𐎜𐎂𐎗𐎚
Ugaritic
Afro-Asiatic (Northwest Semitic) · historical / hidden variety
Ugaritic was a Northwest Semitic language at the Bronze Age city of Ugarit (modern Ras Shamra, Syria), c. 14th-12th centuries BCE. Its cuneiform alphabet of 30 signs, which predates Phoenician, is one of the earliest attested alphabets and preserves the earliest known alphabetic order (abecedary), though the ancestral Proto-Sinaitic/Proto-Canaanite alphabets are older; the Ugaritic mythological texts (Baal Cycle) provide essential cultural context for understanding the Hebrew Bible.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Ugaritic
Sources
- Tropper (2000) — Ugaritische Grammatik
- Glottolog: ugar1238
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Afro-Asiatic (Northwest Semitic)
| Meaning | Ugaritic | Punic | Phoenician | Proto-Semitic | Sabaean | Old Aramaic | Quranic Arabic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | 𐎎𐎊 /maju/ | 𐤌𐤌 /meːm/ | 𐤌𐤌 /meːm/ | *māʔ- /māʔ/ | 𐩣𐩥 /maw/ | מין /majin/ | ماء /maːʔ/ |
| Fire | 𐎛𐎌𐎚 /ʔiʃt/ | 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ | 𐤀𐤔 /ʔeʃ/ | *ʔiš- /ʔiš/ | 𐩱𐩪 /ʔas/ | נור /nuːr/ | نار /naːr/ |
| Sun | 𐎌𐎔𐎌 /ʃapʃ/ | 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃameʃ/ | 𐤔𐤌𐤔 /ʃameʃ/ | *šamš- /šamš/ | 𐩦𐩣𐩪 /ʃams/ | שמש /ʃamʃ/ | شمس /ʃams/ |
| Moon | 𐎊𐎗𐎈 /jaːriχ/ | 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jeraħ/ | 𐤉𐤓𐤇 /jaraħ/ | *warḫ- /warḫ/ | 𐩥𐩧𐩭 /warχ/ | שהר /sahr/ | قمر /qamar/ |
| Star | 𐎋𐎁𐎋𐎁 /kabkabu/ | 𐤊𐤊𐤁 /koːkab/ | 𐤊𐤊𐤁 /koːkab/ | *kawkab- /kawkab/ | 𐩫𐩨𐩫𐩨 /kabkab/ | כוכב /kawkab/ | نجم /nadʒm/ |
| Night | 𐎍𐎍 /lajlu/ | 𐤋𐤋 /lajl/ | 𐤋𐤋 /lajl/ | *layl- /lajl/ | 𐩡𐩺𐩡 /lajl/ | לליא /leːljaː/ | ليل /lajl/ |
| Rain | 𐎎𐎉𐎗 /maːˈtˤaru/ | 𐤌𐤈𐤓 /maˈtˤar/ | 𐤌𐤈𐤓 /maˈtˤar/ | *maṭar- /maṭar/ | 𐩹𐩬𐩣 /ðanam/ | 𐡌𐡈𐡓 /maːtˤar/ | مطر /matˤar/ |
| Snow | 𐎂𐎍𐎘 /ɡalθu/ | — | — | *ṯalg- /θalɡ/ | — | 𐡕𐡋𐡂 /talɡ/ | ثلج /θaldʒ/ |
