Pārthawānīg
Parthian
Indo-European (Iranian, Middle, Northwestern) · historical / hidden variety
Parthian was the language of the Parthian Empire (Arsacid dynasty, 247 BCE-224 CE) and a major Middle Iranian language alongside Middle Persian (Pahlavi). It used the Parthian script (a development of Imperial Aramaic) and later the Manichaean script in Manichaean Parthian texts from Central Asia. After the Sasanian dynasty took power in 224 CE, Parthian was gradually replaced by Pahlavi in administration but survived in Manichaean liturgy in Sogdiana and Turfan into the 9th c. Modern Kurdish, Balochi and Caspian languages descend from Northwestern Middle Iranian relatives.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Parthian
Sources
- Durkin-Meisterernst (2004) Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian
- Sundermann — Parthian language and literature
- Glottolog: part1239
- Ethnologue: xpr
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Indo-European (Iranian, Middle, Northwestern)
| Meaning | Parthian | Middle Persian | Sogdian | Classical Persian | Avestan | Balochi | Old Persian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | āb /aːb/ | 𐭠𐭯 /aːb/ | ʾāp /aːp/ | آب /aːb/ | 𐬁𐬞 /aːp/ | آپ /aːp/ | 𐎠𐎱 /aːpi/ |
| Fire | ādar /aːdar/ | 𐭠𐭲𐭱 /aːtaʃ/ | ʾātar /aːtar/ | آتش /aːtaʃ/ | 𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭 /aːtar/ | آس /aːs/ | 𐎠𐎫𐎼 /aːtar/ |
| Sun | xwar /xwar/ | 𐭧𐭥𐭫𐭱𐭩𐭲 /xwarʃeːd/ | xwr /xwar/ | خورشید /xʷarʃeːd/ | 𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 /huwarə/ | روچ /roːtʃ/ | 𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎼 /huwar/ |
| Moon | māh /maːh/ | 𐭬𐭠𐭧 /maːh/ | mʾx /maːx/ | ماه /maːh/ | 𐬨𐬁𐬵 /maːh/ | ماہ /maːh/ | 𐎶𐎠𐏃 /maːha/ |
| Star | astārag /asˈtaːraɡ/ | 𐭮𐭲𐭠𐭫𐭪 /staːraɡ/ | stāre /staːre/ | ستاره /sitaːra/ | 𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭 /star/ | استار /estaːr/ | 𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎼 /staːra/ |
| Night | ʾxšp /xʃap/ | 𐭱𐭯 /ʃab/ | ʾxšp /xʃap/ | شب /ʃab/ | 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬞 /xʃap/ | شپ /ʃap/ | 𐎧𐏁𐎱 /xʃapa/ |
| Rain | wārān /waːraːn/ | 𐭥𐭠𐭫𐭠𐭭 /waːraːn/ | wārān /waːraːn/ | باران /baːˈraːn/ | 𐬬𐬁𐬭𐬀 /ˈʋaːra/ | ہؤر /hawr/ | — |
| Snow | wafr /wafr/ | 𐭥𐭯𐭫 /wafr/ | wafrā /wafraː/ | برف /barf/ | 𐬬𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬀 /wafra/ | برف /barf/ | — |
| Wind | wād /waːd/ | 𐭥𐭠𐭲 /waːd/ | wāt /waːt/ | باد /baːd/ | 𐬬𐬁𐬙𐬀 /ˈʋaːta/ | گوات /ɡwaːt/ | — |
| Earth | zamīg /zamiːɡ/ | 𐭡𐭥𐭬 /buːm/ | zamāk /zamaːk/ | خاک /xaːk/ | 𐬰𐬀𐬨 /zam/ | ہاک /haːk/ | 𐎲𐎢𐎷𐎡 /buːmi/ |
| Stone | sang /saŋɡ/ | 𐭮𐭭𐭢 /saŋɡ/ | snk /saŋɡ/ | سنگ /saŋɡ/ | 𐬀𐬯𐬆𐬥𐬔𐬀 /asəŋɡa/ | سنگ /saŋɡ/ | 𐎠𐎰𐎥 /aθaŋɡa/ |
