Eperã pedea
Northern Embera
Chocoan
Northern Emberá (Eperã pedea) is the language of the Emberá people of the Pacific coast of Colombia and the Darién Gap of Panama. The Chocoan family — Emberá and Wounaan — is sometimes proposed as related to Carib or Arawakan, but is generally treated as an independent family. The Emberá have an active oral tradition of healing chants (jaibaná) and have produced a Latin-based literary practice for community schooling and bilingual education.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Northern Embera
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Chocoan
| Meaning | Northern Embera | Warao | Wixarika | Ilocano | Old Tagalog | Tuyuca | Bikol Central |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | baido /baido/ | ho /ho/ | ha /ha/ | danum /danum/ | ᜆᜓᜊᜒᜄ᜔ /tubiɡ/ | oko /oko/ | tubig /tubiɡ/ |
| Fire | tɨbɨ /tɨbɨ/ | hekunu /hekunu/ | tai /tai/ | apoy /ʔaˈpoj/ | ᜀᜉᜓᜌ᜔ /apuj/ | pekãbẽ /pekãbẽ/ | kalayo /kalajo/ |
| Sun | umãdau /umãdau/ | ya /ja/ | tau /tau/ | init /ʔinit/ | ᜀᜇᜏ᜔ /araw/ | muĩpũ /muĩpũ/ | saldang /salˈdaŋ/ |
| Moon | hedeko /heɗeko/ | waniku /waniku/ | metsa /metsa/ | bulan /bulan/ | ᜊᜓᜏᜈ᜔ /buwan/ | ñami makʉ̃ /ɲami makɨ̃/ | bulan /bulan/ |
| Star | chĩdau /tʃĩdau/ | kura /kuɾa/ | xurawe /ʃuˈrawe/ | bituen /bituˈen/ | ᜊᜒᜆᜓᜁᜈ᜔ /bituʔin/ | ñokõ /ɲokõ/ | bitoon /bituʔon/ |
| Night | diamasi /diamasi/ | ima /ima/ | tikari /tikari/ | rabii /raˈbiʔi/ | ᜄᜊᜒ /ɡaˈbi/ | yãbĩ /jãˈbĩ/ | banggi /baŋˈɡi/ |
| Rain | kue /kue/ | naha /naha/ | wiyeri /wijeri/ | tudo /ˈtudo/ | ᜂᜎᜈ᜔ /ulan/ | oko /oˈko/ | uran /ˈʔuɾan/ |
| Wind | nãũ /nãũ/ | ahaka /ahaka/ | ʼeeka /ʔeːka/ | angin /ˈʔaŋin/ | ᜑᜅᜒᜈ᜔ /haˈŋin/ | wĩdõ /wĩˈdõ/ | duros /duɾos/ |
| Earth | egoro /eɡoˈro/ | hobahi /hobahi/ | kwie /kʷie/ | daga /daɡa/ | ᜎᜓᜉ /lupaʔ/ | dita /diˈta/ | daga /daɡaʔ/ |
| Stone | mõgara /mõɡaɾa/ | hoyo /hojo/ | tete /tete/ | bato /baˈto/ | ᜊᜆᜓ /baˈto/ | ʉ̃tã /ɨ̃tã/ | gapo /ɡaˈpoʔ/ |
| Mountain | eya /eja/ | inebe /inebe/ | yemuri /jemuri/ | bantay /banˈtaj/ | ᜊᜓᜈ᜔ᜇᜓᜃ᜔ /bunˈdok/ | ʉ̃tãgʉ̃ /ɨ̃tãɡɨ̃/ | bukid /buˈkid/ |
| Sea | pusa /pusa/ | nabautu /nabautu/ | haramara /haramara/ | baybay /ˈbajbaj/ | ᜇᜄᜆ᜔ /daɡat/ | dia pairibã /ˈdia paiˈɾibã/ | dagat /ˈdaɡat/ |
| Mother | papa /papa/ | dani /dani/ | nana /nana/ | ina /ʔiˈna/ | ᜁᜈ /ina/ | pakó /pakó/ | nanay /nanaj/ |