| Wind | 𐎗𐎈 /riːħu/ | 𐤓𐤅𐤇 /ruːħ/ | 𐤓𐤇 /riːħ/ | *rīḥ- /riːħ/ | — | 𐡓𐡅𐡇 /riːħ/ | ريح /riːħ/ |
| Earth | 𐎀𐎗𐎕 /ʔarsˤu/ | 𐤀𐤓𐤑 /ʔarsˤ/ | 𐤀𐤓𐤑 /ʔarsˤ/ | *ʔarṣ̂- /ʔarsˤ/ | 𐩱𐩧𐩳 /ʔardˤ/ | 𐡀𐡓𐡒 /ʔarq/ | تراب /turaːb/ |
| Stone | 𐎀𐎁𐎐 /ʔabnu/ | 𐤀𐤁𐤍 /ʔaben/ | 𐤀𐤁𐤍 /ʔaben/ | *ʔabn- /ʔabn/ | 𐩱𐩨𐩬 /ʔabn/ | אבן /ʔaben/ | حجر /ħadʒar/ |
| Mountain | 𐎅𐎗 /harru/ | — | 𐤄𐤓 /har/ | — | 𐩲𐩧 /ʕar/ | — | جبل /dʒabal/ |
| Sea | 𐎊𐎎 /jammu/ | — | 𐤉𐤌 /jamm/ | *tihām- /tihaːm/ | 𐩨𐩢𐩧 /baħr/ | — | بحر /baħr/ |
| Mother | 𐎜𐎎 /ʔumm/ | 𐤀𐤌 /ʔem/ | 𐤀𐤌 /ʔem/ | *ʔimm- /ʔimm/ | 𐩱𐩣 /ʔumm/ | אמ /ʔem/ | أم /ʔumm/ |
| Father | 𐎜𐎁 /ʔabu/ | 𐤀𐤁 /ʔav/ | 𐤀𐤁 /ʔab/ | *ʔab- /ʔab/ | 𐩱𐩨 /ʔab/ | אב /ʔab/ | أب /ʔab/ |
| Daughter | 𐎁𐎚 /bittu/ | 𐤁𐤕 /bat/ | 𐤁𐤕 /bat/ | *bint- /bint/ | 𐩨𐩬𐩩 /bint/ | ברת /bart/ | بنت /bint/ |
| I | 𐎀𐎐𐎋 /ʔanaːku/ | 𐤀𐤍𐤊 /ʔanoːk/ | 𐤀𐤍𐤊 /ʔanoːkiː/ | *ʔanāku /ʔanāku/ | 𐩱𐩬 /ʔana/ | אנה /ʔanaː/ | أنا /ʔanaː/ |
| You | 𐎀𐎚 /ʔatta/ | 𐤀𐤕 /ʔatta/ | 𐤀𐤕 /ʔatta/ | *ʔanta /ʔanta/ | 𐩱𐩬𐩩 /ʔanta/ | אנת /ʔantaː/ | أنتَ /ʔanta/ |
| We | — /—/ | 𐤀𐤍𐤇𐤍 /ʔanaħnu/ | 𐤀𐤍𐤇𐤍 /ʔanaħnu/ | *niḥnu /niħnu/ | — /—/ | אנחנא /ʔanaħnaː/ | نحن /naħnu/ |
| Name | 𐎌𐎎 /ʃumu/ | 𐤔𐤌 /ʃem/ | 𐤔𐤌 /ʃem/ | *šim- /šim/ | 𐩪𐩣 /sim/ | שם /ʃum/ | اسم /ism/ |
| Person | 𐎎𐎚 /mutu/ | 𐤍𐤐𐤔 /nefeʃ/ | 𐤀𐤃𐤌 /ʔadam/ | *ʔināš- /ʔinaːʃ/ | 𐩱𐩬𐩪 /ʔins/ | אנש /ʔenaːʃ/ | إنسان /ʔinsaːn/ |
| Head | 𐎗𐎛𐎌 /raʔʃu/ | 𐤓𐤀𐤔 /ruːʃ/ | 𐤓𐤀𐤔 /ruːʃ/ | *raʔš- /raʔš/ | 𐩧𐩱𐩪 /raʔs/ | — | رأس /raʔs/ |
| Eye | 𐎓𐎐 /ʕajnu/ | 𐤏𐤍 /ʕajin/ | 𐤏𐤍 /ʕajin/ | *ʕayn- /ʕayn/ | 𐩲𐩺𐩬 /ʕajn/ | עין /ʕajn/ | عين /ʕajn/ |
| Ear | 𐎜𐎄𐎐 /ʔudn/ | 𐤀𐤆𐤍 /ʔuzn/ | 𐤀𐤆𐤍 /ʔuzn/ | *ʔuḏn- /ʔuðn/ | 𐩱𐩹𐩬 /ʔuðn/ | 𐡀𐡃𐡍𐡀 /ʔuðnaː/ | أذن /ʔuðun/ |
| Nose | 𐎀𐎔 /ʔappu/ | — | — | *ʔanp- /ʔanp/ | — | אפא /ʔappaː/ | أنف /ʔanf/ |
| Mouth | 𐎔 /puː/ | 𐤐 /peː/ | 𐤐 /peː/ | *pay- /paj/ | 𐩰𐩣 /fam/ | פם /pum/ | — |
| Tooth | 𐎌𐎐 /ʃinːu/ | 𐤔𐤍 /ʃen/ | 𐤔𐤍 /ʃen/ | *šinn- /ʃinː/ | 𐩦𐩬 /ʃinː/ | שנא /ʃenːaː/ | سن /sinː/ |
