Kĩmĩĩru
Kimeru
Niger-Kongo (Atlantiki-Kongo, Kibantu, E.50 / E.60 — kundi la Mlima Kenya)
Kimeru (Kĩmĩĩru) ni lugha ya Kibantu ya Kenya ya kati inayozungumzwa na watu wa Ameru kwenye miteremko ya mashariki na kaskazini-mashariki ya Mlima Kenya, ikiwa na takriban wazungumzaji milioni 2. Inahusiana na kundi la Mlima Kenya la eneo la Kibantu E.50 / E.60 pamoja na Kikuyu (ki), Kiembu (ebu), na Kikamba (kam), ambavyo inashiriki nazo msamiati mpana wa asili moja na mfumo wa vokali 7 wenye utofautishaji wa ATR. Mwandiko hutumia alama za tilde juu ya ĩ na ũ kuonyesha aina zisizo za ATR (zilizolegea) — desturi inayoshirikiwa na Kikuyu na Kiembu. Kimeru kinajumuisha lahaja kadhaa zinazoeleweka kwa pande zote: Imenti (kubwa zaidi na msingi wa Kimeru sanifu cha maandishi), Tigania, Igembe, Igoji, Mwimbi-Muthambi, na Chuka; Tharaka, kinachozungumzwa kwenye ukanda wa kusini, mara nyingine huainishwa kama lugha tofauti. Biblia ilitafsiriwa kikamilifu ifikapo 1964. Kimeru kinatambuliwa kama lugha asilia ya Kenya chini ya katiba ya 2010 na hutumika katika elimu ya msingi na utangazaji wa kikanda.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kimeru
Vyanzo
- Ethnologue 27: Meru
- Glottolog: Meru (meru1247)
- Maho (2009) NUGL Online (Bantu E.50/E.60 group)
- Marete (1986) The Meru People
- Möhlig (1974) A dialectological grammar of Meru
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Niger-Kongo (Atlantiki-Kongo, Kibantu, E.50 / E.60 — kundi la Mlima Kenya)
| Maana | Kimeru | Kiembu | Kikikuyu | Kikamba | Kinyaturu | Kiganda | Kishambaa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | rũũjĩ /ɾoːdʒe/ | manjĩ /maɲdʒe/ | maaĩ /maːe/ | kĩwʼũ /kiwu/ | maji /madʒi/ | amazzi /amaːzːi/ | mazi /mazi/ |
| Moto | mwanki /mwaŋki/ | mwaki /mwaki/ | mwaki /mwaki/ | mwaki /mwaki/ | moto /moto/ | omuliro /omuliɾo/ | moto /moto/ |
| Jua | riũa /ɾioa/ | riũa /ɾioa/ | riũa /ɾioa/ | syũa /sjua/ | yura /juɾa/ | enjuba /eɲɟuba/ | zuwa /zuwa/ |
| Mwezi | mweri /mwɛɾi/ | mweri /mwɛɾi/ | mweri /mwɛɾi/ | mwei /mwei/ | umweri /umweɾi/ | omwezi /omwezi/ | ṅwezi /ŋwezi/ |
| Nyota | njota /ndʒɔta/ | njata /ɲdʒata/ | njata /ɲdʒata/ | nzaĩ /nzai/ | njota /ndʒota/ | emmunyeenye /emːuɲeːɲe/ | ntondwe /ntondwe/ |
| Usiku | ũtukũ /otuko/ | ũtukũ /otuko/ | ũtukũ /otuko/ | ũtukũ /utuku/ | utiku /utiku/ | ekiro /etʃiro/ | kilo /kilo/ |
| Mvua | ngai /ŋɡai/ | mbura /mbura/ | mbura /ˈmbura/ | mbua /ˈmbua/ | mbura /mbura/ | enkuba /eŋˈkuba/ | fula /fula/ |
