sγwδyk
Sogdian
Indo-European (Iranian, Middle, Eastern) · historical / hidden variety
Sogdian was an Eastern Middle Iranian language of the Sogdians, the great Silk Road merchants whose city-states (Samarkand, Bukhara, Panjikent, Tashkent) controlled the Central Asian trade routes from the 4th to 9th centuries CE. Sogdian colonies along the Silk Road as far as Dunhuang and Turfan made it a lingua franca of Eurasian trade. Surviving texts include the Ancient Letters (313 CE) from Dunhuang, Manichaean and Buddhist literature, and Christian fragments. The Sogdian script (Aramaic-derived) is the direct ancestor of the Old Uyghur script and indirectly of Mongolian and Manchu scripts. Modern Yaghnobi (yai) is its sole surviving descendant in the Tajik Yaghnob valley.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Sogdian
Sources
- Gharib (1995) Sogdian Dictionary
- Sims-Williams — Sogdian Studies
- Glottolog: sogd1245
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Indo-European (Iranian, Middle, Eastern)
| Meaning | Sogdian | Parthian | Middle Persian | Classical Persian | Avestan | Old Persian | Balochi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ʾāp /aːp/ | āb /aːb/ | 𐭠𐭯 /aːb/ | آب /aːb/ | 𐬁𐬞 /aːp/ | 𐎠𐎱 /aːpi/ | آپ /aːp/ |
| Fire | ʾātar /aːtar/ | ādar /aːdar/ | 𐭠𐭲𐭱 /aːtaʃ/ | آتش /aːtaʃ/ | 𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭 /aːtar/ | 𐎠𐎫𐎼 /aːtar/ | آس /aːs/ |
| Sun | xwr /xwar/ | xwar /xwar/ | 𐭧𐭥𐭫𐭱𐭩𐭲 /xwarʃeːd/ | خورشید /xʷarʃeːd/ | 𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 /huwarə/ | 𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎼 /huwar/ | روچ /roːtʃ/ |
| Moon | mʾx /maːx/ | māh /maːh/ | 𐭬𐭠𐭧 /maːh/ | ماه /maːh/ | 𐬨𐬁𐬵 /maːh/ | 𐎶𐎠𐏃 /maːha/ | ماہ /maːh/ |
| Star | stāre /staːre/ | astārag /asˈtaːraɡ/ | 𐭮𐭲𐭠𐭫𐭪 /staːraɡ/ | ستاره /sitaːra/ | 𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭 /star/ | 𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎼 /staːra/ | استار /estaːr/ |
| Night | ʾxšp /xʃap/ | ʾxšp /xʃap/ | 𐭱𐭯 /ʃab/ | شب /ʃab/ | 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬞 /xʃap/ | 𐎧𐏁𐎱 /xʃapa/ | شپ /ʃap/ |
| Rain | wārān /waːraːn/ | wārān /waːraːn/ | 𐭥𐭠𐭫𐭠𐭭 /waːraːn/ | باران /baːˈraːn/ | 𐬬𐬁𐬭𐬀 /ˈʋaːra/ | — | ہؤر /hawr/ |
| Snow | wafrā /wafraː/ | wafr /wafr/ | 𐭥𐭯𐭫 /wafr/ | برف /barf/ | 𐬬𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬀 /wafra/ | — | برف /barf/ |
| Wind | wāt /waːt/ | wād /waːd/ | 𐭥𐭠𐭲 /waːd/ | باد /baːd/ | 𐬬𐬁𐬙𐬀 /ˈʋaːta/ | — | گوات /ɡwaːt/ |