| Tongue | 𐎍𐎌𐎐 /laʃaːnu/ | 𐤋𐤔𐤍 /laʃon/ | 𐤋𐤔𐤍 /laʃon/ | *lišān- /liʃaːn/ | 𐩡𐩪𐩬 /lisaːn/ | לשנא /liʃːaːnaː/ | لسان /lisaːn/ |
| Hand | 𐎊𐎄 /jadu/ | 𐤉𐤃 /jad/ | 𐤉𐤃 /jad/ | *yad- /yad/ | 𐩺𐩵 /jad/ | יד /jad/ | يد /jad/ |
| Foot | 𐎔𐎓𐎐 /paʕnu/ | 𐤐𐤏𐤌 /paʕam/ | 𐤐𐤏𐤌 /paʕam/ | *rigl- /rigl/ | 𐩧𐩴𐩡 /riɡl/ | רגל /reɡel/ | رجل /ridʒl/ |
| Heart | 𐎍𐎁 /libbu/ | 𐤋𐤁 /lib/ | 𐤋𐤁 /lib/ | *libb- /libb/ | 𐩡𐩨 /lubb/ | לב /leb/ | قلب /qalb/ |
| Bone | 𐎓𐎑𐎎 /ʕaðˤmu/ | 𐤏𐤑𐤌 /ʕasˤm/ | 𐤏𐤑𐤌 /ʕasˤm/ | *ʕaṯ̣m- /ʕaθˤm/ | 𐩲𐩼𐩣 /ʕaðˤm/ | גרמא /ɡarmaː/ | عظم /ʕaðˤm/ |
| Blood | 𐎄𐎎 /damu/ | 𐤃𐤌 /dam/ | 𐤃𐤌 /dam/ | *dam- /dam/ | 𐩵𐩣 /dam/ | דמא /dmaː/ | دم /dam/ |
| Poop | 𐎃𐎗𐎜 /χurʔu/ | — | — | *ḫaraʔ- /haraʔ/ | — | — | — |
| Love | 𐎜𐎈𐎁 /ʔaːhab/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | 𐩥𐩵𐩵 /wadda/ | רחם /raħem/ | حب /ħubb/ |
| Tree | 𐎓𐎕 /ʕasˤu/ | 𐤏𐤑 /ʕesˤ/ | 𐤏𐤑 /ʕesˤ/ | *ʕiṣ́- /ʕiṣ́/ | 𐩲𐩳 /ʕaːdˤ/ | עץ /ʕeːsˤ/ | شجرة /ʃadʒara/ |
| Dog | 𐎋𐎍𐎁 /kalbu/ | 𐤊𐤋𐤁 /kalb/ | 𐤊𐤋𐤁 /kalb/ | *kalb- /kalb/ | 𐩫𐩡𐩨 /kalb/ | כלב /kalb/ | كلب /kalb/ |
| Cat | — /—/ | — /—/ | 𐤔𐤍𐤓 /ʃunaːr/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | قط /qitˤtˤ/ |
| Fish | 𐎄𐎂 /daɡu/ | 𐤃𐤂 /daɡ/ | 𐤃𐤂 /daɡ/ | *nūn- /nuːn/ | — /—/ | נונא /nuːnaː/ | حوت /ħuːt/ |
| Bird | 𐎓𐎕𐎗 /ʕusˤsˤuːru/ | 𐤑𐤐𐤓 /sˤippor/ | — | *ʕuṣṣūr- /ʕuṣṣūr/ | — | צפר /sˤippar/ | طائر /tˤaːʔir/ |
| Bear | 𐎄𐎁 /dubbu/ | — | — | *dubb- /dubb/ | — | דבא /dubbaː/ | دب /dubb/ |
| Horse | 𐎝𐎝𐎆 /suːsawu/ | — | 𐤎𐤎 /suːs/ | — | 𐩰𐩧𐩪 /faras/ | — | فرس /faras/ |
| House | 𐎁𐎚 /bajtu/ | 𐤁𐤕 /beːt/ | 𐤁𐤕 /beːt/ | *bayt- /bayt/ | 𐩨𐩺𐩩 /bajt/ | בית /beːt/ | بيت /bajt/ |
| Milk | 𐎈𐎍𐎁 /ħalabu/ | 𐤇𐤋𐤁 /ħalab/ | 𐤇𐤋𐤁 /ħalab/ | *ḥalab- /ħalab/ | 𐩢𐩡𐩨 /ħalab/ | — | لبن /laban/ |
| Honey | 𐎐𐎁𐎚 /nubtu/ | 𐤍𐤐𐤕 /nofet/ | — | *dibš- /dibʃ/ | — /—/ | דבשא /debʃaː/ | عسل /ʕasal/ |
| Salt | 𐎎𐎍𐎈𐎚 /milħatu/ | — | — | *milḥ- /milħ/ | 𐩣𐩡𐩢 /milħ/ | מלח /melaħ/ | ملح /milħ/ |
