Nimipuutímt

Nez Perce

Sahaptian

FamilySahaptian Speakers~30–40 (UNESCO: critically endangered) ScriptLatin alphabet with diacritical marks (Aoki orthography approved 1997) CountriesUnited States Official inNot official; critically endangered language spoken by elders only, not transmitted intergenerationally

Nez Perce, or nimipuutímt, is a Sahaptian language traditionally spoken by the Nimiipuu across parts of present-day Idaho, Washington, Oregon, and Montana. It has Upriver varieties centered on the Nez Perce Reservation and Colville Reservation and a Downriver variety maintained on the Umatilla Reservation. Only a handful of elders remain fully fluent, with roughly 30–40 additional speakers and semi-speakers, so Glottolog assesses the language as nearly extinct. Nez Perce is known for dominant–recessive vowel harmony, grammatical case marking, rich verb morphology, and flexible word order shaped by information structure. The Nez Perce Tribe's language program uses an elders-approved Latin orthography and provides recordings, classes from preschool through college, dictionaries, and digital learning resources.

Where it is spoken

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87 core words in Nez Perce

Water

kúus

kúːs

Fire

ʼáala

ʔáːla

Sun

híisemtuks

híːsemtuks

Moon

cikʼetpemeyéeye híisemtuks

tsikʼetpemejéːje híːsemtuks

Star

x̣icíyu

χitsíju

Night

cikʼéetin

tsikʼéːtin

Snow

méeqeʼ

méːqeʔ

Wind

háatya

háːtja

Earth

wéetes

wéːtes

Stone

píswe

píswe

Mountain

méex̣sem

méːχsem

Sea

ʼeteyéekuus

ʔetejéːkuːs

Mother

píke

píke

Father

píst

píst

Daughter

páhap

páhap

I

ʼíin

ʔíːn

You

ʼíim

ʔíːm

We

kíye / núun

kíje / núːn

Name

weʼníikt

weʔníːkt

Person

titóoqan

titóːqan

Head

húusus

húːsus

Eye

sílu

sílu

Ear

macʼáyo

matsʼájo

Nose

núusnu

núːsnu

Mouth

hímʼ

hímʔ

Tooth

tít

tít

Tongue

péews

péːws

Hand

ʼípsus

ʔípsus

Foot

ʼéx̣we

ʔéχwe

Heart

timʼíne

timʔíne

Bone

píips

píːps

Blood

kikéʼt

kikéʔt

Poop

cʼáyn

tsʼájn

Love

—

—

Tree

tewlíikt

tewlíːkt

Dog

ciqʼáamqal

tsiqʼáːmqal

Cat

pícpic

pítspits

Fish

cúuyʼem

tsúːjʔem

Bird

payóopayo

pajóːpajo

Egg

táamʼam

táːmʔam

Bear

yáakaʼ

jáːkaʔ

Horse

síkʼem

síkʼem

House

ʼiníit

ʔiníːt

Milk

qáhas

qáhas

Salt

kéetwenʼes

kéːtwenʔes

Rice

seheywéekuʼs

sehejwéːkuʔs

Wheel

weyelikilíikt

wejelikilíːkt

Book

tíimʼes

tíːmʔes

Eat

hipíse

hipíse

Drink

ʼinéekuuse

ʔinéːkuːse

One

náaqc

náːqts

Two

lepít

lepít

Three

mitáat

mitáːt

Four

píilept

píːlept

Five

páax̣at

páːχat

Hundred

puuteʼéptit

puːteʔéptit

Hello

ʼehé

ʔehé

Thank you

qeʼciyéwʼyewʼ

qeʔtsijéwʔjewʔ

Good

táʼc

táʔts

New

kímti

kímti

Red

ʼilpʼílp

ʔilpʼílp

White

x̣ayx̣áyx̣

χajχájχ

Black

cimúuxcimux

tsimúːxtsimux

Green

palóot

palóːt

Blue

yoosyóos

joːsjóːs

Tea

písqu

písqu

Coffee

lálx

lálx

Sugar

tahaywáakoʼs

tahajwáːkoʔs

Orange

mímqas

mímqas

Sources

Words compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Sahaptian

Meaning Nez PerceCrowProto-VieticKiowaAncient GreekBlackfootFur
Water kúus /kúːs/ bilé /bilé/ *ɗaːk /ɗaːk/ thǫ́ /tʰṍ/ ὕδωρ /hýdɔːr/ aohkíí /aoxkíː/ kòrò /kòrò/
Fire ʼáala /ʔáːla/ bilée /biléː/ *-laːs /-laːs/ phí: /pʰíː/ πῦρ /pŷːr/ pakóyittsi /pakójitːsi/ udú /ùdú/
Sun híisemtuks /híːsemtuks/ áxxaashe /áχːaːʃe/ — /—/ pái /pái/ ἥλιος /hɛ́ːlios/ naatóʼsi /naːtóʔsi/ dùlé /dùlé/
Moon cikʼetpemeyéeye híisemtuks /tsikʼetpemejéːje híːsemtuks/ bilítaache /bilítaːtʃe/ *b-laŋ /b-laŋ/ pʼɔ́: /pʼɔ́ː/ σελήνη /selɛ́ːnɛː/ koʼkomikiʼsomm /koʔkomikiʔsomː/ dʋ́àl /dʊ́àl/
Star x̣icíyu /χitsíju/ ihké /ihké/ *k-raːw /k-raːw/ tą́: /tã́ː/ ἀστήρ /astɛ̌ːr/ kakatóʼsi /kakatóʔsi/ wírí /wírí/
Night cikʼéetin /tsikʼéːtin/ óotchia /óːttʃia/ *teːm /teːm/ gį́dè:gyà /ɡĩ́dèːɡjà/ νύξ /nýks/ ikoʼko /ikoʔko/ lul /lùːl/
Snow méeqeʼ /méːqeʔ/ bíia /bíːa/ — tʼól /tʼól/ χιών /kʰiɔ̌ːn/ kóónssko /kóːnsːko/ — /—/
Wind háatya /háːtja/ huché /hutʃé/ — gómgyá /ɡómɡjá/ ἄνεμος /ánemos/ sopo /sopo/ —
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