Pulik'la'
Yurok
Algic
Yurok (Pulik'la') is one of the two surviving members of the Algic family's "Ritwan" branch (the other being Wiyot, now extinct as L1 since 1962). The Algic family comprises Algonquian (~30 living languages of eastern/central North America), Wiyot, and Yurok — Yurok and Wiyot were spoken in northwestern California, vast distances from the main Algonquian homelands, posing one of the great puzzles of historical linguistics. Modern Yurok is an active language revitalization success story: tribal language programs, the Yurok Tribal Court (which conducts proceedings partly in Yurok), and the Hoopa Valley High School Yurok program produce ~50 young speakers. Linguistically, Yurok preserves classic Algic features (animate-inanimate noun gender, polysynthetic verbs) but shows considerable divergence from Algonquian.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Yurok
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Algic
| Meaning | Yurok | Maliseet-Passamaquoddy | Tojolabal | Chol | Thompson | Menominee | Cora |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | paaʼ /paːʔ/ | samaqan /samakʷan/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | qʷúʔ /qʷuʔ/ | nepāew /nəpaːew/ | hapɨn /hapɨn/ |
| Fire | meʼlonok /meʔlonok/ | sqot /skʷot/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼajk /kʼahk/ | ʕʷyə́p /ʕʷjəp/ | eskotēw /eskoteːw/ | taʼai /taʔai/ |
| Sun | woygey /wojɡej/ | kisuhs /kisuhs/ | kʼakʼu /kʼakʼu/ | kʼiñ /kʼiɲ/ | sk̓ʷák̓ʷest /skʼʷakʼʷest/ | kēsoq /keːsoʔ/ | tahaapuá /tahaːpwa/ |
| Moon | wonewsleg /wonewsleɡ/ | nipawset /nipawset/ | ixaw /iʃaw/ | uw /uw/ | máʕxetn /maʕxetn/ | tepāhkēsoq /tepaːhkeːsoʔ/ | mɨhka /mɨhka/ |
| Star | kesʼoh /kesʔoh/ | possesom /pəsːesɒm/ | kʼanal /kʼanal/ | ekʼ /ʔekʼ/ | nkʷəkʷúsn̓ /nkʷəkʷusnˀ/ | anaeq /anæʔ/ | sɨɨrabe /sɨːˈrabe/ |
| Night | nascewen /nastsewen/ | nipayiw /nipajiw/ | aʼkwal /aʔkʷal/ | akʼälel /akʼɨlel/ | sitist /sitist/ | tepāhkeh /tepaːhkeh/ | tika /tika/ |
| Rain | ten /ten/ | — | — | jaʼal /haʔal/ | stékɬ /stekɬ/ | — | biite /biːte/ |
| Snow | roreer /ɹɔɹiɹ/ | wast /wast/ | sakal kʼinal /sakal kʼinal/ | — | swúxwt /swuxʷt/ | kōn /koːn/ | seeri /seːɾi/ |
| Wind | rookw /ɹɔːkʷ/ | — | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | snéw̓t /snewˀt/ | — | eeca /eːka/ |
| Earth | hlkehl /ɬkeɬ/ | ktahkomiq /ktahkomikʷ/ | luʼum /luʔum/ | lum /lum/ | tmíxw /tmixʷ/ | ahkēw /ahkeːw/ | chuej /tʃweh/ |
| Stone | haʼaag /haʔaːɣ/ | ponapsq /ponapskʷ/ | ton /ton/ | xajlel /ʃahlel/ | sxén̓x /sxenˀx/ | aqsan /aʔsan/ | teté /teˈte/ |
