Okanisi tongo
Aukan
English-based creole
Aukan (Ndyuka, Okanisi) is the principal Maroon Creole of the Eastern Suriname Maroon group, descended from West African Akan/Gbe-speaking enslaved populations who escaped Dutch plantations in the 18th century and established autonomous communities in the rainforest of the Tapanahony River. Eastern Maroon Creoles include Ndyuka, Aluku (alu), and Paramaccan (pmk), all derived from a 17th-18th century English-based plantation creole that the Maroons preserved in geographic isolation while Sranan Tongo (srn) urbanized in coastal Suriname. Distinct from Sranan in phonology (preservation of /ɲ/, longer vowels), morphology, and substantial Akan vocabulary. The Maroon kingdom maintained independence from Dutch colonial rule until 1760 (treaty), preserving cultural and linguistic distinctness.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Aukan
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: English-based creole
| Meaning | Aukan | Sranan Tongo | Torres Strait Creole | Krio | Bislama | Pijin | Saramaccan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | wataa /wataː/ | watra /watra/ | woda /woda/ | wata /ˈwata/ | wota /wota/ | wata /wata/ | wáta /wáta/ |
| Fire | faya /faja/ | faya /faja/ | paya /paja/ | faya /ˈfaja/ | faea /faea/ | faea /faja/ | fája /fája/ |
| Sun | san /saŋ/ | son /son/ | san /san/ | san /san/ | san /san/ | san /san/ | sónu /sónu/ |
| Moon | mun /mun/ | mun /mun/ | mun /mun/ | mun /mun/ | mun /mun/ | mun /mun/ | líba /líba/ |
| Star | sitari /siˈtari/ | stari /ˈstari/ | sta /sta/ | sta /sta/ | sta /sta/ | sta /sta/ | teéja /teéja/ |
| Night | neti /neti/ | neti /neti/ | nait /nait/ | nɛt /nɛt/ | naet /naet/ | naet /naet/ | ndéti /ndéti/ |
| Rain | alen /ˈaːlɛn/ | alen /ˈaːlɛn/ | ren /ren/ | ren /rɛn/ | ren /rɛn/ | ren /ren/ | tjúba /tʃúba/ |
| Wind | winta /winta/ | winti /ˈwinti/ | win /win/ | briz /briz/ | win /win/ | win /win/ | vë́ntu /vɛ́ntu/ |
| Earth | doti /doti/ | gron /ɡron/ | graun /ɡraun/ | gron /ɡrɔn/ | graon /ɡraon/ | graon /ɡraon/ | goón /ɡoón/ |
| Stone | siton /siton/ | ston /ston/ | ston /ston/ | ston /stɔn/ | ston /ston/ | ston /ston/ | sitónu /sitónu/ |
| Mountain | mongo /moŋo/ | bergi /ˈbɛrɡi/ | maunten /maunten/ | mawnten /ˈmawnten/ | maunten /maunten/ | maonden /maonden/ | kúnunu /kúnunu/ |
| Sea | ze /ze/ | se /se/ | solwata /solwata/ | si /si/ | solwora /solwora/ | solwata /solwata/ | zé /zé/ |
| Mother | mma /mːa/ | mama /mama/ | ama /ama/ | mama /ˈmama/ | mama /mama/ | mami /mami/ | mamá /mamá/ |
| Father | tata /tata/ | papa /papa/ | papa /papa/ | papa /ˈpapa/ | papa /papa/ | dadi /dadi/ | taatá /taːtá/ |
| Daughter | umanpikin /umanpikin/ | umapikin /umapikin/ | gel /ɡel/ | gyal pikin /ɡjal pikin/ | gel /ɡel/ | dota /dota/ | mujë́ë́míí /mujɛ́ːmíː/ |
| I | mi /mi/ | mi /mi/ | ai /ai/ | mi /mi/ | mi /mi/ | mi /mi/ | mi /mi/ |
| You | yu /ju/ | yu /ju/ | yu /ju/ | yu /ju/ | yu /ju/ | iu /iu/ | i /i/ |