| Theluji | nkamia /ŋkamia/ | ĩra /eɾa/ | ira /ˈiɾa/ | ĩa /ĩa/ | seluji /seludʒi/ | omuzira /omuzira/ | — |
| Upepo | ruuo /ɾuːɔ/ | rũkũngi /ɾokoŋɡi/ | rũhuho /ɾòhùːhɔ̀/ | kĩseve /kiseve/ | mpefo /mpefo/ | empewo /empeːwo/ | mpeho /mpeho/ |
| Udongo | mũthetu /moðɛtu/ | mũthetu /moðɛtu/ | tĩĩri /teːɾi/ | muthanga /muθaŋɡa/ | irongo /iɾoŋɡo/ | ettaka /ettaka/ | shanga /ʃaŋɡa/ |
| Jiwe | iiga /iːɡa/ | ĩthiga /eðiɡa/ | ihiga /iˈhiɣa/ | ivia /ivia/ | igwe /iɡwe/ | ejjinja /edʒːiˈndʒa/ | iwe /iwe/ |
| Mlima | kĩrĩma /keɾema/ | kĩrĩma /keɾema/ | kĩrĩma /keɾema/ | kĩĩma /kiːma/ | gitanto /ɡitanto/ | olusozi /olusozi/ | muima /muima/ |
| Bahari | ĩria /eɾia/ | ĩria /eɾia/ | — | ũkanga /ukaŋɡa/ | irambo /iɾambo/ | ennyanja /eɲːaɲdʒa/ | bahali /bahali/ |
| Mama | mami /mami/ | nyanya /ɲaɲa/ | maitũ /maito/ | mwaitũ /mwaitu/ | mama /mama/ | maama /maːma/ | mama /mama/ |
| Baba | baaba /baːba/ | vava /βaβa/ | baba /baba/ | asa /asa/ | tata /tata/ | taata /taːta/ | tate /tate/ |
| Binti | mwarĩ /mwaɾe/ | mwarĩ /mwaɾe/ | mwarĩ /mwaɾe/ | mwĩĩtu /mwiːtu/ | muncha /muntʃa/ | omuwala /omuwala/ | ṅwana ywa kindele /ŋwana jwa kindele/ |
| Mimi | ni /ni/ | nie /niɛ/ | niĩ /nie/ | nyie /ɲie/ | une /une/ | nze /nze/ | imi /imi/ |
| Wewe | gwe /ɡwɛ/ | we /wɛ/ | wee /wɛː/ | we /we/ | uwe /uwe/ | ggwe /ɡːwe/ | iwe /iwe/ |
| Sisi | tuĩ /tue/ | tue /tuɛ/ | ithuĩ /iðue/ | ithye /iðje/ | sese /sese/ | ffe /fːe/ | ishwi /iʃwi/ |
| Jina | rĩĩtwa /ɾeːtwa/ | rĩĩtwa /ɾeːtwa/ | rĩĩtwa /ɾeːtwa/ | ĩsyĩtwa /isʲitwa/ | rina /ɾina/ | erinnya /eriɲːa/ | zina /zina/ |
| Mtu | muntũ /munto/ | mũndũ /mondo/ | mũndũ /mondo/ | mũndũ /mundu/ | muntu /muntu/ | omuntu /omuntu/ | mntu /mntu/ |
| Kichwa | mũtwe /motwɛ/ | kĩongo /keɔŋɡɔ/ | mũtwe /motwɛ/ | mũtwe /mutwe/ | itwe /itwe/ | omutwe /omutwe/ | mtwi /mtwi/ |
| Jicho | riitho /ɾiːðɔ/ | riitho /ɾiːðɔ/ | riitho /riːðɔ/ | ĩtho /iθo/ | riho /riho/ | eriiso /eɾiːso/ | zisho /ziʃo/ |
| Sikio | gũtũ /ɡoto/ | gũtũ /ɡoto/ | gũtũ /ɣoto/ | kutu /kutu/ | ikutwi /ikutwi/ | okutu /okutu/ | shikio /ʃikio/ |
| Pua | nyiũrũ /ɲioɾo/ | ĩniũrũ /enioɾo/ | iniũrũ /inioɾo/ | inyũũ /iɲuː/ | mpura /mpuɾa/ | ennyindo /eɲːindo/ | mpua /mpua/ |
| Mdomo | kanyua /kaɲua/ | kanyua /kaɲua/ | kanua /kaˈnua/ | kanywa /kaɲwa/ | momo /momo/ | akamwa /akamwa/ | kanwa /kanwa/ |
| Jino | ĩĩgo /eːɡɔ/ | ĩgego /eɡɛɡɔ/ | igego /iɣɛɣɔ/ | ĩyo /ĩjo/ | ino /ino/ | erinnyo /eriɲːo/ | zino /zino/ |
| Ulimi | rũũme /ɾoːmɛ/ | rũrĩmĩ /roɾeme/ | rũrĩmĩ /ɾoɾeme/ | ũĩmi /uimi/ | urimi /urimi/ | olulimi /olulimi/ | ulimi /ulimi/ |
