Juǀ'hoansi
Juǀ'hoan
Kx'a (Ju)
Juǀ'hoan is a Kx'a language of the San (Bushman) people of the Kalahari, famous for one of the world's largest phoneme inventories — 4 click types (dental ǀ, alveolar ǃ, lateral ǁ, palatal ǂ) combined with 17 accompaniments yielding nearly 50 click consonants. Vowels carry tone, nasalization, breathiness, and pharyngealization.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Juǀ'hoan
Sources
- Dickens, Patrick J. (1994) English-Juǀ'hoan Juǀ'hoan-English Dictionary. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Köln.
- Snyman, Jan W. (1970) An Introduction to the !Xũ (!Kung) Language. A. A. Balkema, Cape Town.
- Miller, Amanda (2011) The Representation of Clicks. In The Blackwell Companion to Phonology.
- Glottolog: Juǀ'hoan
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Kx'a (Ju)
| Meaning | Juǀ'hoan | Korana | Taa | Dakota | Sandawe | Lakota | Nama |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | gǃú /ᶢǃú/ | ǁammi /ǁamːi/ | ǃqhàa /ǃqʰaː/ | mní /mní/ | tsʼa /tsʼa/ | mní /mní/ | ǁgam-i /ǁɡamːi/ |
| Fire | daʼa /daʔa/ | ǀʼaeb /ǀʔaeb/ | ǀʼàã /ǀʼãː/ | phéta /pʰéta/ | ǁʼiŋ /ǁʼiŋ/ | pȟéta /pˣéta/ | ǀae-s /ǀaes/ |
| Sun | ǀam /ǀam/ | sores /sores/ | ǁʼân /ǁʼã/ | aŋpétuwí /aŋpétuwí/ | ǁʼakasu /ǁʼakasu/ | wí /wí/ | sores /sores/ |
| Moon | nǃui /ᵑǃui/ | ǁxãb /ǁxãb/ | ǃqhàn /ǃqʰã/ | haŋyétuwí /haŋjétuwí/ | ǃaapuso /ǃaːpuso/ | haŋhépi wí /haŋhépi wí/ | ǁkhâb /ǁkʰãːb/ |
| Star | ǂuhn /ǂṳ̃/ | ǀʼamirob /ǀʔamirob/ | ǃqʰái /ǃqʰái/ | wičaȟpi /witʃaχpi/ | hĩǀáwã /hĩ́ǀáwã̀ː/ | wičháȟpi /witʃʰáχpi/ | ǀgamiros /ǀɡamiros/ |
| Night | gǀu /ᶢǀu/ | thũxub /tʰũxub/ | ǃnoe /ǃnoe/ | haŋyetu /hãjetu/ | tswe /tsʷe/ | haŋhépi /hãhépi/ | tsuxub /tsuxub/ |
| Rain | gǃà /ᶢǃà/ | tūs /tuːs/ | ǃkxʼôe /ǃkxʼoe/ | maǧažu /maɣaʒu/ | tlʼwaŋ /tɬʼwaŋ/ | maǧážu /maɣáʒu/ | ǀnanub /ǀnanub/ |
| Stone | nǃòm /ᵑǃòm/ | ǀʼuis /ǀʔuis/ | — | íŋyaŋ /ĩ́jã/ | diin /diːn/ | íŋyaŋ /ˈĩjã/ | ǀuib /ǀuib/ |
| Mother | taqe /taˤe/ | ĩs /ĩs/ | qáe /qae/ | iná /iná/ | yei /jei/ | iná /iná/ | ǁgûs /ǁɡũːs/ |
| Father | ba /bà/ | abob /abob/ | a̰a /a̰a/ | até /até/ | ai /ai/ | até /até/ | ǁgûb /ǁɡũːb/ |