| We | wi /wi/ | wi /wi/ | yumpla / mipla /jumpla / mipla/ | wi /wi/ | yumi / mifala /jumi / mifala/ | iumi / mifala /jumi / mifala/ | u /u/ |
| Name | nen /nɛn/ | nen /nɛn/ | nem /nem/ | nem /nɛm/ | nem /nem/ | nem /nem/ | në́ /nɛ́/ |
| Person | sama /sama/ | libisma /libisma/ | — | pɔsin /pɔsin/ | man /man/ | man /man/ | sëmbë /sɛmbɛ/ |
| Head | ede /ede/ | ede /ede/ | ed /ed/ | ed /ed/ | hed /hed/ | hed /hed/ | hédi /hédi/ |
| Eye | ain /ain/ | ai /ai/ | ai /aj/ | ay /aj/ | ae /ae/ | ae /ae/ | wójo /wójo/ |
| Ear | yesi /jesi/ | yesi /jesi/ | talinga /taliŋa/ | yes /jes/ | ia /ia/ | ia /ia/ | jési /jési/ |
| Nose | noso /noso/ | noso /noso/ | nus /nus/ | nos /nɔs/ | nus /nus/ | nos /nos/ | núsu /núsu/ |
| Mouth | mofu /mofu/ | mofo /mofo/ | maut /maut/ | mɔt /mɔt/ | maot /maot/ | maot /maot/ | búka /búka/ |
| Tooth | tifi /tifi/ | tifi /tifi/ | tit /tit/ | tit /tit/ | tut /tut/ | titi /titi/ | tánda /tánda/ |
| Tongue | tongo /toŋo/ | tongo /toŋo/ | tang /taŋ/ | tɔŋ /tɔŋ/ | tang /taŋ/ | tang /taŋ/ | tö́ngö /tɔ́ŋɡɔ/ |
| Hand | ana /ana/ | anu /anu/ | an /an/ | an /an/ | han /han/ | han /han/ | máun /máun/ |
| Foot | futu /futu/ | futu /futu/ | put /put/ | fut /fut/ | leg /leɡ/ | leg /leɡ/ | fútu /fútu/ |
| Heart | ati /ati/ | ati /ati/ | at /at/ | at /at/ | bel /bel/ | hat /hat/ | háti /háti/ |
| Bone | bon /bon/ | bonyo /boɲo/ | bon /bon/ | bon /bɔn/ | bun /bun/ | bon /bon/ | bónu /bónu/ |
| Blood | buulu /buːlu/ | brudu /bruːdu/ | blad /blad/ | blɔd /blɔd/ | blad /blad/ | blad /blad/ | buúu /buúu/ |
| Love | lobi /lobi/ | lobi /lobi/ | lavem /lavem/ | lɛk /lɛk/ | laekem /laekem/ | lavem /lavem/ | lóbi /lóbi/ |
| Tree | bon /boŋ/ | bon /boŋ/ | tri /tri/ | tik /tik/ | tri /tri/ | tri /tri/ | páu /páu/ |
| Dog | dagu /daɡu/ | dagu /daɡu/ | dog /doɡ/ | dɔg /dɔɡ/ | dog /doɡ/ | dogi /doɡi/ | dágu /dáɡu/ |
| Cat | poesi /pusi/ | poesi /pusi/ | pusiket /pusiket/ | pus /pus/ | pusi /pusi/ | puskat /puskat/ | pusipúsi /pusipúsi/ |
| Fish | fisi /fisi/ | fisi /fisi/ | pis /pis/ | fis /fis/ | fis /fis/ | fis /fis/ | físi /físi/ |
| Bird | foo /foː/ | fowru /ˈfoːru/ | pizin /pizin/ | bɔd /bɔd/ | pijin /pidʒin/ | bed /bed/ | fóu /fóu/ |
| Egg | igi /iɡi/ | eksi /eksi/ | eg /eɡ/ | eg /ɛɡ/ | eg /ɛɡ/ | eg /eɡ/ | óbo /óbo/ |
| Bear | beer /beːr/ | beer /beːr/ | bea /bea/ | bia /ˈbia/ | bea /bea/ | bea /bea/ | beer /beːr/ |
| Horse | asi /asi/ | asi /asi/ | os /os/ | ɔs /ɔs/ | hos /hos/ | hos /hos/ | hási /hási/ |
| House | osu /osu/ | oso /oso/ | haus /haus/ | os /os/ | haos /haos/ | haos /haos/ | wósu /wósu/ |
| Milk | meliki /meliki/ | merki /ˈmɛrki/ | susu /susu/ | milk /milk/ | melek /melek/ | susu /susu/ | më́íki /mɛ́íki/ |
| Honey | oniki /oniki/ | oni /oni/ | ani /ani/ | ɔni /ˈɔni/ | hani /hani/ | hani /hani/ | hö́níwáta /hɔ́níwáta/ |
| Salt | sawtu /sawtu/ | sowtu /sowtu/ | solt /solt/ | sɔl /sɔl/ | sol /sol/ | sol /sol/ | sátu /sátu/ |
| Wine | win /win/ | win /win/ | wain /wain/ | wayn /wain/ | waen /waen/ | waen /waen/ | wín /wín/ |