| Sea | peeshkaahl /piʃkaːɬ/ | supeq /supekʷ/ | niwan paman jaʼ /niwan paman haʔ/ | ñajb /ɲahɓ/ | — | kaeqcekam /kæʔtʃekam/ | muájete /mwaˈhete/ |
| Mother | kokos /kokos/ | wikuwossit /wikuwossit/ | nan /nan/ | ñaʼ /ɲaʔ/ | skíxzeʔ /skixzeʔ/ | nekīah /nekiːah/ | naana /naːna/ |
| Father | nopew /nopew/ | mihtaqsit /mihtakʷsit/ | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | sqáczeʔ /sqatszeʔ/ | nōhnāeh /noːhnaːeh/ | hahuá /hahwa/ |
| Daughter | ʼne-meʼy /ʔnemeʔj/ | ntus /ntus/ | ʼixukil /ʔiʃukil/ | ixikʼal /iʃikʼal/ | — | — | — |
| I | nek /nek/ | nil /nil/ | keʼn /keʔn/ | joñoñ /hoɲoɲ/ | encwe /ʔəntʃwe/ | nenah /nɛnah/ | neʼu /ˈneʔu/ |
| You | keʼl /keʔl/ | kil /kil/ | weʼn /weʔn/ | jatyet /hatʲet/ | enwi /ʔənwi/ | kenah /kɛnah/ | aʼu /ˈaʔu/ |
| We | nekah /nekah/ | kilun / nilun /kilun / nilun/ | keʼntik / keʼntikon /keʔntik / keʔntikon/ | joñonla / joñon lojon /hoɲonla / hoɲon lohon/ | nemimlh /nəmimɬ/ | kenaq / nenaq /kɛnaʔ / nɛnaʔ/ | ta /ta/ |
| Name | ʼerʼwerhł /ʔerʔwerɬ/ | wisuwon /wisəwɒn/ | bʼiʼil /ɓiʔil/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ | skʷést /skʷest/ | -esian /ɛsian/ | yeuwa /ˈjeuwa/ |
| Person | ʼoohl /ʔɔːɬ/ | pomawsuwin /pomawsuwin/ | winkil /winkil/ | kixtyañu /kiʃtʲaɲu/ | — | — | tebi /tebi/ |
| Head | mohlkwoh /mɔlkʷɔh/ | woniyakon /wonijakon/ | ʼolom /ʔolom/ | jol /hol/ | — | — | muʼú /muˈʔu/ |
| Eye | lekwsh /lekwʃ/ | ʼsisoq /sisokʷ/ | satej /sateh/ | wut /wut/ | nk̓ʷətƛ̓ustn /nkʼʷətɬʼustn/ | oskēsek /oskeːsek/ | húi /hwi/ |
| Ear | chpegarʼ /tʃpeɣeʔɹ/ | ʼcalokoss /tʃalokos/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | ƛ̓én̓i /tɬʼenˀi/ | — | naxai /naʃai/ |
| Nose | ʼner-pʼernʼ /ʔnɚpʼɚʔn/ | wihton /wihton/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | sp̓saq̓s /spʼsaqʼs/ | — | tzúʼuri /ˈtsuʔuri/ |
| Mouth | ʼne-luehl /ʔneluɬ/ | ʼtun /tun/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | spléwcin /splewtsin/ | — | teni /teni/ |
| Tooth | rpelh /rpeɬ/ | wipit /wipit/ | ex /eʃ/ | ej /eh/ | xyexw /χjeχʷ/ | wēpet /weːpet/ | tame /tame/ |
| Tongue | ipl /ipɬ/ | wilol /wilol/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /aʔkʼ/ | teleʼ /təɬeʔ/ | tēnaniw /teːnaniw/ | nanu /nanu/ |
| Hand | mehl /mehl/ | ʼpihtin /pihtin/ | kʼabʼ /kʼaɓ/ | kʼäb /kʼɨɓ/ | kéyx /kejx/ | onehkeh /onehkeh/ | mam /mam/ |
| Foot | mechkah /metʃkah/ | ʼsit /sit/ | ok /ok/ | ok /ok/ | sqwaxt /sqʷaxt/ | osēt /oseːt/ | ɨɨka /ɨːka/ |
| Heart | skoʼol /skoʔol/ | moshun /moshun/ | altzil /altsil/ | pusʼikʼal /pusʼikʼal/ | sxʷákʷukʷ /sxʷakʷukʷ/ | otēh /oteːh/ | hɨurí /hɨuri/ |