| Daughter | ǂxàè /ᵏǂᵡàè/ | õas /õas/ | — | čuŋkší /tʃũkʃí/ | thamesi ǁnosu /tʰamesi ǁnosu/ | čhuŋwíŋtku /tʃʰuŋwíŋtku/ | ôas /õas/ |
| I | mi /mí/ | tita /titá/ | ń /ŋ̩/ | miyé /mijé/ | tsi /tsíː/ | miyé /mijé/ | tita /titá/ |
| You | a /à/ | sats /sats/ | a /aː/ | niyé /nijé/ | hapu /hapu/ | niyé /nijé/ | sats /sats/ |
| We | mǃa /mǃa/ | sada / sida /sada / sida/ | īh /iː/ | uŋkiyepi /ũkijepi/ | sũ /sṹ/ | uŋkíyepi /ũkíjepi/ | sada / sida /sada / sida/ |
| Name | ǃu /ǃu/ | ǀkxʼonna /ǀkxʼonːa/ | ǀqʼûle /ǀʛûle/ | čažé /tʃaʒé/ | ǁwâ /ǁʷâ/ | čhažé /tʃʰaʒé/ | ǀons /ǀòns/ |
| Head | nǀáí /ᵑǀáí/ | mũǃʼãb /mũǃʔãb/ | ǀnàn /ǀnã/ | phá /pʰá/ | tsee /tseː/ | natá /naˈta/ | danas /danas/ |
| Eye | gǀaʼa /ᶢǀaʔa/ | mũb /mũb/ | ǃʼûĩ /ǃʼũĩ/ | ištá /iʃtá/ | ǀʷěː /ǀʷěː/ | ištá /iʃtá/ | mûs /mũːs/ |
| Tooth | nǁah /ᵑǁa̤/ | ǁũb /ǁũb/ | ǃxu /ǃχu/ | hi /hi/ | ǃakaŋ /ǃakaŋ/ | hi /hi/ | ǁgûb /ǁɡũːb/ |
| Tongue | dhari /dtʰari/ | tamma /tamːa/ | ǃnani /ǃnani/ | čeži /tʃeʒi/ | ǃheŋ /ǃʰeŋ/ | čhejí /tʃʰeʒí/ | nammi /namːi/ |
| Hand | gǃau /ᶢǃau/ | ǃʼommi /ǃʔomːi/ | ǀkxʼàa /ǀkxʼaː/ | napé /naˈpe/ | kxʼaa /kxʼaː/ | napé /napé/ | ǃom-mi /ǃomːi/ |
| Foot | ǀkáí /ǀkxáí/ | ǂaib /ǂʔaib/ | ǂnùũ /ǂnũũ/ | sihá /sihá/ | ǁhata /ǁʰata/ | sihá /sihá/ | ǂaidi /ǂaidi/ |
| Heart | ǃka /ǃkxʼa/ | ǂaob /ǂaob/ | ǀqʼàn /ǀqʼã/ | čhaŋté /tʃʰaŋté/ | jigida /ɟiɡida/ | čhaŋté /tʃʰaŋté/ | ǂgaob /ǂɡaob/ |
| Bone | ǃʼu /ᵑ̊ǃˀu/ | ǂxōb /ǂxoːb/ | ǂàã /ǂãã/ | huhú /huhú/ | ǃi /ǃi/ | hohú /hohú/ | ǂkhōb /ǂkʰoːb/ |
| Blood | ǀʼang /ᵑ̊ǀˀaŋ/ | ǀʼaob /ǀʔaob/ | ǃxãu /ǃχãũ/ | we /we/ | ǁʼekʼa /ǁʼekʼa/ | wé /wé/ | ǀaob /ǀaop/ |
| Love | ǀʼán /ǀʼán/ | ǀnam /ǀnam/ | — /—/ | thečhíȟida /tʰetʃʰíχida/ | kalokisi /kalokisi/ | thečhíȟila /tʰetʃʰíxila/ | ǀnam /ǀnam/ |
| Tree | ǃaihn /ǃaĩ̤/ | hais /hais/ | ʼʘnàje /ʔʘnaje/ | čháŋ /tʃʰáŋ/ | thee /tʰeː/ | čháŋ /tʃʰáŋ/ | hai-s /hais/ |
| Dog | gǂhuin /ᶢᵏǂʰuĩ/ | arib /arib/ | ǂqhài /ǂqʰai/ | šúŋka /ʃúŋka/ | ǀɔɔ /ǀɔː/ | šúŋka /ʃúŋka/ | arib /arib/ |
| Cat | ǃhòè /ᵑǃʰòè/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | igmúŋ /iɡmúŋ/ | misho /miʃo/ | igmúŋke /iɡmúŋke/ | ǀores /ǀores/ |
| Fish | ǁʼau /ᵑ̊ǁˀau/ | ǁʼaub /ǁʔaub/ | ǀqhaa /ǀqʰaa/ | hogan /hoɣã/ | somba /somba/ | hogán /hoɣã́/ | ǁaub /ǁaub/ |