| Rice | alisi /aˈlisi/ | aleisi /aleisi/ | rais /rais/ | rɛs /rɛs/ | raes /raes/ | raes /raes/ | alísi /alísi/ |
| Iron | insii /insiː/ | isri /ˈisri/ | aian /aian/ | ayɛn /ˈajɛn/ | aean /aean/ | aean /aean/ | félu /félu/ |
| Book | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | buk /buk/ | buk /buk/ | buk /buk/ | buk /buk/ | búku /búku/ |
| Eat | nyan /ɲaŋ/ | nyan /ɲan/ | kaikai /kajkaj/ | it /it/ | kakae /kakae/ | kaikai /kajkaj/ | nján /ɲán/ |
| Drink | diingi /diːŋi/ | dringi /driŋi/ | dringk /driŋk/ | drink /driŋk/ | dring /driŋ/ | drinkim /driŋkim/ | bebé /bebé/ |
| Sleep | siibi /siːbi/ | sribi /ˈsribi/ | slip /slip/ | slip /slip/ | slip /slip/ | slip /slip/ | duumí /duːmí/ |
| One | wan /wan/ | wan /wan/ | wan /wan/ | wan /wan/ | wan /wan/ | wanfala /wanfala/ | wán /wán/ |
| Two | tu /tu/ | tu /tu/ | tu /tu/ | tu /tu/ | tu /tu/ | tufala /tufala/ | tú /tú/ |
| Three | dii /diː/ | dri /dri/ | tri /tri/ | tri /tri/ | tri /tri/ | trifala /trifala/ | dií /dií/ |
| Four | fo /fo/ | fo /fo/ | fo /fo/ | fo /fo/ | fo /fo/ | fofala /fofala/ | fö́ /fɔ́/ |
| Five | feifi /fɛifi/ | feifi /ˈfeifi/ | faiv /faiv/ | fayv /faiv/ | faev /faev/ | faefala /faefala/ | féífi /féífi/ |
| Hundred | ondoo /ondoː/ | hondro /hondro/ | andred /andred/ | ɔndrɛd /ˈɔndrɛd/ | handred /handred/ | handred /handred/ | hö́ndö /hɔ́ndɔ/ |
| Hello | fa yu de /fa ju de/ | odi /odi/ | wis wei /wis wej/ | kushɛ /kuˈʃɛ/ | halo /halo/ | halo /halo/ | odi /odi/ |
| Thank you | gaantangi /ɡaːntaŋi/ | grantangi /ɡrantaŋi/ | eso /eso/ | tɛnki /ˈtɛŋki/ | tangkyu /taŋkju/ | tagio /taɡio/ | tángi /táŋɡi/ |
| Good | boon /boːŋ/ | bun /bun/ | gud /ɡud/ | gud /ɡud/ | gud /ɡud/ | gud /ɡud/ | búnu /búnu/ |
| New | nyun /ɲun/ | nyun /ɲun/ | niu /niu/ | nyu /nju/ | niufala /niufala/ | niu /niu/ | njúnjun /ɲúɲun/ |
| Red | lebi /lebi/ | redi /redi/ | red /red/ | rɛd /rɛd/ | red /red/ | red /red/ | bë /bɛ/ |
| White | weti /weti/ | weti /weti/ | wait /wait/ | wayt /wajt/ | waet /waet/ | waet /waet/ | wéti /wéti/ |
| Black | baaka /baːka/ | blaka /blaka/ | blak /blak/ | blak /blak/ | blak /blak/ | blak /blak/ | baáka /baáka/ |
| Green | guun /ɡuːn/ | grun /ɡrun/ | grin /ɡrin/ | grin /ɡrin/ | grin /ɡrin/ | grin /ɡrin/ | guúun /ɡuúun/ |
| Blue | baaw /baːw/ | blaw /blaw/ | blu /blu/ | blu /blu/ | blu /blu/ | blu /blu/ | baáu /baáu/ |
| Tea | te /te/ | te /te/ | — | ti /ti/ | ti /ti/ | ti /ti/ | té /té/ |
| Coffee | kofi /kofi/ | kofi /kofi/ | — | kɔfi /ˈkɔfi/ | kofi /kofi/ | kofi /kofi/ | kofí /kofí/ |
| Sugar | sukuu /sukuː/ | sukru /sukru/ | — | shuga /ˈʃuɡa/ | suga /suɡa/ | suga /suɡa/ | súki /súki/ |
| Orange | apeesina /apeːsina/ | apresina /apresina/ | — | oranj /ɔˈrandʒ/ | orenj /orendʒ/ | orens /orens/ | apeesína /apeːsína/ |
| Ninety-nine | neigintenti a neigin /nɛiɡintenti a nɛiɡin/ | neigitenti-na-neigi /neiɡitenti na neiɡi/ | nainti nain /nainti nain/ | naynti-nayn /nainti nain/ | naenti naen /naenti naen/ | naenti-naen /naenti naen/ | nëigiteni-ku-nëigi /nɛiɡiteni ku nɛiɡi/ |
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