷal/ | akʼubal /akʼubal/ | akʼabʼ /akʼaɓ/ |
| Rain | jaʼal /haʔal/ | jaʼal /haʔal/ | — | haʼal /haʔal/ | — | voʼ /voʔ/ | — |
| Wind | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ | — | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ |
| Earth | lum /lum/ | lum /lum/ | lum /lum/ | kab /kab/ | luʼum /luʔum/ | lum /lum/ | luʼum /luʔum/ |
| Stone | xajlel /ʃahlel/ | ton /ton/ | jiʼtun /hiʔtun/ | tuun /tuːn/ | ton /ton/ | ton /ton/ | tunich /tunitʃ/ |
| Mountain | wits /wits/ | wits /wits/ | tzʼik /tsʼik/ | witz /wits/ | wits /wits/ | vits /vits/ | — |
| Sea | ñajb /ɲahɓ/ | mar /mar/ | nab /nab/ | kʼahkʼ nab /kʼahkʼ nab/ | niwan paman jaʼ /niwan paman haʔ/ | nab /naɓ/ | — |
| Mother | ñaʼ /ɲaʔ/ | meʼ /meʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | nan /nan/ | meʼ /meʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ |
| Father | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | yuum /juːm/ | tat /tat/ | tot /tot/ | tat /tat/ |
| Daughter | ixikʼal /iʃikʼal/ | antsil nichʼan /antsil nitʃʼan/ | jixik chʼok /hiʃik tʃʼok/ | — | ʼixukil /ʔiʃukil/ | tzeb /tseɓ/ | — |
| I | joñoñ /hoɲoɲ/ | joʼon /hoʔon/ | noʼon /noʔon/ | hiin /hiːn/ | keʼn /keʔn/ | voʼon /voʔon/ | ten /ten/ |
| You | jatyet /hatʲet/ | jaʼat /haʔat/ | neʼet /neʔet/ | hat /hat/ | weʼn /weʔn/ | voʼot /voʔot/ | tech /tetʃ/ |
| We | joñonla / joñon lojon /hoɲonla / hoɲon lohon/ | joʼotik / joʼotikon /hoʔotik / hoʔotikon/ | noʼonla /noʔonla/ | — /—/ | keʼntik / keʼntikon /keʔntik / keʔntikon/ | voʼotik / voʼonkutik /voʔotik / voʔonkutik/ | toʼon /toʔon/ |
| Name | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ | biil /ɓiːl/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaˈɓaʔ/ | bʼiʼil /ɓiʔil/ | biil /ɓiːl/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ |
| Person | kixtyañu /kiʃtʲaɲu/ | ants winik /ants winik/ | winik /winik/ | winik /winik/ | winkil /winkil/ | krixchano /kriʃtʃano/ | — |
| Head | jol /hol/ | jol /hol/ | pam /pam/ | jol /hol/ | ʼolom /ʔolom/ | jolol /holol/ | — |
| Eye | wut /wut/ | sit /sit/ | wich /witʃ/ | ut /ut/ | satej /sateh/ | sat /sat/ | ich /itʃ/ |
| Ear | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikinil /tʃikinil/ | xikin /ʃikin/ |
| Nose | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ |
| Mouth | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | e /e/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ |
| Tooth | ej /eh/ | ehal /ehal/ | ej /eh/ | eh /eh/ | ex /eʃ/ | tanal eal /tanal ʔeal/ | koh /koh/ |
| Tongue | akʼ /aʔkʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | okʼ /ʔokʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ |
| Hand | kʼäb /kʼɨɓ/ | kʼab /kʼab/ | kʼäb /kʼɨb/ | kʼab /kʼab/ | kʼabʼ /kʼaɓ/ | kʼob /kʼoɓ/ | kʼab /kʼab/ |
| Foot | ok /ok/ | ok /ok/ | ok /ok/ | ook /oːk/ | ok /ok/ | okol /ʔokol/ | — |