| Father | zeze /ˈzeze/ | dima /dima/ | yawe /jawe/ | ama /ʔaˈma/ | ᜀᜋ /ama/ | pakʉ /pakɨ/ | tatay /tataj/ |
| Daughter | kau /kau/ | ukatira /ukatiɾa/ | — | anak a babai /ʔanak a babai/ | — | makó /mãkõ/ | aki na babayi /aki na babaji/ |
| I | mʉ /mɨ/ | ine /ine/ | nee /neː/ | siak /siˈak/ | ᜀᜃᜓ /ako/ | yʉʉ /jɨː/ | ako /ʔako/ |
| You | bʉ /bɨ/ | ihi /ihi/ | eekɨ /ˈeːkɨ/ | sika /siˈka/ | ᜁᜃᜏ᜔ /ikaw/ | mʉʉ /mɨː/ | ika /ʔika/ |
| We | tachi / dai /tatʃi / dai/ | oko /oko/ | tame /ˈtame/ | datayo / dakami /dataˈjo / dakaˈmi/ | ᜆᜌᜓ / ᜃᜋᜒ /ˈtajo / kaˈmi/ | bãrĩ / ʉ̃sã /bãˈɾĩ / ɨ̃ˈsã/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ |
| Name | trʉ̃ /tɾɨ̃/ | wai /wai/ | tewa /ˈtewa/ | nagan /ˈnaɡan/ | ᜅᜎᜈ᜔ /ŋalan/ | wamé /wamẽ/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ |
| Person | ẽberã /ẽbeɾã/ | arao /aɾao/ | tewi /tewi/ | tao /ˈtao/ | ᜆᜂ /taʔo/ | basokɨ /basokɨ/ | tawo /ˈtawo/ |
| Head | boro /boɾo/ | kua /kua/ | muʼú /muˈʔu/ | ulo /ˈʔulo/ | ᜂᜎᜓ /ulo/ | dupu /duˈpu/ | payo /paˈjo/ |
| Eye | dau /dau/ | mu /mu/ | tukite /tukite/ | mata /mata/ | ᜋᜆ /mata/ | kapea /kapea/ | mata /mata/ |
| Ear | kɨuɨrɨ /kɨuɨɾɨ/ | kohoko /kohoko/ | naka /naka/ | lapayag /lapaˈjaɡ/ | ᜆᜁᜅ /taˈʔiŋa/ | kãbõpero /kãbõˈpeɾo/ | talinga /taˈliŋa/ |
| Nose | kẽbʉ /kẽˈbɨ/ | kari /kaɾi/ | tsuri /tsuɾi/ | agong /ʔaˈɡoŋ/ | ᜁᜎᜓᜅ᜔ /iˈloŋ/ | ẽkẽã /ẽkẽã/ | dungo /ˈduŋo/ |
| Mouth | ite /ite/ | doko /doko/ | téni /teni/ | ngiwat /ŋiˈwat/ | ᜊᜒᜊᜒᜄ᜔ /biˈbiɡ/ | ʉsero /ɨseɾo/ | ngoso /ˈŋoso/ |
| Tooth | kida /kiɗa/ | i /i/ | tame /tame/ | ngipen /ŋiˈpen/ | ᜅᜒᜉᜒᜈ᜔ /ŋiˈpin/ | upi /uˈpi/ | ngipon /ˈŋipon/ |
| Tongue | kĩrãme /kĩɾãme/ | hono /hono/ | neni /neni/ | dila /ˈdila/ | ᜇᜒᜎ /diˈlaʔ/ | yẽbẽro /jẽˈbẽɾõ/ | dila /diˈlaʔ/ |
| Hand | jua /xua/ | moho /moho/ | mama /mama/ | ima /ʔima/ | ᜃᜋᜌ᜔ /kamaj/ | wãmo /wãmo/ | kamot /kamot/ |
| Foot | hẽrũ /hẽˈrũ/ | omu /omu/ | keta /keta/ | saka /ˈsaka/ | ᜉᜀ /paˈʔa/ | dʉpo /dɨpo/ | bitis /biˈtis/ |
| Heart | so /so/ | kobe /kobe/ | iyari /ijari/ | puso /puso/ | ᜉᜓᜐᜓ /puso/ | yeeripũna /jeːɾipũna/ | puso /puso/ |
| Bone | bɨuɨrɨ /bɨuɨɾɨ/ | muhu /muhu/ | ume /ume/ | tulang /ˈtulaŋ/ | ᜊᜓᜆᜓ /buˈtoʔ/ | kõã /kõˈã/ | tulang /tuʔˈlaŋ/ |
| Blood | oa /oa/ | hotu /hotu/ | xuriya /ʃuɾija/ | dara /ˈdaɾa/ | ᜇᜓᜄᜓ /duˈɡoʔ/ | dii /diː/ | dugo /duˈɡoʔ/ |
| Poop | ãkaka /ãkaka/ | so /so/ | kwita /kʷita/ | takki /ˈtakki/ | ᜆᜁ /taʔe/ | kʉ̃dã /kɨ̃dã/ | udo /ʔuˈdoʔ/ |