| Wine | 𐎊𐎐 /jenu/ | 𐤉𐤍 /jeːn/ | 𐤉𐤍 /jeːn/ | *wayn- /wajn/ | — | חמרא /ħamraː/ | خمر /xamr/ |
| Iron | 𐎁𐎗𐎏𐎍 /barðilu/ | 𐤁𐤓𐤆𐤋 /barzel/ | 𐤁𐤓𐤆𐤋 /barzel/ | — | — | פרזל /parzel/ | حديد /ħadiːd/ |
| Wheel | 𐎀𐎔𐎐 /ʔaːpanu/ | — | 𐤂𐤋𐤂𐤋 /ɡalɡal/ | — | — | גלגל /ɡalɡal/ | عجلة /ʕadʒala/ |
| Eat | 𐎍𐎈𐎎 /laħam/ | 𐤀𐤊𐤋 /ʔakal/ | 𐤀𐤊𐤋 /ʔakal/ | *ʔakal- /ʔakal/ | — /—/ | אכל /ʔakal/ | أكل /ʔakala/ |
| Drink | 𐎌𐎚𐎊 /ʃataju/ | 𐤔𐤕 /ʃat/ | 𐤔𐤕 /ʃat/ | *šatay- /šatay/ | 𐩪𐩩𐩺 /sataja/ | שתה /ʃataː/ | شرب /ʃariba/ |
| Sleep | 𐎊𐎌𐎐 /jaʃin/ | — | — | — | — | דמך /damek/ | نام /naːma/ |
| One | 𐎀𐎈𐎄 /ʔaːħadu/ | 𐤀𐤇𐤃 /ʔeħad/ | 𐤀𐤇𐤃 /ʔeħad/ | *ʔaḥad- /ʔaḥad/ | 𐩱𐩢𐩵 /ʔaħad/ | חד /ħad/ | واحد /waːħid/ |
| Two | 𐎘𐎐 /θnaː/ | 𐤔𐤍𐤌 /ʃnem/ | 𐤔𐤍𐤌 /ʃnem/ | *ṯin- /ṯin/ | 𐩻𐩬𐩺 /θanay/ | תרין /treːn/ | اثنان /iθnaːn/ |
| Three | 𐎘𐎍𐎘 /θalaːθu/ | 𐤔𐤋𐤔 /ʃaloːʃ/ | 𐤔𐤋𐤔 /ʃaloʃ/ | *ṯalāṯ- /θalaːθ/ | 𐩻𐩡𐩻 /θalaːθ/ | תלת /tlaːt/ | ثلاثة /θalaːθa/ |
| Four | 𐎀𐎗𐎁𐎓 /ʔarbaʕu/ | 𐤀𐤓𐤁𐤏 /ʔarbaʕ/ | 𐤀𐤓𐤁𐤏 /ʔarbaʕ/ | *ʼarbaʻ- /ʔarbaʕ/ | 𐩱𐩧𐩨𐩲 /ʔarbaʕ/ | ארבע /ʔarbaʕ/ | أربعة /ʔarbaʕa/ |
| Five | 𐎃𐎎𐎌 /χamʃu/ | 𐤇𐤌𐤔 /ħameʃ/ | 𐤇𐤌𐤔 /ħameʃ/ | *ḫamš- /χamʃ/ | 𐩭𐩣𐩪 /xams/ | חמש /ħamːeʃ/ | خمسة /xamsa/ |
| Hundred | 𐎎𐎛𐎚 /miʔatu/ | 𐤌𐤀𐤕 /miʔat/ | 𐤌𐤀𐤕 /miʔat/ | *miʾat- /miʔat/ | 𐩣𐩱𐩩 /miʔat/ | מאה /maː/ | مائة /miʔa/ |
| Hello | 𐎌𐎍𐎎 /ʃalaːmu/ | 𐤔𐤋𐤌 /ʃaloːm/ | 𐤔𐤋𐤌 /ʃalom/ | — /—/ | 𐩪𐩡𐩣 /salaːm/ | שלם /ʃəlaːm/ | السلام عليكم /assalaːmu ʕalajkum/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | 𐩢𐩣𐩵 /ħamad/ | — /—/ | الحمد لله /alħamdu lillaːh/ |
| Good | 𐎉𐎁 /tˤaːbu/ | 𐤈𐤁 /tˤob/ | 𐤈𐤁 /tˤob/ | *ṭāb- /ṭāb/ | — /—/ | טב /tˤab/ | طيب /tˤajjib/ |
| New | 𐎈𐎄𐎘 /ħadaːθu/ | 𐤇𐤃𐤔 /ħadaʃ/ | — | *ḥad(i)ṯ- /ħadiθ/ | — | — | جديد /dʒadiːd/ |
| Red | 𐎀𐎄𐎎 /ʔadam/ | 𐤀𐤃𐤌 /ʔadom/ | 𐤀𐤃𐤌 /ʔadom/ | *ʔadam- /ʔadam/ | — /—/ | סמק /summaːq/ | أحمر /ʔaħmaru/ |
| White | 𐎍𐎁𐎐 /laban/ | 𐤋𐤁𐤍 /laban/ | 𐤋𐤁𐤍 /laban/ | *laban- /laban/ | — | חור /ħewːaːr/ | أبيض /ʔabjadˤu/ |
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