| Mkono | njara /ndʒaɾa/ | kĩvoko /keβɔkɔ/ | guoko /ɡuɔkɔ/ | kwʼoko /kwoko/ | ukuboko /ukuboko/ | omukono /omukono/ | mkono /mkono/ |
| Mguu | kũgũrũ /koɡoɾo/ | kũgũrũ /koɡoro/ | kũgũrũ /koɣoro/ | kũũ /kuː/ | mughuu /muɣuː/ | ekigere /etʃiɡere/ | mulundi /mulundi/ |
| Moyo | nkoro /ŋkɔɾɔ/ | ngoro /ŋɡɔɾɔ/ | ngoro /ŋɡɔɾɔ/ | ngoo /ŋɡoː/ | umutima /umutima/ | omutima /omutima/ | moyo /mojo/ |
| Mfupa | mwĩndĩndĩ /mwendende/ | ĩvĩndĩ /evende/ | ihĩndĩ /ihende/ | ĩvĩndĩ /ivindi/ | ikufa /ikufa/ | eggumba /eɡːumba/ | vuha /vuha/ |
| Damu | tharike /ðaɾikɛ/ | nthakame /nðakamɛ/ | thakame /ðakamɛ/ | nthakame /nðakame/ | sakami /sakami/ | omusaayi /omusaːji/ | mpome /mpome/ |
| Upendo | wendo /wɛndɔ/ | wendo /wɛndɔ/ | wendo /wɛndɔ/ | wendo /wendo/ | butogwa /butoɡwa/ | okwagala /okwaːɡala/ | kukunda /kukunda/ |
| Mti | mũtĩ /mote/ | mũtĩ /mote/ | mũtĩ /mote/ | mũtĩ /muti/ | umuti /umuti/ | omuti /omuti/ | mti /mti/ |
| Mbwa | kurũ /kuɾo/ | ngui /ŋɡui/ | ngui /ŋɡui/ | ngitĩ /ŋɡiti/ | imbwa /imbwa/ | embwa /embwa/ | kuli /kuli/ |
| Paka | nyau /ɲau/ | nyau /ɲau/ | nyaũ /ɲao/ | mbaka /mbaka/ | paka /paka/ | kkapa /kːapa/ | nyau /ɲau/ |
| Samaki | gĩkũyũ /ɡekojo/ | nthamaki /nðamaki/ | thamaki /ðamaki/ | ikoyo /ikojo/ | somba /somba/ | ekyennyanja /etʃeɲːaɲdʒa/ | samaki /samaki/ |
| Ndege | nyoni /ɲɔni/ | gĩconi /ɡetʃɔni/ | nyoni /ˈɲɔni/ | nyunyi /ɲuɲi/ | nyonyi /ɲoɲi/ | ennyonyi /eɲːoˈɲi/ | deghe /deɣe/ |
| Yai | nkara /ŋkaɾa/ | ĩtumbĩ /etumbe/ | itumbĩ /itumbe/ | itumbi /itumbi/ | ighe /iɣe/ | eggi /ˈeɡːi/ | tagi /taɡi/ |
| Farasi | mbarathi /mbaɾaði/ | mbarathi /mbaɾaði/ | mbarathi /mbaɾaði/ | mbalasi /mbalasi/ | nyumbu /ɲumbu/ | embalaasi /embalaːsi/ | faashi /faːʃi/ |
| Nyumba | nyomba /ɲɔmba/ | nyomba /ɲɔmba/ | nyũmba /ɲomba/ | nyũmba /ɲumba/ | nyumba /ɲumba/ | ennyumba /eɲːumba/ | nyumba /ɲumba/ |
| Maziwa | ĩria /eɾia/ | ĩriia /eɾiːa/ | iria /iria/ | iia /iːa/ | maya /maja/ | amata /amata/ | mele /mele/ |
| Asali | nainchũ /naintʃo/ | ũũkĩ /oːke/ | ũũkĩ /oːke/ | ũkĩ /uki/ | ruke /ruke/ | omubisi gwʼenjuki /omubisi ɡweɲdʒuki/ | woki /woki/ |
| Chumvi | chumbĩ /tʃumbe/ | cumbĩ /tʃumbe/ | cumbĩ /tʃumbe/ | mũnyũ /muɲu/ | munyu /muɲu/ | omunnyo /omuɲːo/ | munyu /muɲu/ |
| Mvinyo | ndibei /ndibɛi/ | ndivei /ndiβei/ | ndibei /ndibɛi/ | mbinyu /mbiɲu/ | divai /divai/ | wayini /wajini/ | mvinyo /mviɲo/ |
| Chuma | chuma /tʃuːma/ | cuma /tʃuma/ | kĩgera /keˈɣɛra/ | kyũma /kjuma/ | ichuma /itʃuma/ | ekyuma /eˈtʃuːma/ | kiama /kiama/ |
| Hariri | hariri /haɾiɾi/ | hariri /haɾiɾi/ | hariri /haɾiɾi/ | — | hariri /haɾiɾi/ | liiri /liːri/ | halili /halili/ |