| Sea | zrēh /zreːh/ | 𐭣𐭫𐭩𐭣𐭠 /drajaː/ | zry /zreː/ | دریا /darˈjaː/ | 𐬰𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬢𐬵 /zrajaŋh/ | زر /zir/ | 𐎭𐎼𐎹 /draja/ |
| Mother | mād /maːd/ | 𐭬𐭠𐭲𐭫 /maːdar/ | mʾtr /maːtar/ | مادر /maːdar/ | 𐬨𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭 /maːtar/ | ماس /maːs/ | 𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎼 /maːtar/ |
| Father | pid /pid/ | 𐭯𐭩𐭲𐭫 /pidar/ | ptr /pitar/ | پدر /pidar/ | 𐬞𐬌𐬙𐬀𐬭 /pitar/ | پت /pit/ | 𐎱𐎡𐎫𐎠 /pitaː/ |
| Daughter | duxt /duxt/ | 𐭣𐭥𐭧𐭲 /duxt/ | ẟwγt /ðuɣd/ | دختر /duxtar/ | 𐬛𐬎𐬔𐬆𐬛𐬀𐬭 /duɡədar/ | جنک /dʒanikk/ | — |
| I | az /az/ | 𐭠𐭭 /an/ | azu /azu/ | من /man/ | 𐬀𐬰𐬆𐬨 /azəm/ | من /man/ | 𐎠𐎭𐎶 /adam/ |
| You | tu /tuː/ | 𐭲𐭥 /toː/ | tγu /tɣu/ | تو /toː/ | 𐬙𐬏𐬨 /tuːm/ | تؤ /taw/ | 𐎬𐎢𐎺𐎶 /tuvam/ |
| We | amāh /amaːh/ | 𐭠𐭬𐭠𐭧 /amaːh/ | mʾx /maːx/ | ما /maː/ | 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬨 /vaeːm/ | ما /maː/ | 𐎺𐎹𐎶 /vajam/ |
| Name | nām /naːm/ | 𐭭𐭠𐭬 /naːm/ | nām /naːm/ | نام /naːm/ | 𐬥𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬥 /naːman/ | نام /naːm/ | 𐎴𐎠𐎶 /naːma/ |
| Head | sar /sar/ | 𐭮𐭫 /sar/ | sari /sari/ | سر /sar/ | 𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬵 /sarah/ | سر /sar/ | — |
| Eye | čašm /tʃaʃm/ | 𐭰𐭱𐭬 /tʃaʃm/ | cšm /tʃaʃm/ | چشم /tʃaʃm/ | 𐬗𐬀𐬱𐬨𐬀𐬥 /tʃaʃman/ | چم /tʃam/ | 𐏂𐏁𐎶𐎴 /tʃaʃman/ |
| Ear | gōš /ɡoːʃ/ | 𐭢𐭥𐭱 /ɡoːʃ/ | γwš /ɣoːʃ/ | گوش /ɡuːʃ/ | 𐬔𐬀𐬊𐬱𐬀 /ɡaoʃa/ | گوش /ɡoʃ/ | 𐎥𐎢𐏁 /ɡauʃa/ |
| Tooth | dndʾn /dandaːn/ | 𐭣𐭭𐭣𐭠𐭭 /dandaːn/ | dntʾ /danda/ | دندان /dandaːn/ | 𐬛𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬀𐬥 /dantan/ | دنتان /dantaːn/ | — /—/ |
| Tongue | ʾzbʾn /izβaːn/ | 𐭦𐭥𐭠𐭭 /zuwaːn/ | ʾzβʾk /əzβaːk/ | زبان /zabaːn/ | 𐬵𐬌𐬰𐬎𐬎𐬁 /hizuaː/ | زوان /zawaːn/ | 𐏃𐏀𐎠𐎴𐎶 /hizaːnam/ |
| Hand | dast /dast/ | 𐭣𐭮𐭲 /dast/ | dst /dast/ | دست /dast/ | 𐬰𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀 /zasta/ | دست /dast/ | 𐎭𐎿𐎫 /dasta/ |
| Foot | pʾd /paːð/ | 𐭯𐭠𐭣𐭩 /paːj/ | pʾδ /paːð/ | پای /paːj/ | 𐬞𐬀𐬛 /pad/ | پاد /paːd/ | 𐎱𐎠𐎭 /paːda/ |
| Heart | zyrd /zird/ | 𐭣𐭩𐭫 /dil/ | δrzy /ðərʒeː/ | دل /dil/ | 𐬰𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬛 /zərəd/ | دل /dil/ | 𐏀𐎼𐎭 /zard/ |
| Bone | ʾstg /astaɡ/ | 𐭠𐭮𐭲 /ast/ | ʾstk /əstak/ | استخوان /ustuˈxaːn/ | 𐬀𐬯𐬙 /ast/ | ہڈ /haɖ/ | — /—/ |
| Blood | gwhn /ɡuxn/ | 𐭧𐭥𐭭 /xoːn/ | γwrn /xurn/ | خون /xuːn/ | 𐬬𐬊𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬍 /vohuniː/ | ہون /hon/ | — /—/ |
| Love | friyādan /frijaːdan/ | 𐭲𐭥𐭱𐭩 /doːʃiː/ | frytk /friːtak/ | عشق /ʔiʃq/ | 𐬟𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 /frija/ | مہر /mehr/ | 𐎳𐎼𐎡𐎹 /frija/ |