| Love | kɨãga /kɨãɡa/ | anaubu /anaubu/ | kanenki /kanenki/ | ayat /ʔaˈjat/ | ᜁᜊᜒᜄ᜔ /ibiɡ/ | — /—/ | pagkamoot /paɡkamoʔot/ |
| Tree | bakuru /bakuɾu/ | dau /daw/ | kiyé /kije/ | kayo /kajo/ | ᜃᜑᜓᜌ᜔ /kahoj/ | yukɨgɨ /jukɨɡɨ/ | kahoy /kahoj/ |
| Dog | usa /usa/ | beroro /beɾoɾo/ | tsïkï /tsɨkɨ/ | aso /ˈʔaso/ | ᜀᜐᜓ /aso/ | diayi /diaji/ | ayam /ajam/ |
| Cat | misi /misi/ | mishi /miʃi/ | mitsu /mitsu/ | pusa /pusa/ | ᜉᜓᜐ /pusa/ | — /—/ | ikos /ikos/ |
| Fish | beda /ɓeda/ | homakaba /homakaba/ | kesi /kesi/ | ikan /ʔiˈkan/ | ᜁᜐ᜔ᜇ /ʔisˈdaʔ/ | wai /waˈi/ | sira /ˈsiɾaʔ/ |
| Bird | ĩbana /ĩbana/ | domu /domu/ | wiki /wiki/ | billit /bilˈlit/ | ᜁᜊᜓᜈ᜔ /iˈbon/ | bĩdĩbãkʉ̃ /bĩdĩbãˈkɨ̃/ | gamgam /ɡamɡam/ |
| Butterfly | bagabaga /baɡabaɡa/ | warowaro /waɾowaɾo/ | kipï /kipɨ/ | kulibangbang /kulibaŋbaŋ/ | — | bõbõrõ /bõˈbõɾõ/ | kulagbaw /kulaɡˈbaw/ |
| Egg | ʉmʉ /ɨˈmɨ/ | ahi /ahi/ | tawári /taˈwaɾi/ | itlog /ʔitˈloɡ/ | ᜁᜆ᜔ᜎᜓᜄ᜔ /itˈloɡ/ | diye /dije/ | sugok /suɡok/ |
| Bear | ui /ui/ | — | hutse /hutse/ | oso /ˈʔoso/ | — | — | oso /ˈoso/ |
| Horse | kawayo /kawajo/ | kawayo /kawajo/ | kawayu /kawaju/ | kabalio /kaˈbaljo/ | — | caballo /kaˈbajo/ | kabayo /kaˈbajo/ |
| House | de /de/ | hanoko /hanoko/ | ki /ki/ | balay /balaj/ | ᜊᜑᜌ᜔ /bahaj/ | wii /wiː/ | harong /haɾoŋ/ |
| Milk | jub̶a /huˈɓa/ | amiho /amiho/ | retsi /ɾetsi/ | gatas /ˈɡatas/ | ᜄᜆᜐ᜔ /ˈɡatas/ | õpẽko /õpẽˈko/ | gatas /ˈɡatas/ |
| Honey | urrajõ /uraˈhõ/ | — | xiete /ʃiete/ | diro /diˈɾo/ | ᜉᜓᜎᜓᜆ᜔ /puˈlot/ | bũbĩã oko /bũbĩã oko/ | tangguli /taŋɡuli/ |
| Salt | tã /tã/ | bamu /bamu/ | ʼuna /ʔuna/ | asin /ʔaˈsin/ | ᜀᜐᜒᜈ᜔ /aˈsin/ | móã /mõã/ | asin /ʔaˈsin/ |
| Wine | uva b̶a /uba ɓa/ | — | winuyari /winujaɾi/ | arak /ˈʔarak/ | ᜀᜎᜃ᜔ /ˈʔalak/ | vino /ˈbino/ | arak /ˈʔaɾak/ |
| Rice | arro /aˈro/ | arisi /aɾisi/ | — | bagas /baˈɡas/ | ᜊᜒᜄᜐ᜔ /biˈɡas/ | arusu /aˈɾusu/ | bagas /baˈɡas/ |
| Iron | jiorro /hioro/ | — /—/ | tepɨa /tepɨa/ | landok /lanˈdok/ | ᜊᜃᜎ᜔ /ˈbakal/ | kõbẽ /kõˈbẽ/ | batbat /ˈbatbat/ |
| Silk | seda /seda/ | — | tsera /tsera/ | seda /ˈseda/ | — | — | seda /ˈseda/ |
| Book | karta /kaɾta/ | karata /kaɾata/ | xapa /ʃapa/ | libro /ˈlibɾo/ | — | paperatuti /paˈpeɾatuti/ | libro /ˈlibɾo/ |
| Eat | ko /ko/ | nahoro /nahoɾo/ | kuye /kuje/ | mangan /maŋan/ | ᜃᜁᜈ᜔ /kain/ | yaa /jaː/ | kakanon /kakanon/ |
| Drink | do /do/ | hobi /hobi/ | hiʼeka /hiʔeka/ | uminom /ʔumiˈnom/ | ᜁᜈᜓᜋ᜔ /inom/ | sĩdĩ /sĩdĩ/ | inumon /inumon/ |