| Kitabu | yuku /juku/ | ĩvuku /evuku/ | ibuku /iβuku/ | ĩvuku /ivuku/ | gitabu /ɡitabu/ | ekitabo /etʃitabo/ | kitabu /kitabu/ |
| Kula | kũrĩa /koɾea/ | kũrĩa /koɾea/ | kũrĩa /koɾea/ | kũya /kuja/ | kuria /kuɾia/ | okulya /okulja/ | kuja /kuɟa/ |
| Kunywa | kũnyua /koɲua/ | kũnyua /koɲua/ | kũnyua /koɲua/ | kũnywa /kuɲwa/ | kunywa /kuɲwa/ | okunywa /okuɲʷa/ | kunywa /kuɲwa/ |
| Kulala | kũmama /komama/ | kũmama /komama/ | gũkoma /ɣoˈkɔma/ | koma /koma/ | kurara /kuɾaɾa/ | okwebaka /okweβaka/ | kugosha /kuɡoʃa/ |
| Moja | ĩmwe /emwɛ/ | ĩmwe /emwɛ/ | ĩmwe /emwɛ/ | ĩmwe /imwe/ | umwe /umwe/ | emu /emu/ | ṅwenga /ŋwenɡa/ |
| Mbili | ijĩĩrĩ /idʒeːɾe/ | igĩrĩ /iɡeɾe/ | igĩrĩ /iɣeɾe/ | ilĩ /ili/ | aviri /aβiri/ | bbiri /bːiri/ | mbili /mbili/ |
| Tatu | ithatũ /iðato/ | ithatũ /iðato/ | ithatũ /iðato/ | itatu /itatu/ | itatu /itatu/ | ssatu /sːatu/ | katatu /katatu/ |
| Nne | inya /iɲa/ | inya /iɲa/ | inya /iɲa/ | inya /iɲa/ | inne /inːe/ | nnya /ɲːa/ | kane /kaːne/ |
| Tano | ithaano /iðaːnɔ/ | ithano /iðanɔ/ | ithano /iðanɔ/ | itano /itano/ | itano /itano/ | ttaano /tːaːno/ | kashano /kaʃano/ |
| Mia | ĩgana /eɡana/ | ĩgana /eɡana/ | igana /iɣana/ | ĩana /iana/ | ighana /iɣana/ | kikumi /tʃikumi/ | gana /ɡana/ |
| Habari | muuga /muːɡa/ | wĩ mwaro /we mwaɾɔ/ | wĩmwega /wemwɛɡa/ | mwĩaĩle /mwiaile/ | mbukire /mbukiɾe/ | oli otya /oli otja/ | — /—/ |
| Asante | nĩ bwega /ne bwɛɡa/ | — /—/ | nĩ wega /ne wɛɡa/ | nĩ vinya /ni viɲa/ | asante /aˈsante/ | webale /weːbale/ | asante /asante/ |
| Nzuri | mwega /mwɛɡa/ | mwaro /mwaɾɔ/ | wega /wɛɡa/ | museo /museo/ | kihi /kihi/ | kirungi /tʃiruŋɡi/ | mtana /mtana/ |
| Mpya | kĩerũ /keɛɾo/ | gĩcerũ /ɡetʃɛɾo/ | kĩerũ /keɛro/ | mweũ /mweu/ | mpya /mpja/ | mpya /mpja/ | mpya /mpja/ |
| Nyekundu | ntuune /ntuːnɛ/ | ndune /ndunɛ/ | ũtune /otunɛ/ | ndune /nduneː/ | ntune /ntune/ | myufu /mjufu/ | nkundu /nkundu/ |
| Nyeupe | njerũ /ndʒɛɾo/ | njerũ /ndʒɛɾo/ | werũ /wɛro/ | nzaũ /nzau/ | njeru /ndʒeru/ | eru /eːru/ | yengʼaa /jeŋaː/ |
| Nyeusi | njirũ /ndʒiɾo/ | mbirũ /mbiɾo/ | ũirũ /oiro/ | nziũ /nziu/ | njiutiki /ndʒiutiki/ | ddugavu /dduɡavu/ | size /size/ |
| 99 | mĩrongo kenda na kenda /meɾɔŋɡɔ kɛnda na kɛnda/ | — | mĩrongo kenda na kenda /meɾɔŋɡɔ kɛnda na kɛnda/ | mĩongo kenda na kenda /mioŋɡo kenda na kenda/ | makumi kenda na kenda /makumi kenda na kenda/ | kyenda mu mwenda /tʃenda mu mwenda/ | milongo kenda na kenda /miloŋɡo keːnda na keːnda/ |
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