| Tree | dār /daːr/ | 𐭣𐭫𐭧𐭲 /draxt/ | drxt /draxt/ | درخت /diraxt/ | 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 /waesa/ | درچک /daraːtʃk/ | — /—/ |
| Dog | spag /spaɡ/ | 𐭮𐭢 /saɡ/ | ʾkw /aːkuː/ | سگ /saɡ/ | 𐬯𐬞𐬁 /spaː/ | کچک /kutʃək/ | 𐎿𐎱𐎣 /spaka/ |
| Cat | — /—/ | 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭡𐭢 /ɡurbaɡ/ | — /—/ | گربه /ɡurba/ | — /—/ | پشی /piʃiː/ | — /—/ |
| Fish | mʾsyg /maːsjaɡ/ | 𐭬𐭠𐭧𐭩𐭪 /maːhiːɡ/ | mʾšy /maːʃi/ | ماهی /maːˈhiː/ | 𐬨𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬀 /masja/ | ماهیگ /maːhiɡ/ | — /—/ |
| Bird | murw /murw/ | 𐭬𐭥𐭫𐭥𐭠 /murw/ | mrγ /marɣ/ | مرغ /murɣ/ | 𐬨𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬖𐬀 /mərəɣa/ | مرغ /murɡ/ | — |
| House | xānag /xaːnaɡ/ | 𐭧𐭠𐭭𐭪 /xaːnaɡ/ | kṯʾk /kaθaːk/ | خانه /xaːna/ | 𐬥𐬨𐬁𐬥𐬀 /nmaːna/ | لۆگ /loːɡ/ | 𐎶𐎠𐎴𐎡𐎹 /maːnija/ |
| Wheel | čaxr /tʃaxr/ | 𐭰𐭫𐭧𐭪𐭠 /tʃaxraɡ/ | cxr /tʃaxr/ | چرخ /tʃarx/ | 𐬗𐬀𐬑𐬭𐬀 /tʃaxra/ | پرگ /parraɡ/ | — |
| Eat | xward- /xward/ | 𐭧𐭥𐭫𐭲𐭭 /xwardan/ | xwartan /xwartan/ | خوردن /xʷurdan/ | 𐬑𐬬𐬀𐬭 /xwar/ | وارگ /waːraɡ/ | 𐎧𐎼 /xar/ |
| Drink | pī- /piː/ | 𐭭𐭥𐭱𐭩𐭲𐭭 /noːʃiːdan/ | pi- /pi/ | آشامیدن /aːʃaːmiːdan/ | 𐬞𐬁 /paː/ | نوشاگ /noʃaːɡ/ | 𐎱𐎠 /paː/ |
| Sleep | xwsp- /xusp/ | 𐭧𐭥𐭯𐭲𐭭 /xuftan/ | wʾβs- /wafs/ | خفتن /xuftan/ | 𐬑𐬬𐬀𐬞 /xwap/ | وپسگ /wapsaɡ/ | — |
| One | ēw /eːw/ | 𐭠𐭩𐭪 /eːk/ | yw /jɛw/ | یک /jak/ | 𐬀𐬉𐬬𐬀 /aewa/ | یک /jak/ | 𐎠𐎡𐎺 /aiwa/ |
| Two | dō /doː/ | 𐭣𐭥 /doː/ | aδwa /aðwa/ | دو /doː/ | 𐬛𐬬𐬀 /dva/ | دو /do/ | 𐎯𐎢𐎺 /duva/ |
| Three | hry /hreː/ | 𐭮𐭧 /seː/ | ʾδry /ðreː/ | سه /sih/ | 𐬚𐬭𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬊 /θraːjoː/ | سئ /saj/ | 𐎨𐎡𐏂 /θraja/ |
| Four | čafār /tʃafaːr/ | 𐭰𐭧𐭠𐭫 /tʃahaːr/ | ctfʾr /tʃatfaːr/ | چهار /tʃahaːr/ | 𐬗𐬀𐬚𐬡𐬀𐬭 /tʃaθwar/ | چار /tʃaːr/ | — |
| Five | panj /pandʒ/ | 𐭯𐭭𐭰 /pandʒ/ | pnc /pantʃ/ | پنج /pandʒ/ | 𐬞𐬀𐬧𐬗𐬀 /pantʃa/ | پنچ /pantʃ/ | — |
| Hello | drōd /droːd/ | 𐭣𐭫𐭥𐭲 /droːd/ | drwd /druːd/ | درود /duruːd/ | — /—/ | وش آتکی /waʃ aːtkaj/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | spās /spaːs/ | 𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭮 /spaːs/ | — /—/ | سپاس /sipaːs/ | — /—/ | مہربانی /mehrabaːniː/ | — /—/ |
| Good | nēw /neːw/ | 𐭥𐭩𐭧 /weh/ | nyk /neːk/ | نیک /neːk/ | 𐬬𐬊𐬵𐬎 /vohu/ | شر /ʃər/ | 𐎴𐎡𐎲 /naiba/ |
| New | nawāg /nawaːɡ/ | 𐭭𐭥𐭪𐭩 /noːɡ/ | nawē /naweː/ | نو /naw/ | 𐬥𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 /nava/ | نۆک /noːk/ | — |
| Red | swxr /suxr/ | 𐭮𐭥𐭧𐭫 /suxr/ | swxr /suxr/ | سرخ /surx/ | 𐬯𐬎𐬑𐬭𐬀 /suxra/ | سہر /sohr/ | — /—/ |
| White | ispēd /ispeːd/ | 𐭮𐭯𐭩𐭲 /speːd/ | ʾspʾyt /ispeːt/ | سپید /sɛpiːd/ | 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 /spaeta/ | اسپیت /ispeːt/ | — |
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