| Bone | werhlkerr /wɚɬkɚ/ | skonis /skonis/ | bakel /ɓakel/ | bäk /ɓɨk/ | qʼwəqʼwul /qʼʷəqʼʷuʎ/ | ohkan /ohkan/ | ɨka /ɨka/ |
| Blood | pekoyek /pekojek/ | pokahkon /pokahkon/ | chikʼel /tʃikʼel/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | peteleʼ /pətəleʔ/ | meskoh /mɛskoh/ | xuuri /ʃuːɾi/ |
| Poop | mol /mɔl/ | mickon /mitʃkon/ | kʼoy /kʼoj/ | taʼ /taʔ/ | paʕ̓ /paʕˀ/ | — | — |
| Love | choʼomi /tʃoʔomi/ | kseltom /kseltom/ | skʼana /skʼana/ | kʼuxbiñ /kʼuʃbiɲ/ | xámeʔs /χameʔs/ | kesāenemāew /kesaːenemaːew/ | kaʼna /kaʔna/ |
| Tree | kʼepoy /kʼepoj/ | opos /opos/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | sɣép /sɣep/ | metekoh /metekoh/ | kɨré /kɨre/ |
| Dog | chishʼah /tʃiʃʔah/ | olomuss /olomuss/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | sqáxa /sqaχa/ | anēm /aneːm/ | tsɨʼɨ /tsɨʔɨ/ |
| Cat | putuy /putuj/ | psuwis /psuwis/ | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | púsh /puʃ/ | — /—/ | mistú /mistu/ |
| Fish | nepewiS /nepewiʃ/ | nomehs /nomehs/ | chay /tʃaj/ | chäy /tʃɨj/ | sqyetn /sqjetn̩/ | namēs /nameːs/ | sasa /sasa/ |
| Bird | chʼueʼchʼeesh /tʃʼuʔtʃʼiʃ/ | sips /sips/ | yal chan /jal tʃan/ | mut /mut/ | spz̓úz̓uʔ /spzˀuzˀuʔ/ | — | pinaʼa /ˈpinaʔa/ |
| Butterfly | ʼwerrpʼ /ʔwɚːpʼ/ | amakehs /amakehs/ | pejpen /pehpen/ | pejpem /pehpem/ | nkíkax̣n̓i /nkikaχnˀi/ | mīmīkwǣw /miːmiːkwæːw/ | átzipaʼu /ˈatsipaʔu/ |
| Egg | ʼweryhl /ʔwɚjɬ/ | wawon /wawon/ | nolobʼ /noloɓ/ | tumut /tumut/ | heʔúšeʔ /heʔuʃeʔ/ | — | taʼu /taʔu/ |
| Bear | chyerʼerʼy /tʃjɚʔɚʔj/ | muwin /muwiːn/ | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | spéʔec /speʔets/ | awǣhsaeh /awæːhsæh/ | juutzeʼe /huːtseʔe/ |
| Horse | muelah /mulah/ | ahahs /ahahs/ | kawu /kawu/ | cawayuʼ /kawajuʔ/ | k̓əɬc̓esqáx̣aʔ /kʼəɬtsʼesqaχaʔ/ | — | cahuaáyuʼu /kawaˈajuʔu/ |
| House | kerwer /kerwer/ | wikuwam /wikuwam/ | naj /nah/ | otyot /otjot/ | citxw /tsitxʷ/ | wīkewam /wiːkewam/ | kíh /kih/ |
| Milk | newon /newɔn/ | molaqs /molakʷs/ | lech /letʃ/ | chuʼ /tʃuʔ/ | míl̓k /milˀk/ | — | léechi /ˈleːtʃi/ |
| Honey | repchem /reptʃem/ | amuwesipom /amuwesipom/ | chab /tʃaɓ/ | chab /tʃaɓ/ | ƛ̓əxtmin /tɬʼəxtmin/ | — | sarate /saɾate/ |
| Salt | peeshkah /piʃkah/ | salawey /salawej/ | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | c̓ált /tsʼalt/ | sēwehtākan /seːwehtaːkan/ | unáj /unah/ |
| Rice | raas /ɹaːs/ | aptelomultinewey /aptelomultinewej/ | ʼaros /ʔaros/ | arus /aɾus/ | — | manōmaeh /manoːmæh/ | — |
| Iron | pegemeepʼ /peɣemipʼ/ | olonahq /olonahkʷ/ | takʼin /takʼin/ | — | ʔík̓mn /ʔikʼmn/ | — | tepuústiʼi /tepuːstiʔi/ |
