võro kiil

Võro

Uralic (Finnic, South Estonian)

FamilyUralic (Finnic, South Estonian) Speakers~75K ScriptLatin (Võro orthography 1990s) CountriesEstonia (southeast) Official inEstonia (recognized regional) Vitalityvulnerable ISO 639-3vro

Also known as: Voro, Voru

Võro (võro kiil; ISO 639-3: vro) is a South Estonian Finnic language variety spoken mainly in historical Võromaa in southeastern Estonia. It is often treated as a dialect of Estonian in public administration, while many speakers and linguists describe it as a distinct language within the South Estonian group; it has no nationwide official status. Võro preserves vowel harmony and sound distinctions absent from Standard Estonian, including a glottal stop written q and a high central vowel often written y in the modern standard. A contemporary literary norm and orthography developed through the language revival beginning in the late 1980s, and the Võro Institute was founded in 1995. Võro appears in literature, music, broadcasting, digital media, and some education, but intergenerational transmission remains under pressure from Standard Estonian.

Where it is spoken

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87 core words in Võro

Water

vesi

vesi

Fire

tuli

tuli

Sun

päiv

pæiv

Moon

kuu

kuː

Star

täht

tæht

Night

üü

yː

Rain

vihm

ʋihm

Snow

lumi

ˈlumi

Wind

tuul

tuːl

Earth

maa

mɑː

Stone

kivi

ˈkivi

Mountain

mägi

mæɡi

Sea

meri

meri

Mother

imä

imæ

Father

esä

esæ

Daughter

tütär

tytær

I

ma

mɑ

You

sa

sɑ

We

mi

mi

Name

nimi

nimi

Person

inemine

inemine

Head

pää

pæː

Eye

silm

silm

Ear

kõrv

kɤrʋ

Nose

nõna

ˈnɤnɑ

Mouth

suu

suː

Tooth

hammas

ˈhɑmːɑs

Tongue

kiil

kiːl

Hand

käsi

kæsi

Foot

jalg

jɑlɡ

Heart

süä

syæ

Bone

luu

luː

Blood

veri

ˈveri

Poop

kaka

ˈkɑkɑ

Love

armastus

ɑrmɑstus

Tree

puu

puː

Dog

pini

pini

Cat

kass

kɑsː

Fish

kala

ˈkɑlɑ

Bird

tsirk

tsirk

Butterfly

lipkas

ˈlipkɑs

Egg

muna

ˈmuna

Bear

kahr

kɑhr

Horse

hopõn

hopɤn

House

kotus

kotus

Milk

piim

piːm

Honey

mesi

ˈmesi

Salt

suul

suːl

Wine

vein

vein

Rice

riis

riːs

Chocolate

sokolaať

ˈsokolɑːtʲ

Iron

raud

raud

Wheel

ratas

ˈratas

Silk

siiď

siːdʲ

Book

raamat

rɑːmɑt

Eat

süümä

syːmæ

Drink

juuma

juːma

Sleep

magama

ˈmɑɡɑmɑ

One

üts

yts

Two

katś

kɑtsʲ

Three

kolm

kolm

Four

neli

ˈneli

Five

viis

ʋiːs

Hundred

sada

ˈsada

Hello

tere

tere

Thank you

aitäh

ɑitæh

Good

hää

hæː

New

vahtsõnõ

vɑhtsɤnɤ

Red

verrev

ˈverːev

White

valgõ

ˈvɑlɡɤ

Black

must

must

Green

rohilinõ

rohilinɤ

Blue

sinine

ˈsinine

Cuckoo

kägo

ˈkæɡo

Computer

puutri

ˈpuːtri

Tea

tsäi

tsæi

Coffee

kohv́

kohvʲ

Sugar

tsukri

tsukri

Orange

apõlsin

ˈapɤlsin

Sources

Words compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Uralic (Finnic, South Estonian)

Meaning VõroEstonianMeänkieliFinnishVoticKven FinnishLivvi-Karelian
Water vesi /vesi/ vesi /vesi/ vesi /ˈʋesi/ vesi /ʋesi/ vesi /ˈvesi/ vesi /ˈʋesi/ vezi /ˈvezi/
Fire tuli /tuli/ tuli /tuli/ tuli /ˈtuli/ tuli /tuli/ tuli /ˈtuli/ tuli /ˈtuli/ tuli /ˈtuli/
Sun päiv /pæiv/ päike /pæike/ aurinko /ˈɑuriŋko/ aurinko /ɑuriŋko/ päivä /ˈpæivæ/ aurinko /ˈɑuriŋko/ päivy /ˈpæivy/
Moon kuu /kuː/ kuu /kuː/ kuu /kuː/ kuu /kuː/ kuu /kuː/ kuu /kuː/ kuudam /ˈkuːdɑm/
Star täht /tæht/ täht /tæht/ tähti /ˈtæhti/ tähti /ˈtæhti/ tähti /ˈtæhti/ tähti /ˈtæhti/ tiähti /ˈtiæxti/
Night üü /yː/ öö /øː/ yö /yø/ yö /yø/ öö /øː/ yö /yø/ yö /yø/
Rain vihm /ʋihm/ vihm /ʋihm/ sae /sae/ sade /ˈsɑde/ vihma /ˈvihma/ sađet /ˈsɑðet/ vihmu /ˈvihmu/
Snow lumi /ˈlumi/ lumi /lumi/ lumi /ˈlumi/ lumi /lumi/ lumi /ˈlumi/ lumi /ˈlumi/ lumi /ˈlumi/
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