| Heart | pusʼikʼal /pusʼikʼal/ | oʼtan /oʔtan/ | pixan /piʃan/ | pixan /piʃan/ | altzil /altsil/ | oʼon /ʔoʔon/ | pukʼsikʼal /pukʼsikʼal/ |
| Bone | bäk /ɓɨk/ | bak /ɓak/ | bak /ɓak/ | baak /ɓaːk/ | bakel /ɓakel/ | bak /ɓak/ | bʼak /ɓak/ |
| Blood | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ | chikʼel /tʃikʼel/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ |
| Poop | taʼ /taʔ/ | tsaʼ /tsaʔ/ | taʼ /taʔ/ | — | kʼoy /kʼoj/ | tzoʼ /tsoʔ/ | — |
| Love | kʼuxbiñ /kʼuʃbiɲ/ | kʼanbey /kʼanbej/ | kʼuxbe /kʼuʃbe/ | yaah /jaːh/ | skʼana /skʼana/ | kʼanel /kʼanel/ | yakunti /jakunti/ |
| Tree | teʼ /teʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ |
| Dog | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | wichuʼ /witʃuʔ/ | peekʼ /peːkʼ/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | pekʼ /pekʼ/ |
| Cat | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | ajmis /ahmis/ | miis /miːs/ | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ |
| Fish | chäy /tʃɨj/ | chay /tʃaj/ | buchʼ /butʃʼ/ | kay /kaj/ | chay /tʃaj/ | choy /tʃoj/ | käy /kɨj/ |
| Bird | mut /mut/ | mut /mut/ | mut /mut/ | mut /mut/ | yal chan /jal tʃan/ | mut /mut/ | chʼiichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ |
| Butterfly | pejpem /pehpem/ | pejpen /pehpen/ | ajpempem /ahpempem/ | — | pejpen /pehpen/ | pepen /pepen/ | — |
| Egg | tumut /tumut/ | tomut /tomut/ | säktokʼ /sɨktokʼ/ | — | nolobʼ /noloɓ/ | tanal /tanal/ | jeʼ /heʔ/ |
| Bear | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /ˈoso/ | — | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | — |
| Horse | cawayuʼ /kawajuʔ/ | kawu /kawu/ | tzimim /tsimim/ | — | kawu /kawu/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | — |
| House | otyot /otjot/ | na /na/ | otot /otot/ | otoch /otoːtʃ/ | naj /nah/ | na /na/ | nah /nah/ |
| Milk | chuʼ /tʃuʔ/ | lech /letʃ/ | leche /letʃe/ | — | lech /letʃ/ | lech /letʃ/ | — |
| Honey | chab /tʃaɓ/ | chab /tʃab/ | chab /tʃaɓ/ | — | chab /tʃaɓ/ | ajapom /ahapom/ | — |
| Salt | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | — | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | tab /tab/ |
| Wine | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /bino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | — | yaalel tzʼusub /jaːlel tsʼusub/ | vino /vino/ | — |
| Rice | arus /aɾus/ | — | arroz /aros/ | — | ʼaros /ʔaros/ | aros /aros/ | — |
| Silk | seda /seda/ | seda /seda/ | seda /ˈseda/ | — | seda /seda/ | xela /ʃela/ | — |
| Book | juñ /huɲ/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | huun /huːn/ | juʼun /huʔun/ | vun /vun/ | Juʼumilxok /huʔumilʃok/ |
| Eat | kʼux /kʼuʃ/ | weʼel /weʔel/ | weʼ /weʔ/ | weʼ /weʔ/ | waʼel /waʔel/ | veʼel /veʔel/ | jant /hant/ |
| Drink | ucʼ /utsʼ/ | uchʼel /utʃʼel/ | ukʼe /ukʼe/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | uchʼ /utʃʼ/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ |
| Sleep | wäyel /wɨjel/ | way /waj/ | wäye /wɨje/ | way /waj/ | wayel /wajel/ | vay /vaj/ | wenel /wenel/ |
| One | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | un /un/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ |
| Two | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | cheb /tʃeb/ | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | chabʼ /tʃaɓ/ | chib /tʃiɓ/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ |
| Three | uxpʼejl /uʃpʼehl/ | oxeb /oʃeb/ | ux /uʃ/ | ox /oʃ/ | oxe /oʃe/ | oxib /ʔoʃiɓ/ | ox /oʃ/ |
| Four | chämpʼejl /tʃɨmpʼehl/ | chaneb /tʃaneb/ | chan /tʃan/ | kan /kan/ | chane /tʃane/ | chanib /tʃaniɓ/ | kan /kan/ |
| Five | joʼ /hoʔ/ | joʼeb /hoʔeɓ/ | joʼ /hoʔ/ | hoʼ /hoʔ/ | joʼe /hoʔe/ | voʼob /voʔoɓ/ | — |
| Hundred | joʼkʼal /hoʔkʼal/ | joʼ winik /hoʔ winik/ | cien /sjen/ | — | joʼ winkeʼ /hoʔ winkeʔ/ | joʼvinik /hoʔvinik/ | — |
| Hello | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | banti winik /banti winik/ | bin a bel /bin a bel/ | bix a beel /biʃ a beːl/ | lekilukʼ /lekilukʼ/ | kʼusi avokoluk /kʼusi avokoluk/ | bʼix a tʼan /biʃ a tʼan/ |
| Thank you | wokox /wokoʃ/ | wokol awal /wokol awal/ | dios boʼtik /dios boʔtik/ | nibʼoolal /nibʼoːlal/ | yuj /juh/ | kolaval /kolaval/ | dios bʼotik /dios botik/ |
| Good | utsat /utsat/ | lek /lek/ | tsʼak /tsʼak/ | utz /uts/ | lek /lek/ | lek /lek/ | malobʼ /malob/ |
| New | tsijiʼ /tsihiʔ/ | achʼ /atʃʼ/ | tzijib /tsihib/ | achʼ /atʃʼ/ | yajkʼachil /jahkʼatʃil/ | achʼ /atʃʼ/ | — |
| Red | chächäk /tʃɨtʃɨk/ | tsajal /tsahal/ | chäk /tʃɨk/ | chak /tʃak/ | chak /tʃak/ | tzajal /tsahal/ | chäk /tʃɨk/ |
| White | säsäk /sɨsɨk/ | sak /sak/ | säk /sæk/ | sak /sak/ | sak /sak/ | sak /sak/ | säk /sək/ |
| Black | iʼikʼ /iʔikʼ/ | ijkʼal /ihkʼal/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | — | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ | ikʼal /ikʼal/ | — |
| Green | yäjyäx /jɨhjɨʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ | yäx /jɨʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | yaxal /jaʃal/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ |
| Blue | yäjyäx /jɨhjɨʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ | yäx /jɨʃ/ | — | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | yox /joʃ/ | — |
| Computer | computadora /komputadoɾa/ | komputadora /komputadora/ | — | — | computadora /komputadora/ | komputadora /komputadora/ | — |
| Tea | té /te/ | té /te/ | — | — | té /te/ | te /te/ | — |
| Coffee | kajpe /kahpe/ | kajpel /kahpel/ | — | — | kajpe /kahpe/ | kajve /kahve/ | — |
| Sugar | asukal /asukal/ | sakil asukal /sakil asukal/ | — | — | sakal askal /sakal ʔaskal/ | asuka /ʔasuka/ | chʼuuk /tʃʼuːk/ |
| Orange | alaxax /alaʃaʃ/ | alaxax /alaʃaʃ/ | aranxax /aranʃaʃ/ | — | naranja /naranha/ | alaxa /alaʃa/ | — |
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