| Bird | tzama /tsʼama/ | kxʼanis /kxʼanis/ | — | zitkána /zitˈkana/ | thwii /tʰwiː/ | ziŋtkála /zĩˈtkala/ | anis /anis/ |
| House | tjù /tʃʼù/ | kxʼommi /kxʼomːi/ | — /—/ | thípi /tʰípi/ | khoo /kʰoː/ | thípi /tʰípi/ | oms /oms/ |
| Salt | gúí /ɡúí/ | ǂkxʼōb /ǂkxʼoːb/ | — | mniskúya /mniskúja/ | uuhlii /uːɬiː/ | mniskúya /mniskúja/ | ǂōb /ǂoːp/ |
| Eat | ʼm /ʔm/ | ǂʼũ /ǂʼũ/ | ʼâã /ʔãː/ | yúta /júta/ | mánčʰâ /mántʃʰâ/ | yúta /júta/ | ǂû /ǂũː/ |
| Drink | kxʼáí /kxʼái/ | kxʼā /kxʼaː/ | kxʼāhã /kxʼaːhã/ | yatkáŋ /jatkáŋ/ | tsʼee /tsʼeː/ | yatkáŋ /jatkáŋ/ | ā /aː/ |
| Sleep | tza /tsʼa/ | ǁūm /ǁʔuːm/ | ʘân /ʘã/ | ištíma /iʃtíma/ | ǁʼo /ǁʔo/ | ištíma /iʃˈtima/ | ǁom /ǁom/ |
| One | nǀèʼè /ᵑǀèʼè/ | ǀui /ǀui/ | ǂʼûã /ǂʼũã/ | waŋžidaŋ /waŋʒidaŋ/ | tsʼekʼe /tsʼekʼe/ | waŋží /waŋʒí/ | ǀgui /ǀɡui/ |
| Two | tsàn /tsã̀/ | ǀam /ǀam/ | ǂnûm /ǂûm/ | nųpa /nũpa/ | kisó /kísôxì/ | núŋpa /nṹpa/ | ǀgam /ǀɡàm/ |
| Three | nǃàní /ᵑǃàní/ | ǃnona /ǃnona/ | ǁaeˀe /ǁaeʔe/ | yamni /jamni/ | swamkixi /sʷamkixi/ | yámni /jámni/ | ǃnona /ǃnoná/ |
| Four | tsàn ko tsàn /tsã̀ ko tsã̀/ | haka /haka/ | — | tópa /tópa/ | hakaxi /hakaxi/ | tópa /tópa/ | haka /haka/ |
| Five | tsàn ko nǃàní /tsã̀ ko ᵑǃani/ | koro /koro/ | — | záptaŋ /záptã/ | kwaʼana /kʷaʔana/ | záptaŋ /záptã/ | koro /koro/ |
| Hello | mí kúrùwà /mí kúrùwà/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | háu /háu/ | gabaeesa /ɡabaeːsa/ | háu /háu/ | matisâ /matisãː/ |
| Thank you | mí ǁʼàmà /mí ǁʼàmà/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | pidámayaye /pidámajaje/ | musʼokoyo /musʼokojo/ | philámayaye /pʰilámajaje/ | aios /aios/ |
| Good | ǀʼàn /ǀʼàn/ | ǃãĩ /ǃãĩ/ | — /—/ | wašté /waʃté/ | ɬáû /ɬáû/ | wašté /waʃté/ | ǃgâib /ǃɡãĩb/ |
| Red | gǃaan /ᶢǃaːn/ | ǀkxʼaba /ǀkxʼaba/ | ǀàa /ǀàa/ | šá /ʃa/ | butlʼi /butɬʼi/ | šá /ʃa/ | ǀapa /ǀapa/ |
| White | ǃàʼú /ǃàʔú/ | xati /xati/ | — | ska /ska/ | phoo /pʰoː/ | ská /ská/ | ǃuri /ǃuri/ |
| Green | ǀauhn /ǀauhn/ | ǃkxʼam /ǃkxʼam/ | ᶢǀa̤ʕi /ᶢǀa̤ʕi/ | tȟó /txó/ | jaanga /ɟaːŋɡa/ | tȟózi /ˈtxozi/ | ǃgam /ǃɡam/ |
| Blue | ǀauhn /ǀauhn/ | ǃnoā /ǃnoaː/ | ᶢǀa̤ʕi /ᶢǀa̤ʕi/ | tȟó /txó/ | bulu /bulu/ | tȟó /txó/ | ǃhoa /ǃʰoa/ |
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