| Wheel | weeel /wiːl/ | wahkaliqs /wahkalikʷs/ | rweda /rweda/ | — | — | — | — |
| Eat | kepoyi /kepoji/ | mitsu /mitsu/ | waʼel /waʔel/ | kʼux /kʼuʃ/ | ʔíqs /ʔiqs/ | mīcew /miːtʃew/ | kuá /kwa/ |
| Drink | kewolepi /kewolepi/ | lossomu /lossomu/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | ucʼ /utsʼ/ | ʔúqʷeʔ /ʔuqʷeʔ/ | menew /menew/ | hiʼi /hiʔi/ |
| Sleep | chkeyekʼ /tʃkejekʼ/ | — | wayel /wajel/ | wäyel /wɨjel/ | ʕʷóy̓t /ʕʷojˀt/ | nepāw /nepaːw/ | cutzú /kuˈtsu/ |
| One | kohchew /kohtʃew/ | pesq /peskʷ/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | péyeʔ /pejeʔ/ | nekot /nekot/ | cei /tsei/ |
| Two | naʼamoyʼ /naʔamoj/ | nis /nis/ | chabʼ /tʃaɓ/ | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | séye /seje/ | nīs /niːs/ | huapoa /waˈpoa/ |
| Three | nahkseʼn /nahkseʔn/ | nihi /nihi/ | oxe /oʃe/ | uxpʼejl /uʃpʼehl/ | keʔɬés /keʔɬes/ | nɛʔniw /nɛʔniw/ | waika /waika/ |
| Four | choʼoneʼn /tʃoʔoneʔn/ | new /new/ | chane /tʃane/ | chämpʼejl /tʃɨmpʼehl/ | mús /mus/ | nīw /niːw/ | muaacua /mwaːkwa/ |
| Five | meruh /meruh/ | nan /nan/ | joʼe /hoʔe/ | joʼ /hoʔ/ | cíykst /tsijkst/ | nyānan /njaːnan/ | ansɨbi /ansɨbi/ |
| Hello | aiy-yue-kwee /aj-juːkweː/ | qey /kʷej/ | lekilukʼ /lekilukʼ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | weytk /wejtk/ | posoh /posoh/ | keʼkuanenki /keʔkwanenki/ |
| Thank you | wokhlew /wokʰlew/ | woliwon /woliwon/ | yuj /juh/ | wokox /wokoʃ/ | kʷukʷscémxʷ /kʷukʷstsemxʷ/ | wāēwāēnen /waːeːwaːeːnen/ | atsipiraá /atsipiraː/ |
| Good | skuyahl /skujahl/ | woli /woli/ | lek /lek/ | utsat /utsat/ | y̓é /jˀe/ | menwāewen /menwaːewen/ | huáʼi /hwaʔi/ |
| New | chaʼanar /tʃaʔanaɹ/ | pileyu /pileju/ | yajkʼachil /jahkʼatʃil/ | tsijiʼ /tsihiʔ/ | cíyci /tsijtsi/ | — | jéjcua /ˈhehkwa/ |
| Red | pekwoh /pekwoh/ | mqeyu /mkʷeju/ | chak /tʃak/ | chächäk /tʃɨtʃɨk/ | cíqʷ /tsiqʷ/ | mɛhkon /mɛhkon/ | sabí /saˈbi/ |
| White | muenchey /muntʃej/ | wapeyu /wapeju/ | sak /sak/ | säsäk /sɨsɨk/ | píq /piq/ | — | cuaiina /kʷaiˈina/ |
| Black | loʼogey /loʔoɣej/ | mokoseweyu /mokoseweju/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ | iʼikʼ /iʔikʼ/ | hestə́ptəpt /hestəptəpt/ | — | súʼumuaraʼa /suʔumwaɾaʔa/ |
| Blue | skoyon /skojon/ | musqonocihte /muskʷonotʃihte/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | yäjyäx /jɨhjɨʃ/ | ʔesqʷəzqʷəzt /ʔesqʷəzqʷəzt/ | — | — |
| Coffee | kopeen /kɔpin/ | kahpe /kahpe/ | kajpe /kahpe/ | kajpe /kahpe/ | kápi /kapi/ | — | — |
| Sugar | repchem /reptʃem/ | sukol /sukol/ | sakal askal /sakal ʔaskal/ | asukal /asukal/ | — | — | — |
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