Maa

Mano

Niger-Congo

FamilyNiger-Congo Speakers~400K ScriptLatin CountriesLiberia (Nimba), Guinea Official inNo (English in Liberia) Vitalitysafe ISO 639-3mev

Mano (autonymously Maa) is a Southeast Mande Niger-Congo language of the Mano-Dan group, spoken by ~400,000 people across the Nimba Mountains region of West Africa where Liberia, Guinea, and Côte d'Ivoire converge. The Mano people are agriculturalists in the rainforest, with a strong oral tradition and the historical Mano-Dan secret-society initiation rituals. Linguistically, Mano shares Southeast Mande features with sister Dan (dnj): SOV constituent order (rare in Africa), tone system (~3 tones), classifier-noun constructions, and an absence of grammatical gender. Khachaturyan's 2015 reference grammar is the major modern documentation.

Where it is spoken

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87 core words in Mano

Water

yi

ji

Fire

tíé

ti˥e˥

Sun

ɲɛ́nɛ́

ɲɛ˥nɛ˥

Moon

lɔ

lɔ

Star

sĩ̄ã́ŋēlè

sĩ̄ã́ŋēlè

Night

gbeŋ

ɡbeŋ

Rain

dɛ

dɛ

Snow

laa-wɛ́lɛ́

laːwɛ́lɛ́

Wind

fã̀ã̀

fã̀ː

Earth

sɛ́lɛ́

sɛ́lɛ́

Stone

gɛ̀lɛ̀

ɡɛ̀lɛ̀

Mountain

tɔ̃̀ũ̀

tɔ̃̀ũ̀

Sea

mɛ̀ĩ́

mɛ̀ĩ́

Mother

ɲɛ

ɲɛ

Father

de

de

Daughter

lú

lú

I

mā

ma˧

You

ī

ī

We

kō

ko˧

Name

tɔ́

tɔ́

Person

mī

mi˧

Head

wũ-kèlè

wũkèlè

Eye

mi

mi

Ear

to

to

Nose

nyu

ɲu

Mouth

lé

lé

Tooth

sɔ

sɔ

Tongue

nana

nana

Hand

kɔ̀

kɔ˩

Foot

gà̰

ɡã˩

Heart

zò

zo˩

Bone

wɛlɛ

wɛlɛ

Blood

bai

baí

Poop

gbō

ɡbo˧

Love

ŋalo

ŋalo

Tree

yílí

ji˥li˥

Dog

gbá̰

ɡbã˥

Cat

poso

poso

Fish

gba

ɡba

Bird

mɔ̀ɔ̀

mɔ̀ː

Butterfly

lólógbɛ̀ìgbɛ̀ì

lo˥lo˥ɡbɛ˩i˩ɡbɛ˩i˩

Egg

nyàà

ɲàː

Horse

sòo

sòː

House

kpɛ

kpɛ

Milk

nyɔ́-yíí

ɲɔ́jíː

Honey

zɔ́ɔ́ nyɔ́nɔ́

zɔ́ː ɲɔ́nɔ́

Salt

wèĩ

wèĩ

Wine

wã́ã́ĩ̀

wã́ːĩ̀

Rice

ɓū

ɓu˧

Iron

pɛkulu

pɛkulu

Book

kii

kiː

Eat

mɛ

mɛ

Drink

mi

mi

Sleep

yī zɛ̄

ji˧ zɛ˧

One

do

do

Two

plɛ̀ɛ̀

plɛː˩

Three

yaaka

jaːka

Four

yiisɛ

jiːsɛ

Five

sɔ́ɔ́li

sɔ́ːli

Hundred

wũ

wũ

Hello

ye

je

Thank you

nyɛŋ

ɲɛŋ

Good

kɛlɛ

kɛlɛ

New

dɛɛ

dɛː

Red

gbɛlɛ

ɡbɛlɛ

White

púlú

púlú

Black

tii

tiː

Green

béìzɛ̀

be˥i˩zɛ˩

Blue

ɓūléèzɛ̀

ɓu˧le˥e˩zɛ˩

Computer

kɔ̃pitɔ

kɔ̃pitɔ

Coffee

káfé

ka˥fe˥

Orange

gɛ̄ŋ́

ɡɛ˧ŋ˥

Sources

Words compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Niger-Congo

Meaning ManoDanKpelleSusuIu MienCantoneseXinzhou Jin
Water yi /ji/ yi̋ /ji̋/ ya /ja/ yi /ji/ wuom /wuom˧/ 水 /sɵy˧˥/ 水 /suei˧˩˧/
Fire tíé /ti˥e˥/ pɛ̄ŋ /pɛ̄ŋ/ ŋɔŋ /ŋɔŋ/ te /te/ douz /tou˨˧/ 火 /fɔː˧˥/ 火 /xuɛ˧˩˧/
Sun ɲɛ́nɛ́ /ɲɛ˥nɛ˥/ yʌ́nŋ̏ /jʌ̃́ŋ̏/ fólo /fólo/ soge /soɡe/ mbaʼhnoi /ban̥oi˧/ 太陽 /tʰaːi˧ jœːŋ˨˩/ 太阳 /tʰæ˥˨ iɑ̃˧˩/
Moon lɔ /lɔ/ sű /sű/ ɣáloŋ /ɣáloŋ/ kike /kike/ hlaax /l̥aː˨˧/ 月光 /jyːt˨ kʷɔːŋ˥/ 月 /yɔʔ˦˧/
Star sĩ̄ã́ŋēlè /sĩ̄ã́ŋēlè/ sűsʌ̄nŋ́ /sűsʌ̃̄ŋ́/ pɛmɛlɛŋ-kao /pɛmɛlɛŋ kao/ tunbi /tunbi/ hleix /l̥ei˨˧/ 星 /sɪŋ˥/ 星宿 /ɕiəŋ˧˩˧ ɕiəu˥˨/
Night gbeŋ /ɡbeŋ/ gbēŋ /ɡbēŋ/ kpini /kpini/ kɔɛ /kɔɛ/ muonh /muon˧˩/ 夜晚 /jɛː˨ maːn˩˧/ 夜里 /iɛ˥˨ li˧˩˧/
Rain dɛ /dɛ/ dhā /ɗā/ túna /túna/ tunɛ /tunɛ/ mbiungc /biuŋ˨˩/ 雨 /jyː˩˧/ 雨 /y˧˩˧/
Snow laa-wɛ́lɛ́ /laːwɛ́lɛ́/ — — — sorng /sɔŋ˧/ 雪 /syːt˧/ 雪 /ɕyɔʔ˦˧/
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