| Sleep | kãĩ /kãĩ/ | uba /uba/ | kutsu /kutsu/ | maturog /maˈtuɾoɡ/ | ᜆᜓᜎᜓᜄ᜔ /ˈtuloɡ/ | kãdĩ /kãdĩ/ | turog /tuɾoɡ/ |
| One | aba /aɓa/ | hisaka /hisaka/ | xevi /ʃevi/ | maysa /majsa/ | ᜁᜐ /isa/ | sika /sika/ | saro /saɾo/ |
| Two | umé /ume/ | manamo /manamo/ | huta /huˈta/ | dua /duˈa/ | ᜇᜎᜏ /dalaˈwa/ | pʉ́aro /pɨ́aɾo/ | duwa /duwa/ |
| Three | ũbea /ũbea/ | dihanamo /dihanamo/ | haika /haika/ | tallo /talˈlo/ | ᜆᜆ᜔ᜎᜓ /tatˈloʔ/ | itia /itia/ | tulo /tuˈlo/ |
| Four | kimarẽ /kimaɾẽ/ | orabakaya /oɾabakaja/ | nauka /nauka/ | uppat /ʔupˈpat/ | ᜀᜉᜆ᜔ /aˈpat/ | bapari /bapaɾi/ | apat /ˈʔapat/ |
| Five | juesuma /huesuma/ | mohabasi /mohabasi/ | auxɨwi /auʃɨwi/ | lima /lima/ | ᜎᜒᜋ /liˈma/ | sikabõhẽyẽ /siˈkabõhẽjẽ/ | lima /lima/ |
| Hundred | cien /sjen/ | — | xeitsienituyari /ʃeitsienitujari/ | sangagasut /saŋaɡaˈsut/ | ᜇᜀᜈ᜔ /daˈʔan/ | cien /sjen/ | gatos /ɡaˈtos/ |
| Hello | sake bia /sake bia/ | yakera /jakeɾa/ | kekuanenki /kekwanenki/ | kablaaw /kablaʔaw/ | ᜋᜊᜓᜑᜌ᜔ /mabuhaj/ | — /—/ | kumusta /kumusta/ |
| Thank you | bia bara /bia baɾa/ | kase /kase/ | paʼiwakaitsie /paʔiwakaitsje/ | agyamanak /ʔaɡjamanak/ | ᜐᜎᜋᜆ᜔ /salamat/ | — /—/ | dios mabalos /dios mabalos/ |
| Good | bia /bia/ | yakera /jakeɾa/ | waxa /waʃa/ | naimbag /naʔimˈbaɡ/ | ᜋᜊᜓᜆᜒ /mabuti/ | ãñu /ãɲu/ | marhay /maɾhaj/ |
| New | jiwidi /hiwidi/ | hido /hido/ | hekwa /hekʷa/ | baro /baˈɾo/ | ᜊᜄᜓ /baɡo/ | bãbã /bãˈbã/ | bago /ˈbaʔɡo/ |
| Red | purea /puˈɾea/ | símo /ˈsimo/ | +aurawi /ʔaurawi/ | nalabaga /nalaˈbaɡa/ | ᜉᜓᜎ /puˈlaʔ/ | sõã /sõˈã/ | pula /puˈla/ |
| White | torroa /toˈroa/ | hoko /hoko/ | tuxame /tuʃame/ | puraw /puˈɾaw/ | ᜉᜓᜆᜒ /puˈtiʔ/ | buti /buˈti/ | puti /puˈti/ |
| Black | pãĩma /pãĩma/ | ana /ana/ | yɨwime /jɨwime/ | nangisit /naŋiˈsit/ | ᜁᜆᜒᜋ᜔ /iˈtim/ | yĩĩ /jĩˈĩ/ | itom /iˈtom/ |
| Green | pãwãrã /pãwãˈɾã/ | hebuɾa /hebuɾa/ | siïraïyeme /siɨraɨjeme/ | berde /ˈbɛrde/ | — | sɨ̃bẽ /sɨ̃ˈbẽ/ | berde /ˈbɛrde/ |
| Blue | pãwãrã /pãwãˈɾã/ | hebuɾa /hebuɾa/ | yuawime /juawime/ | asul /aˈsul/ | — | sɨ̃bẽ /sɨ̃ˈbẽ/ | asul /aˈsul/ |
| Cuckoo | b̶ijũẽ /ɓiˈhũẽ/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Sugar | kũã /kũã/ | — | — | asukar /ʔaˈsukar/ | — | — | asukar /ʔaˈsukar/ |
| Orange | larãjã /laɾãhã/ | — | naraacáxi /naɾaːˈkaʃi/ | kahel /kaˈhel/ | — | — | kahel /kaˈhel/ |
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