| Earth | zamāk /zamaːk/ | zamīg /zamiːɡ/ | 𐭡𐭥𐭬 /buːm/ | خاک /xaːk/ | 𐬰𐬀𐬨 /zam/ | 𐎲𐎢𐎷𐎡 /buːmi/ | ہاک /haːk/ |
| Stone | snk /saŋɡ/ | sang /saŋɡ/ | 𐭮𐭭𐭢 /saŋɡ/ | سنگ /saŋɡ/ | 𐬀𐬯𐬆𐬥𐬔𐬀 /asəŋɡa/ | 𐎠𐎰𐎥 /aθaŋɡa/ | سنگ /saŋɡ/ |
| Mountain | γari /ɣari/ | — | 𐭢𐭫 /ɡar/ | کوه /koːh/ | 𐬔𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 /ɡairi/ | 𐎣𐎢𐎳 /kaufa/ | کوہ /koːh/ |
| Sea | zry /zreː/ | zrēh /zreːh/ | 𐭣𐭫𐭩𐭣𐭠 /drajaː/ | دریا /darˈjaː/ | 𐬰𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬢𐬵 /zrajaŋh/ | 𐎭𐎼𐎹 /draja/ | زر /zir/ |
| Mother | mʾtr /maːtar/ | mād /maːd/ | 𐭬𐭠𐭲𐭫 /maːdar/ | مادر /maːdar/ | 𐬨𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭 /maːtar/ | 𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎼 /maːtar/ | ماس /maːs/ |
| Father | ptr /pitar/ | pid /pid/ | 𐭯𐭩𐭲𐭫 /pidar/ | پدر /pidar/ | 𐬞𐬌𐬙𐬀𐬭 /pitar/ | 𐎱𐎡𐎫𐎠 /pitaː/ | پت /pit/ |
| Daughter | ẟwγt /ðuɣd/ | duxt /duxt/ | 𐭣𐭥𐭧𐭲 /duxt/ | دختر /duxtar/ | 𐬛𐬎𐬔𐬆𐬛𐬀𐬭 /duɡədar/ | — | جنک /dʒanikk/ |
| I | azu /azu/ | az /az/ | 𐭠𐭭 /an/ | من /man/ | 𐬀𐬰𐬆𐬨 /azəm/ | 𐎠𐎭𐎶 /adam/ | من /man/ |
| You | tγu /tɣu/ | tu /tuː/ | 𐭲𐭥 /toː/ | تو /toː/ | 𐬙𐬏𐬨 /tuːm/ | 𐎬𐎢𐎺𐎶 /tuvam/ | تؤ /taw/ |
| We | mʾx /maːx/ | amāh /amaːh/ | 𐭠𐭬𐭠𐭧 /amaːh/ | ما /maː/ | 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬨 /vaeːm/ | 𐎺𐎹𐎶 /vajam/ | ما /maː/ |
| Name | nām /naːm/ | nām /naːm/ | 𐭭𐭠𐭬 /naːm/ | نام /naːm/ | 𐬥𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬥 /naːman/ | 𐎴𐎠𐎶 /naːma/ | نام /naːm/ |
| Person | mrtxmy /martoxmeː/ | — | 𐭬𐭫𐭲𐭥𐭬 /mardoːm/ | کس /kas/ | 𐬨𐬀𐬴𐬌𐬌𐬀 /maʃja/ | 𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹 /martija/ | مردم /mardum/ |
| Head | sari /sari/ | sar /sar/ | 𐭮𐭫 /sar/ | سر /sar/ | 𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬵 /sarah/ | — | سر /sar/ |
| Eye | cšm /tʃaʃm/ | čašm /tʃaʃm/ | 𐭰𐭱𐭬 /tʃaʃm/ | چشم /tʃaʃm/ | 𐬗𐬀𐬱𐬨𐬀𐬥 /tʃaʃman/ | 𐏂𐏁𐎶𐎴 /tʃaʃman/ | چم /tʃam/ |
| Ear | γwš /ɣoːʃ/ | gōš /ɡoːʃ/ | 𐭢𐭥𐭱 /ɡoːʃ/ | گوش /ɡuːʃ/ | 𐬔𐬀𐬊𐬱𐬀 /ɡaoʃa/ | 𐎥𐎢𐏁 /ɡauʃa/ | گوش /ɡoʃ/ |
| Nose | nas /nas/ | — | 𐭥𐭩𐭭𐭩𐭪 /weːniːɡ/ | بینی /biːniː/ | 𐬥𐬁𐬵 /naːh/ | 𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎶 /naːham/ | پونز /poːnz/ |
| Mouth | rγʾh /raɣaː/ | — | — | دهان /dahaːn/ | 𐬁𐬵 /aːh/ | — | دپ /dap/ |
| Tooth | dntʾ /danda/ | dndʾn /dandaːn/ | 𐭣𐭭𐭣𐭠𐭭 /dandaːn/ | دندان /dandaːn/ | 𐬛𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬀𐬥 /dantan/ | — /—/ | دنتان /dantaːn/ |
| Tongue | ʾzβʾk /əzβaːk/ | ʾzbʾn /izβaːn/ | 𐭦𐭥𐭠𐭭 /zuwaːn/ | زبان /zabaːn/ | 𐬵𐬌𐬰𐬎𐬎𐬁 /hizuaː/ | 𐏃𐏀𐎠𐎴𐎶 /hizaːnam/ | زوان /zawaːn/ |
| Hand | dst /dast/ | dast /dast/ | 𐭣𐭮𐭲 /dast/ | دست /dast/ | 𐬰𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀 /zasta/ | 𐎭𐎿𐎫 /dasta/ | دست /dast/ |
| Foot | pʾδ /paːð/ | pʾd /paːð/ | 𐭯𐭠𐭣𐭩 /paːj/ | پای /paːj/ | 𐬞𐬀𐬛 /pad/ | 𐎱𐎠𐎭 /paːda/ | پاد /paːd/ |
| Heart | δrzy /ðərʒeː/ | zyrd /zird/ | 𐭣𐭩𐭫 /dil/ | دل /dil/ | 𐬰𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬛 /zərəd/ | 𐏀𐎼𐎭 /zard/ | دل /dil/ |
| Bone | ʾstk /əstak/ | ʾstg /astaɡ/ | 𐭠𐭮𐭲 /ast/ | استخوان /ustuˈxaːn/ | 𐬀𐬯𐬙 /ast/ | — /—/ | ہڈ /haɖ/ |
| Blood | γwrn /xurn/ | gwhn /ɡuxn/ | 𐭧𐭥𐭭 /xoːn/ | خون /xuːn/ | 𐬬𐬊𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬍 /vohuniː/ | — /—/ | ہون /hon/ |
| Love | frytk /friːtak/ | friyādan /frijaːdan/ | 𐭲𐭥𐭱𐭩 /doːʃiː/ | عشق /ʔiʃq/ | 𐬟𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 /frija/ | 𐎳𐎼𐎡𐎹 /frija/ | مہر /mehr/ |
| Tree | drxt /draxt/ | dār /daːr/ | 𐭣𐭫𐭧𐭲 /draxt/ | درخت /diraxt/ | 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 /waesa/ | — /—/ | درچک /daraːtʃk/ |
| Dog | ʾkw /aːkuː/ | spag /spaɡ/ | 𐭮𐭢 /saɡ/ | سگ /saɡ/ | 𐬯𐬞𐬁 /spaː/ | 𐎿𐎱𐎣 /spaka/ | کچک /kutʃək/ |
| Cat | — /—/ | — /—/ | 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭡𐭢 /ɡurbaɡ/ | گربه /ɡurba/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | پشی /piʃiː/ |
| Fish | mʾšy /maːʃi/ | mʾsyg /maːsjaɡ/ | 𐭬𐭠𐭧𐭩𐭪 /maːhiːɡ/ | ماهی /maːˈhiː/ | 𐬨𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬀 /masja/ | — /—/ | ماهیگ /maːhiɡ/ |
| Bird | mrγ /marɣ/ | murw /murw/ | 𐭬𐭥𐭫𐭥𐭠 /murw/ | مرغ /murɣ/ | 𐬨𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬖𐬀 /mərəɣa/ | — | مرغ /murɡ/ |
| Egg | mrγyzʾty /mərɣezaːteː/ | — | 𐭧𐭠𐭣𐭪 /xaːjaɡ/ | خایه /xaːja/ | 𐬀𐬉𐬨 /aem/ | — | ہئیک /hajk/ |
| Horse | ʾsp /asp/ | — | 𐭠𐭮𐭯 /asp/ | اسپ /asp/ | 𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬀 /aspa/ | 𐎠𐎿 /asa/ | اسپ /asp/ |
| House | kṯʾk /kaθaːk/ | xānag /xaːnaɡ/ | 𐭧𐭠𐭭𐭪 /xaːnaɡ/ | خانه /xaːna/ | 𐬥𐬨𐬁𐬥𐬀 /nmaːna/ | 𐎶𐎠𐎴𐎡𐎹 /maːnija/ | لۆگ /loːɡ/ |
| Milk | xšypt /xʃipd/ | — | 𐭱𐭩𐭫 /ʃir/ | شیر /ʃiːr/ | 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 /pajah/ | — | شیر /ʃiːr/ |
| Honey | ʾnkwpyn /aŋɡupeːn/ | — | 𐭠𐭭𐭢𐭯𐭩𐭭 /aŋɡubeːn/ | انگبین /aŋɡubiːn/ | — | — | شہد /ʃahad/ |
| Salt | nmʾšk /namaʃk/ | — | 𐭭𐭬𐭪 /namak/ | نمک /namak/ | — | — | واد /waːd/ |
| Rice | ryzʾkh /reːzaːk/ | — | 𐭡𐭫𐭭𐭰 /brindʒ/ | برنج /biˈrindʒ/ | — | — | برنج /brindʒ/ |
| Iron | spyn /speːn/ | — | 𐭠𐭧𐭭 /aːhan/ | آهن /aːhan/ | 𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬢𐬵 /ajaŋh/ | — | آسن /aːsan/ |
| Wheel | cxr /tʃaxr/ | čaxr /tʃaxr/ | 𐭰𐭫𐭧𐭪𐭠 /tʃaxraɡ/ | چرخ /tʃarx/ | 𐬗𐬀𐬑𐬭𐬀 /tʃaxra/ | — | پرگ /parraɡ/ |
| Silk | cγnh /tʃaɣnaː/ | — | 𐭠𐭯𐭫𐭩𐭱𐭥𐭬 /abreːʃom/ | ابریشم /abreːˈʃam/ | — | — | آبریشم /aːbreːʃum/ |
| Book | npʾyk /nipeːk/ | — | 𐭭𐭠𐭬𐭪 /naːmaɡ/ | کتاب /kiˈtaːb/ | — | — | کتاب /kitaːb/ |
| Eat | xwartan /xwartan/ | xward- /xward/ | 𐭧𐭥𐭫𐭲𐭭 /xwardan/ | خوردن /xʷurdan/ | 𐬑𐬬𐬀𐬭 /xwar/ | 𐎧𐎼 /xar/ | وارگ /waːraɡ/ |
| Drink | pi- /pi/ | pī- /piː/ | 𐭭𐭥𐭱𐭩𐭲𐭭 /noːʃiːdan/ | آشامیدن /aːʃaːmiːdan/ | 𐬞𐬁 /paː/ | 𐎱𐎠 /paː/ | نوشاگ /noʃaːɡ/ |
| Sleep | wʾβs- /wafs/ | xwsp- /xusp/ | 𐭧𐭥𐭯𐭲𐭭 /xuftan/ | خفتن /xuftan/ | 𐬑𐬬𐬀𐬞 /xwap/ | — | وپسگ /wapsaɡ/ |
| One | yw /jɛw/ | ēw /eːw/ | 𐭠𐭩𐭪 /eːk/ | یک /jak/ | 𐬀𐬉𐬬𐬀 /aewa/ | 𐎠𐎡𐎺 /aiwa/ | یک /jak/ |
| Two | aδwa /aðwa/ | dō /doː/ | 𐭣𐭥 /doː/ | دو /doː/ | 𐬛𐬬𐬀 /dva/ | 𐎯𐎢𐎺 /duva/ | دو /do/ |
| Three | ʾδry /ðreː/ | hry /hreː/ | 𐭮𐭧 /seː/ | سه /sih/ | 𐬚𐬭𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬊 /θraːjoː/ | 𐎨𐎡𐏂 /θraja/ | سئ /saj/ |
| Four | ctfʾr /tʃatfaːr/ | čafār /tʃafaːr/ | 𐭰𐭧𐭠𐭫 /tʃahaːr/ | چهار /tʃahaːr/ | 𐬗𐬀𐬚𐬡𐬀𐬭 /tʃaθwar/ | — | چار /tʃaːr/ |
| Five | pnc /pantʃ/ | panj /pandʒ/ | 𐭯𐭭𐭰 /pandʒ/ | پنج /pandʒ/ | 𐬞𐬀𐬧𐬗𐬀 /pantʃa/ | — | پنچ /pantʃ/ |
| Hundred | st /sat/ | — | 𐭮𐭣 /sad/ | صد /sad/ | 𐬯𐬀𐬙𐬆𐬨 /satəm/ | — | سد /sad/ |
| Hello | drwd /druːd/ | drōd /droːd/ | 𐭣𐭫𐭥𐭲 /droːd/ | درود /duruːd/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | وش آتکی /waʃ aːtkaj/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | spās /spaːs/ | 𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭮 /spaːs/ | سپاس /sipaːs/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | مہربانی /mehrabaːniː/ |
| Good | nyk /neːk/ | nēw /neːw/ | 𐭥𐭩𐭧 /weh/ | نیک /neːk/ | 𐬬𐬊𐬵𐬎 /vohu/ | 𐎴𐎡𐎲 /naiba/ | شر /ʃər/ |
| New | nawē /naweː/ | nawāg /nawaːɡ/ | 𐭭𐭥𐭪𐭩 /noːɡ/ | نو /naw/ | 𐬥𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 /nava/ | — | نۆک /noːk/ |
| Red | swxr /suxr/ | swxr /suxr/ | 𐭮𐭥𐭧𐭫 /suxr/ | سرخ /surx/ | 𐬯𐬎𐬑𐬭𐬀 /suxra/ | — /—/ | سہر /sohr/ |
| White | ʾspʾyt /ispeːt/ | ispēd /ispeːd/ | 𐭮𐭯𐭩𐭲 /speːd/ | سپید /sɛpiːd/ | 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 /spaeta/ | — | اسپیت /ispeːt/ |
| Black | šāw /ʃaːw/ | — | 𐭮𐭩𐭣 /sjaː/ | سیاه /sijaːh/ | 𐬯𐬁𐬨𐬀 /saːma/ | — | سیاہ /sjaːh/ |
| Green | zarγōnē /zarɣoːneː/ | — | 𐭮𐭯𐭦 /sabz/ | سبز /sabz/ | — | — | شونز /ʃunz/ |
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